Phytotoxicity and Efficacy of Cycocel (Chlormequat ... Angelonia Cycocel 13495A.pdf‘Carita...

Phytotoxicity and Efficacy of Cycocel (Chlormequat Chloride) for Growth Control of

Angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia ‘Carita Purple’)

By

Heiner Lieth, Director Linda Dodge Shannon Still

Ron Lane

Project: USDA Interregional Research Project #4 Project Number 13495A – January 16, 2004

Acknowledgements: Donors/Supporters: CDFA Minor Crops Research Grant, Project 2: Enhancement of the Western

Region IR-4 Program to Address California Needs

UC Davis Environmental Horticulture IR4 Center Department of Environmental Horticulture University of California One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616 http://envhort.ucdavis.edu/ir4

Heiner

Text Box

Reports, Limited #72

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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IR-4 ORNAMENTAL DATA REPORTING FORM 1. INVESTIGATOR (Name, Address, Phone#):

Dr. Heiner Lieth Department of Environmental Horticulture University of California One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616 Ph 530-752-7198 FAX 530-752-1819 Email: [email protected]

LOCATION OF TRIAL: Dept. of Env. Hort., University of California, Davis TRIAL TYPE greenhouse, container

2. PESTICIDE:

COMMON NAME: chlormequat chloride FORMULATION: 11.8% a.i BATCH NO.: PRODUCT: Cycocel EPA REG. NO.: 241-74-AA MFG: American Cyanamid (BASF)

3. USE INFORMATION: COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

PLANT: Angelonia Angelonia angustifolia ‘Carita™ Purple’ REASON: Height control SOIL TYPE OR TYPE OF POTTING MIX: UC Mix

% SAND 30 % SILT % CLAY % OM 70 pH 6.5 CUTTING DATE 10/06/03 EMERGENCE DATE TRANSPLANTING DATE: 11/21/03 PLANT OR POT SPACING 8 inches ROW SPACING 8 inches POT SIZE 6 inch PLOT SIZE 100 sq ft EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN randomized complete block with three blocks and 4 replicates per block

4. APPLICATION PARAMETERS:

TYPE OF APPLICATION foliar spray NO. OF APPLICATIONS two APPLICATION TYPE quart-size spray bottle NOZZLE TYPE/SIZE NOZZLE PRESSURE DELIVERY RATE CALIBRATION DATE(S)

5. APPLICATION SUMMARY:

APPL.DATE

RATES (a.i./A)*

GROWTH STAGE

12/15/03

0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 fl. oz./gal.

Transplanted cuttings

(0, 750, 1500, 3000 ppm)

12/22/03

0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 fl. oz./gal.

Transplanted cuttings

(0, 750, 1500, 3000 ppm)

*Be sure to provide units

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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IR-4 ORNAMENTAL DATA REPORTING FORM (Please type or print) 6. RAINFALL/IRRIGATION RECORDS:

INCLUDE RAINFALL/IRRIGATION INFORMATION (printouts, IR-4 forms, etc.) Plants were irrigated as needed with half-strength Hoagland’s solution

7. OTHER PESTICIDES, FERTILIZER, LIME AND ADJUVANTS USED: PRODUCT Conserve SC (Spinosad) AMOUNT DATE PRODUCT Floramite (Bifenazate) AMOUNT DATE PRODUCT Pylon (Pyrrole) AMOUNT DATE 8. NARRATIVE SUMMARY OF METHODS AND RESULTS: (Use more pages if needed)

