1. EXPERIMENT 6 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN

2. PROCEDURE 3. RESULTS Table 1. Skin color determination Group No.Skin color before compressionSkin color in compressed area1PinkishPale pink, white, blue2PinkishWhite3PinkishWhite, pale pink 4. DISCUSSION PINKNormal blood circulationWHITEDisruption of blood flowBLUELack of oxygen 5. APPLICATIONS Healthy skin o Pinkish skin o slightly flushed with blood and full of oxygen o suggests a strong heart and lungs 6. o oJAUNDICEo oskin yellowing caused by the build up of bilirubin due to malfunction of the liver eating too many carrots carotenemia tanning pills canthaxanthin 7. oHYPOCHROMIC ANEMIAgreenish skin or pallorohemoglobin levels are too low leading to undersized red blood cells 8. oARGYRIA & CYANOSISPaul Karason consumed colloidal silver to treat a bad case of dermatitis on his faceoand turned blue Caused by inadequate amount of oxygen in the blood 9. APPLICATIONS 10. predicts your future from the fate lines in the palm and tell about your health and character from the palm colourPALMISTRY 11. YELLOWPINKo selfishness in your character o short temperRED o aggressiveBLUE o sluggisho cheerful o optimistic 12. ATTRACTIVENESS o women rated male faces with a greater amount of golden color in their skin as more attractive 13. SYMPTOM OF HORMONAL IMBALANCE o Addisons disease is caused by low cortisol and aldosterone o Bronzing (hyperpigmentation) o Cushing syndrome caused by exposure to high levels of cortisol o Purple marks (striae) and bruised skin 14. PLOTTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SWEAT GLANDS ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND o produce sweat that is mostly salt, o secrete urea, electrolytes and water (e.g. a thick sweat packed with uric acid, ammonia,fatty acids and proteins amino acids, o glucose, lactic acid)located deep into the skin and opens to protect the o cools the body & help hair skin from bacteriao larger than eccrine and pathogens o causes body odor o no body odor o secreted starting o do not extend as deep into the skin from puberty and they excrete through pores o smaller than apocrine 15. PLOTTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SWEAT GLANDS Eccrine sweat glands Apocrine sweat glands o Distributed over the Occur mainly in arm entire body of nipples pits, areola except lip margins, nail beds, & perineum o nipples, inner surface Also found in ear and of prepuce, labia eyelid minora, glans penis & glans clitoris o Heavily concentrated on soles, palms, armpits, forehead & cheeks o Low in trunk and extremeties 16. o Sweating occurs in response to external heat stimuli which alters skin temperature o Cools the skin through evaporative cooling which makes use of the high latent heat of vaporization of waterThermoregulation 17. PROCEDURESweat Gland Mapping 18. RESULTS SWEAT GLAND MAPPING 19. Group 1ARMPALMGroup 2 20. Group 3ARMPALM 21. DISCUSSION Amylopectin + Amylose Iodine trapped in amylose 22. DISCUSSION According to Henry Gray's estimates, the palm has around 370 sweat glands per cm2 while forearm have 155 per cm Palms contain eccrine glands since it does not have hairs and needs to cool more Eccrine glands are smaller than apocrine glands of the arm so more glands can fit into the palm 23. APPLICATIONS 24. o over-active thyroid causes an increase in your metabolic rate o burn more calories (weight loss) and sweat more as your body temperature increases.HYPERHIDROSIS & HYPERTHYROIDISM 25. EXPERIMENT 7 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 26. o bones support the body o protect vital organs o allow movement o store minerals o produce red blood cellsFUNCTION ..FUNCTION 27. CanaliculiOsteonOsteocytes in lacunae Volkmanns canalLamellaeHaversian canalTYPES OF OSSEOUS TISSUESOsteon: SPONGY BONE Lamellaeo functionaltubes of concentric unit is bone spicule bone matrix called trabeculae o less dense canalHaversian o site of metabolic passageway for activity e.g. exchange of blood vessels and calcium ions nerves Volkmanns canals- connect the blood and nerve COMPACT BONE o functionalthe is supply of unit the osteon or periosteum to Haversian systems o matrix is solidly filled Haversian canal with organic ground substance and Canaliculi- hairinorganic salts like channels connecting osteocytes and central canal 28. BONE CELLSo Osteoclastslarge cells that dissolve the bone o Osteoblastscells that form new bones o Osteocytesmature osteoblasts found in lacunae o Osteoid- new bone made up of collagen and ground substance 29. BONE REMODELLING 30. EFFECT OF MECHANICAL STRESS TO BONE STRENGTH 31. PROCEDURE Removal of inorganic components o Fresh chicken leg was soaked in 10% nitric acid overnight o Gently apply pressureSkin color 32. ACID DECALCIFICATION MigratesCalcium in boneAcid solutionIonic exchange 33. RESULTS 34. o make up 65% of bone by mass o Hydroxyapatite(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 ) a mineral salt giving the bone compressive strength and hardness o Osteocalcium phosphate (brushite)soft rubbery consiste nt BRITTLEness HARDnessRemoval of INORGANIC DISCUSSION COMPONENTS 35. PROCEDURE Removal of Organic Components 36. RESULTS 37. OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPONENTS OF BONECollagen OxygenCarbon dioxideWater 38. o BONE CELLS (osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts) o OSTEOID (ground substance and collagen fibers)RESILIENC E FLEXIBILI TY BRITTLE HARD collagen 90% of organic component primarily type I collagen provides tensile strength proteoglycans responsible for compressive strength inhibit mineralization matrix proteins includes noncollagenous proteins function to promote mineralization and bone formation 1. Osteocalcin 2. Osteonectin 3. Osteopontin 4. Cytokine and growth factorsDISCUSSION ORGANIC COMPONENTS 39. APPLICATIONS 40. OSTEOMALACIA AND RICKETSo softening of the bones due to a lack of vitamin D or a problem with the body's ability to break down and use this vitamin o Rickets is osteomalacia in growing bones of children 41. Ehlers-Danlos syndromeo result of abnormal genes that produce abnormal proteins that confer an inherited frailty of collagen o typical features are stretchy skin, loose joints and fragile body tissues 42. Stephen ID et al (2009). Facial skin coloration affects perceived health of human faces. International Journal of Primatology DOI 10.1007/s10764009-9380-z. Shanghai Daily March 31, 2009) Rachael Rettner (2012) A Man's Golden Skin Puts a Gleam in a Woman's Eye. Retrieved from < http://www.livescience.com/36145-skin-tone-healthattractiveness.html> Susan T. McClure (2010) About Addison's Disease and Skin Pigment. Retrieved from Kevin Berman (2011) Hyperhidrosis. Retrieved from Tracy Jones (2013) Bone Matrix. Retrieved from REFERENCES 43. Cleveland clinic (2010) Osteomalacia. Retrieved from Shiel, William Jr. (2013) Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Retrieved from Akpan, Nsikan (2013) A Half-Red Baby And 3 Other Ways Biology Can Change Skin Color. Retrieved from http://www.medicaldaily.com/half-red-baby-and-3other-ways-biology-can-change-skin-color-graphic-photos-247995REFERENCES