PHYSIOLOGY)OF)THE)NERVOUS)SYSTEM · Referred’Pain’ ......

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1 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Table of Contents Neural Development ................................................................................................................................................2 Principles of Nerves .................................................................................................................................................3 Parts of a Neuron .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Sympathetic Nervous System ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Parasympathetic Nervous System .................................................................................................................................. 3 Central Nervous System ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Peripheral Nervous System .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Enteric Nervous System ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Types of Nerves .........................................................................................................................................................5 Neurotransmitters ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Membrane and Action Potential ..........................................................................................................................6 VoltageGated Channels ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Action Potential Process .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Action Potential Propagation ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Neurotransmission...................................................................................................................................................9 Synapsing ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Summation............................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Neural Integration ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Modulation of Transmitter Release ............................................................................................................................. 11 Spinal Cord ............................................................................................................................................................... 12 Physical Structure of Spinal Cord ................................................................................................................................. 12 Dorsal columnmedial lemniscus v Spinothalamic Tract .................................................................................... 13 Spinal Reflexes ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 Two types of Nociceptive Fibres.................................................................................................................................... 14 Pain Transmission ............................................................................................................................................................. 14 Referred Pain ....................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Reflexes.................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Neuromuscular Junction ..................................................................................................................................... 15

Transcript of PHYSIOLOGY)OF)THE)NERVOUS)SYSTEM · Referred’Pain’ ......

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PHYSIOLOGY  OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM  

Table  of  Contents  

Neural  Development  ................................................................................................................................................  2  Principles  of  Nerves  .................................................................................................................................................  3  Parts  of  a  Neuron  ..................................................................................................................................................................  3  Sympathetic  Nervous  System  ...........................................................................................................................................  3  Parasympathetic  Nervous  System  ..................................................................................................................................  3  Central  Nervous  System  .....................................................................................................................................................  4  Peripheral  Nervous  System  ..............................................................................................................................................  4  Enteric  Nervous  System  .....................................................................................................................................................  4  

Types  of  Nerves  .........................................................................................................................................................  5  Neurotransmitters  ...............................................................................................................................................................  5  

Membrane  and  Action  Potential  ..........................................................................................................................  6  Voltage-­‐Gated  Channels  .....................................................................................................................................................  6  Action  Potential  Process  ....................................................................................................................................................  7  Action  Potential  Propagation  ...........................................................................................................................................  8  

Neurotransmission  ...................................................................................................................................................  9  Synapsing  ................................................................................................................................................................................  9  Summation  ............................................................................................................................................................................  10  

Neural  Integration  .................................................................................................................................................  11  Modulation  of  Transmitter  Release  .............................................................................................................................  11  

Spinal  Cord  ...............................................................................................................................................................  12  Physical  Structure  of  Spinal  Cord  .................................................................................................................................  12  Dorsal  column-­‐medial  lemniscus  v  Spinothalamic  Tract    ....................................................................................  13  

Spinal  Reflexes  ........................................................................................................................................................  14  Two  types  of  Nociceptive  Fibres  ....................................................................................................................................  14  Pain  Transmission  .............................................................................................................................................................  14  Referred  Pain  .......................................................................................................................................................................  14  Reflexes  ..................................................................................................................................................................................  14  

Neuromuscular  Junction  .....................................................................................................................................  15      

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NEURAL  DEVELOPMENT  Gastrulation  (wk  3):  formation  3  primary  germ  layers,  epiblast  cells  migrate  through  primitive  streak  

Endoderm  (interior):  lining  of  digestive  tract,  related  organs  (stomach,  colon,  liver,  lungs  etc)  Mesoderm:  muscle,  CT,  skeletal  system,  circulatory  system,  organs  (heart,  blood,  kidney,  spleen)  Ectoderm:  CNS,  skin  

 Neuralation  (21-­‐28  days):  transformation  of  neural  plate  à  neural  tube,    • Notochord  (mesodermal  mass)  induces  epiblastic  neural  plate  to  elevate  and  involute/curl  up  • Neural  folds  at  either  side  rise  up  to  form  neural  groove  (leaving  a  dip  in  middle  à  neural  tube)  • Ectoderm  invaginates  forming  groove,  cells  on  either  side  =  neural  crest  (form  spinal  ganglia).  Neural  tube  closes  centrally  then  ‘zips  up’  including  at  top  and  bottom.  

• pseudostratified  cells  lining  inner  lumen  of  neural  tube  à  apolar  neuroblasts  à  neurons  • neural  crest:  cells  lining  edge  of  neural  folds  à  migrate  around  body  à  ganglia  Failure  of  neural  tube  to  fuse  rostrally:  anencephaly  (failure  of  bone  to  form  around  brain),  caudally:  spina  bifida  (spinal  cord  not  completely  encased)  Cephalic  end  (top)  of  neural  tube:  divides  into  3  dilations  (to  form  brain)      

                 

     Somites:  mesodermal  masses  (derived  from  paraxial  region)  distributed  along  two  sides  of  neural  tube.  Consists  of  sclerotome  (à  CT,  cartilage,  bone)  and  dermomyotome  (à  dermatome  =  deep  layers  of  dermis  and  myotome  =  muscle).  Nerves  grow  to  somites  through  chemotaxis  (grow  towards  secreted  chemicals)                  

   

             

Nervous  System  

Central  Nervous  System  (CNS)  