Materials and Methods Plant Material and Culture. Stock plants of Angelonia ‘Carita Purple’ were obtained from Grant Line Nursery in Elk Grove, CA in September 2003. Cuttings were taken on 10/06/03 and allowed to root in a mist bench with bottom heat for 6 weeks. The cuttings were transplanted on 11/21/03 into 6-inch pots with UC Mix as the container medium. The plants were grown in a glasshouse under natural light with day/night temperatures of 72°F/62°F (22°C/16°C) (Figure 1). The plants were watered as needed during the five-week experiment with half-strength Hoagland’s solution. Applications of pesticides were made as needed (see No.7 above). Experimental Procedure. Forty-eight plants were randomly chosen and individually tagged for treatment with 0, 750, 1500 or 3000 ppm chlormequat chloride with 12 replicates per treatment. The plants received the first of two foliar spray applications of the designated treatments on 12/15/03. Plant leaves were sprayed to runoff using quart-sized manual spray bottles. A second application was made one week later on 12/22/03. The plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 blocks and 4 replicates per block on 12/23/03 (Figure 2). Phytotoxicity observations using a numerical rating scale of 0 (no injury) to 10 (complete kill) were made weekly until 01/13/04. Plant height and diameter were measured weekly until 01/13/04. Statistical Analysis. The data were analyzed using Proc GLM of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Phyotoxicity data were analyzed using t-tests. The mean increases from the starting height and width were analyzed for significant differences using t-tests. Where differences were not evident between treatments, the data were grouped into “Control” (no dosage), “low” dosage (1x) and “high” dosage (2x, 4x), and analyzed for differences between the measurement at start and that at week 1, 2, 3, and 4, to determine if further study is warranted. Results Phytotoxicity. Chlormequat chloride at rates of 1500 and 3000 ppm had phytotoxic effects on Angelonia ‘Carita Purple’ (Appendix A, Figures 3 and 4). The 1500 ppm treatment showed a phytotoxic effect during the first week after treatment but had disappeared by the second week. The 3000 ppm treatment showed a phytotoxic effect during all fours weeks of the treatment. The degree of phytoxicity was reduced over time. Phytotoxicity appeared in the form of leaf tip-burn on the plants that were sprayed (Figure 3). Control of Plant Growth. There was a statistical difference in plant height increase by the second week of the experiment between the control and high (2X, 4X) treatments (Appendix B, Figure 5). However, this difference disappeared by the third week of the experiment (Figure 6). There was a significant difference for plant width between the control and high (2X, 4X) treatments from the second week after treatment through the end of the experiment (Appendix C, Figure 7). The low treatment (1X) was never significantly different from either the control or the high treatments.

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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Discussion

Phytotoxicity. The phytotoxicity observed on Angelonia was temporary. The symptoms showed during the first week after spraying but were reduced substantially over time. Even though there were some phytotoxic effects from the cycocel, the damage did not render the plant unsaleble. The tip burn was minor and, at worst, scored a one out of ten, with ten being plant death.

Control of Plant Growth. The effect of cycocel on the control of Angelonia plant height was fleeting at best. The brief reduction in height increase would not be of benefit to the grower as the crop cycle is longer than two weeks. There was a pattern of width reduction after the second week but this may not be important. The reduction in width appeared to be a consequence of shortened leaves (empirical observation). As the plant grows strongly vertical, the shortened leaves did not change the quality of the plant.

9. GOOD RESEARCH PRACTICE STATEMENT:

I acknowledge that I have read and followed the IR-4 Research protocol and completed this trial following good agricultural practice, or reported any deviations (note any changes from authorized protocol in narrative).

SIGNATURE DATE

Dr. Heiner Lieth, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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Figure 1. Greenhouse air temperatures during experiment to determine effects of chlormequat chloride on Angelonia ‘Carita Purple’.

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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Figure 2. Angelonia ‘Carita Purple’ plants received 2 applications of 0, 750, 1500 or 3000 ppm chlormequat chloride three and four weeks after transplanting.

Figure 3. Chlorotic leaf tips on Angelonia ‘Carita Purple’ after second application of chlormequat chloride attributed to transitory phytotoxicity.

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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0

2

4

6

8

10

Phy

toto

x ic

eff e

cts

0 1 2 3 4Weeks after treatment

Control750 ppm (1X)1500 ppm (2X)3000 ppm (4X)

Figure 4. Phytotoxicity ratings for Angelonia ‘Carita Purple’ four weeks post-treatment (n = 12). (0 = no injury, 10 = complete kill)

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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0

5

10

15

20

Pla

nt h

eigh

t inc

rea s

e ( c

m)



Figure 5. Effect of one foliar application of chlormequat chloride on plant height increase of Angelonia ‘Carita Purple’ four weeks post-treatment (n = 12).

Figure 6. Angelonia ‘Carita Purple’ plants 4 weeks after treatment with chlormequat chloride. Treatments from left to right are 0 ppm, 750 ppm, 1500 ppm and 3000 ppm chlormequat chloride.

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pla

nt d

iam

eter

incr

ease

(cm

)



Figure 7. Effect of one foliar application of chlormequat chloride on plant diameter increase of Angelonia ‘Carita Purple’ four weeks post-treatment (n = 12).

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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APPENDIX A PHYTOTOXICITY REPORT FORM: Angelonia

Block Rate (oz. ai/gal) Rep Phyto Rate 12/15/03

Phyto Rate 12/23/03

Phyto Rate 12/29/03

Phyto Rate 01/06/04

Phyto Rate 01/13/04

A 0 (Control) 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A 0 (Control) 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A 0 (Control) 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A 0 (Control) 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 0 (Control) 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 0 (Control) 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 0 (Control) 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 0 (Control) 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 0 (Control) 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 0 (Control) 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 0 (Control) 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 0 (Control) 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

mean 0 (Control) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 std dev 0 (Control) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

std error 0 (Control) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A 0.8 (1X) 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A 0.8 (1X) 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A 0.8 (1X) 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A 0.8 (1X) 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 0.8 (1X) 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 0.8 (1X) 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 0.8 (1X) 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 0.8 (1X) 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 0.8 (1X) 9 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 C 0.8 (1X) 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 0.8 (1X) 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 C 0.8 (1X) 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

mean 0.8 (1X) 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.00 std dev 0.8 (1X) 0.00 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.00

std error 0.8 (1X) 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.00 A 1.6 (2X) 1 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 A 1.6 (2X) 2 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 A 1.6 (2X) 3 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A 1.6 (2X) 4 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 1.6 (2X) 5 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 1.6 (2X) 6 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 1.6 (2X) 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 1.6 (2X) 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 1.6 (2X) 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 1.6 (2X) 10 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00

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Block Rate (oz. ai/gal) Rep Phyto Rate 12/15/03

Phyto Rate 12/23/03

Phyto Rate 12/29/03

Phyto Rate 01/06/04

Phyto Rate 01/13/04

C 1.6 (2X) 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 1.6 (2X) 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

mean 1.6 (2X) 0.00 0.58 0.25 0.00 0.00 std dev 1.6 (2X) 0.00 0.51 0.45 0.00 0.00

std error 1.6 (2X) 0.00 0.15 0.13 0.00 0.00 A 3.2 (4X) 1 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 A 3.2 (4X) 2 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 A 3.2 (4X) 3 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 A 3.2 (4X) 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 3.2 (4X) 5 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 B 3.2 (4X) 6 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 B 3.2 (4X) 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 3.2 (4X) 8 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 C 3.2 (4X) 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C 3.2 (4X) 10 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 C 3.2 (4X) 11 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 C 3.2 (4X) 12 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00

mean 3.2 (4X) 0.00 0.67 0.75 0.42 0.42 std dev 3.2 (4X) 0.00 0.49 0.45 0.51 0.51

std error 3.2 (4X) 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.15 NOTE: DEFINE MEASUREMENT OF PHYTOTOXICITY, OR INDEX OF INJURY (0=NO INJURY, 10=COMPLETE KILL)

*Be sure to provide units

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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APPENDIX B EFFICACY REPORT FORM PLANT HEIGHT Angelonia