Brain   Spinal  Cord  

Peripheral  Nervous  System  (PNS)  

Somatic   Autonomic  

Enteric  (directly  donctrolls  

gastrointestinal  system)  

Sympathetic  (Fight  or  Flight)  

-­‐>  thoracolumbar  

Parasympathetic  (Rest  and  digest)  -­‐>craniosacral  

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PRINCIPLES  OF  NERVES  Nerve  Fibre:  process  and  transmit  information  through  electrical  and  chemical  signalling.  Nerves  are:  

• excitable  (polarity  of  membrane  can  change)  • conductible  (depolarisation  propagates  along  

membrane)    • secretory  (release  chemical  neurotransmitters)  

 

Synapse:  joining  of  an  axon  with  another  nerve  fibre,  which  allows  the  signal  to  continue  to  be  propagated.  Axosomatic  (cell  body)  =  inhibitory,  axodendritic  =  excitatory,  axoaxonic  (axon  à  axon)    Parts  of  a  Neuron:  

• Dendrites:  receive  impulse  to  be  propagated  • Soma/Perikaryon:  cell  body,  contains  nucleus.  Merges  with  axon  

at  axon  hillock  • Axon:  carries  signal  from  soma  to  terminal,  inside  =  axoplasm.  

Conduction  velocity  proportional  to  diameter  of  axon  • Myelin  Sheath:  lipid-­‐based  electrical  insulation  of  neuron,  

increasing  speed  of  conductance  100  fold.  Myelin  secreted  by  glial  cells  (Schwann  =  PNS,  oligodendrocytes  =  CNS).  Glial  cells  wrap  tightly  around  axon  multiple  times,  with  layers  of  myelin  between  each  coil.  

• Neurilemma:  outermost  nucleated  cytoplasmic  layer  of  glial  cells  • Nodes  of  Ranvier:  depressions  in  sheath  

 

Glial  /  Neuroglia  cells:  non-­‐neuronal  cells  that  maintain  homeostasis,  secrete  myelin,  and  provide  support  and  protection  for  neurons.  As  nervous  tissue  has  no  ICM,  glial  cells  provide  a  microenvironment  for  neuronal  activity.  Astrocyte:  star  shaped  glial  cells  in  the  brain  and  spinal  cord.  Most  abundant  cell  in  brain.  Plexus:  network  of  intersecting  (intermingle  but  don’t  join)  nerves.  Most  nerves  both  motor  and  sensory.  Dorsal  Root  Ganglia:  swellings  of  cell  bodies  of  afferent  spinal  nerves.  Have  no  synapses,  all  located  in  intervertebral  foramina.    

 Sympathetic  Nervous  System:  ‘fight  or  flight’,  thoracolumbar  outflow  à  presynaptic  preganglionic  cell  bodies  in  intermediolateral  columns  of  spinal  cord  à  postganglionic  cells  in  sympathetic  trunk  (hence  short  presynaptic  nerve)    Parasympathetic  Nervous  System:  ‘rest  and  digest’,  craniosacral  outflow  à  presynaptic  preganglionic  cell  bodies  in  grey  matter  of  brainstem  +  sacral/tail  segment  of  spinal  cord  à  postganglionic  cell  peripherally  located  (hence  long  presynaptic  nerve)    **SNS  and  PS  can  have  complementary  action  (PS  ‘point’  erection  and  S  ‘shoot’  ejaculation),  independent  action  (blood  vessels  SNS  only)  or  opposing  action  (S  dilates  pupils,  PS  constricts  pupils)    

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Central  Nervous  System:  Brain  +  Spinal  Cord  Grey  matter:  closely  packed  neural  cell  bodies  (central  in  spinal  cord,  peripheral  in  brain)  White  matter:  mostly  contains  long,  myelinated  axon  tracts  +  glial  cells,  connect  one  part  of  brain  to  another  or  to  spinal  cord  (central  in  brain,  peripheral  in  spinal  cord)  à  Projection  tracts:  up  and  down     à  Association  tracts:  front  and  back    à  Commissural  tracts:  from  one  cerebral  hemisphere  to  another  (across  midline)  Meninges:  connective  tissue  layer  around  brain  providing  support  +  protection  (Dura,  Arachnoid,  Pia  matter)  Cerebral  Spinal  Fluid:  circulates  within  subarachnoid  space  and  ventricles  of  brain    

Peripheral  Nervous  System:  peripheral  nerves  12  cranial  nerve  pairs  (ordered  rostral  =  head  to  caudal  =  tail)  originating  in  brain  stem  innerving  parts  of  head  31  spinal  nerve  pairs;  each  associated  with  spinal  cord  segment  

• 8  cervical  (C8)  above  C1-­‐7  and  T1:  head,  neck,  shoulders  • 12  thoracic  (T12)  below  T1-­‐12:  form  intercostal  nerves  (not  plexus),  pass  around  trunk  to  upper  limbs  • 5  lumbar  (L5)  below  L1-­‐5:  form  lumber  plexus,  supply  lower  limbs  • 5  sacral  (S5)  below  S1-­‐5:  form  sacral  plexus,  hips,  lower  limbs  etc  • 1  coccygeal:  supplies  lower  limb  and  pelvis  

 Enteric  Nervous  System:  subdivision  of  ANS  that  directly  controls  gastrointestinal  system  in  vertebrates.  Operates  independently  of  brain  and  spinal  cord.