Block Rate (oz. ai/gal) Rep Plant Height (cm) 12/15/03

Plant Height(cm) 12/23/03



Plant Height (cm) 01/13/04




mean 0.8 (1X) 7.71 9.17 11.96 20.00 25.92 std dev 0.8 (1X) 1.50 1.85 2.23 3.77 3.72

std error 0.8 (1X) 0.43 0.53 0.64 1.09 1.07 A 1.6 (2X) 1 6.00 7.50 7.50 12.00 17.00 A 1.6 (2X) 2 8.00 10.00 12.00 18.00 16.00 A 1.6 (2X) 3 8.00 9.50 11.50 22.00 19.00 A 1.6 (2X) 4 9.00 10.00 12.00 21.00 24.00 B 1.6 (2X) 5 7.00 8.50 10.00 19.00 26.00 B 1.6 (2X) 6 6.50 6.00 8.00 13.00 18.00 B 1.6 (2X) 7 6.00 8.00 9.00 16.00 21.00

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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Block Rate (oz. ai/gal) Rep Plant Height (cm) 12/15/03




Plant Height (cm) 01/13/04

B 1.6 (2X) 8 8.50 10.00 12.00 19.00 26.00 C 1.6 (2X) 9 10.00 13.00 11.50 24.00 30.00 C 1.6 (2X) 10 10.00 11.00 13.50 22.00 28.00 C 1.6 (2X) 11 9.00 13.00 17.00 25.00 33.50 C 1.6 (2X) 12 6.00 7.00 8.00 12.00 17.00

mean 1.6 (2X) 7.83 9.46 11.00 18.58 22.96 std dev 1.6 (2X) 1.51 2.20 2.71 4.52 5.79


mean 3.2 (4X) 8.71 10.29 12.50 19.42 25.13 std dev 3.2 (4X) 1.23 2.19 3.30 4.46 4.60

std error 3.2 (4X) 0.36 0.63 0.95 1.29 1.33 Efficacy Scale: Plant height (cm) was measured from the soil line to the terminal growing point. *Be sure to provide units

PR.NO.: 13495A TRIAL: 1 DATE: 01/16/04

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APPENDIX C EFFICACY REPORT FORM PLANT DIAMETER Angelonia

Block Rate (oz. ai/gal) Rep Plant Diameter (cm) 12/15/03

Plant Diameter(cm) 12/23/03

Plant Diameter (cm) 12/29/03






mean 0.8 (1X) 12.00 12.08 13.33 18.33 20.25 std dev 0.8 (1X) 1.85 1.56 1.71 2.30 2.99

std error 0.8 (1X) 0.53 0.45 0.49 0.66 0.86 A 1.6 (2X) 1 14.50 13.00 14.00 18.00 21.50 A 1.6 (2X) 2 12.00 12.00 14.00 17.50 18.50 A 1.6 (2X) 3 15.00 12.50 12.50 18.00 23.00 A 1.6 (2X) 4 10.00 9.00 9.50 16.00 18.00 B 1.6 (2X) 5 11.50 12.00 14.50 19.00 21.50

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Block Rate (oz. ai/gal) Rep Plant Diameter (cm) 12/15/03

Plant Diameter(cm) 12/23/03




B 1.6 (2X) 6 9.50 9.50 12.00 17.00 18.00 B 1.6 (2X) 7 11.50 12.00 13.50 18.50 20.50 B 1.6 (2X) 8 12.00 13.00 13.50 21.50 21.50 C 1.6 (2X) 9 11.00 9.50 9.50 12.50 14.00 C 1.6 (2X) 10 15.00 14.00 16.50 23.50 22.50 C 1.6 (2X) 11 16.00 13.50 15.00 22.00 23.50 C 1.6 (2X) 12 15.00 13.00 14.00 16.00 19.00

mean 1.6 (2X) 12.75 11.92 13.21 18.29 20.13 std dev 1.6 (2X) 2.22 1.68 2.07 2.99 2.72


mean 3.2 (4X) 12.50 12.54 13.25 17.75 20.08 std dev 3.2 (4X) 1.69 1.78 1.92 2.61 3.31

std error 3.2 (4X) 0.49 0.51 0.56 0.75 0.96 Efficacy Scale: Plant diameter (cm) is the average of two diameter measurements made perpendicular to each other. *Be sure to provide units

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