Physiology of Animal Cells - NCHU
Transcript of Physiology of Animal Cells - NCHU
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Physiology of Animal Cells
Department of Animal ScienceNational Chung-Hsing University
Pin-Chi Tang
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Reference Textbooks
Cell BiologyCell Biology 2002by Thomas D. Pollard and William C. Earnshaw
Molecular Biology of The CellMolecular Biology of The Cell 4th Ed. 2002by Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis
Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, James D. Watson
Molecular Cell BiologyMolecular Cell Biology 5th Ed. 2004by Harvey Lodish, Arnikd Berk, Paul Matsudaira,
Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Matthew P.Scott, Lawrence Zipursky, James Darnell
BiologyBiology 6th Ed. 2002by George B. Johnson and Peter H. Raven
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Overview of Cell Biology
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Biology
Historical event
chemistry physics
Origin and evolution of life on earth
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ChanceChance
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Cells come in an astounding assortment of shapes and sizes.(a) Eubacteria, Lactococcus lactis; (b) Archaebacteria, Methanosarcina.
a b
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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Cells come in an astounding assortment of shapes and sizes.
c d
(c) Blood cells; (d) Fossilized dinosaur eggs.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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Cells come in an astounding assortment of shapes and sizes.
e f
(e) A colonial single-celled green alga, Volvox aureus; (f) A single Purkinjeneuron of the cerebellum.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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Cells come in an astounding assortment of shapes and sizes.
g h
(g) Cells can form an epithelial sheet; (h) Plant cells are fixed firmly in placein vascular Plants.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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A single cell, the human egg (~200 m), with sperm, which arealso single cells. From the union of an egg and sperm will arisethe 10 trillion cells of a human body.
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All cells are thought to have evolved
from a common progenitor, because
the structures and molecules in all
cells have so many similarities.
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The tree of life. Universal tree based on comparisons of ribosomalRNA sequences
Cell Biology, Ch 1, by Pollard and Earnshaw, 2002
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The tree of life. Time line for the divergence of animals, plants, andfungi.
Cell Biology, Ch 1, by Pollard and Earnshaw, 2002
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All organisms from simple bacteria to complex mammals probablyevolved from a common, single-celled progenitor.
the archaea and theeukaryotes divergedfrom the true bacteriabefore they divergedfrom each other.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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The biological universe consistsof two types of cells:
prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
16Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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many proteins are preciselylocalized in their aqueousinterior, or cytosol, indicatingthe presence of internalorganization.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
18Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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cytoplasm, comprising thecytosol (aqueous phase)and the organelles.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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Prokaryotic cells consist of a single closedcompartment that is surrounded by the plasmamembrane, lacks a defined nucleus, and has arelatively simple internal organization.
Eukaryotic cells contain a defined membrane-boundnucleus and extensive internal membranes thatenclose other compartments, the organelles.
Prokaryotic cells have a simpler internal organizationthan eukaryotic cells.
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Cell
NOYESCytoskeleton
NOYESCompartmentalized
Prokaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
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Mammalian Oocyte
Architecture
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cytokinesis
Cell Cycle
M phase
2n, 2C
2n, 2-4C
2n, 4C
24Mitosis
25Meiosis I
Germinal vesicle (GV) stage
First polar body
26Meiosis II
Metaphase II (MII) stage
27Theriogenology 65(4):744-756, 2006
Morphology of the chromatin andthe cytoskeleton of germinalvesicle stage porcine oocytes
(A) The chromatin structure (arrow) of theGV stage oocyte.
(B) The microtubular structure (arrowheads) of a normal GV oocyte. Notethat the intensive periooplasmicmicrotubules are clearly visible.
Bars: 5 mm (A) and 20 mm (B).
A
B
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A B
Microfilament characteristics of pig oocytes during invitro maturation.
Anim. Reprod. Sci. 103:107-119, 2008
(A)Long microfilaments are distributed in the periooplasm of a smallproportion of the GV oocytes.
(B) The majority of GV oocytes possess a short form or punctates ofmicrofilaments and the proportion of oocytes with this type ofmicrofilaments increase with maturation.
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Microfilament characteristics of pig oocytes during invitro maturation.
(C) Some small proportions of oocytes have a disorganized or irregularmorphology of microfilament pattern.
(D) The vitelline ring of an oocyte is distinguishable from the periooplasmicactin (white arrows). Outside the vitelline ring, some transzonal processes(TZP) are still visible in a MII oocyte (Left, yellow arrow), in which the amountor intensity of TZP is much less than a GV stage oocytes (inset, yellowarrows).
C D
Anim. Reprod. Sci. 103:107-119, 2008
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Location of mitochondria in mouse MII oocytes.The circles indicate the MII chromosomes.
J. Reprod. Dev. 52:239-248, 2006
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Location of cortical granule (green) and microfilament(red) in mouse MII oocytes.
Arrow head: polar bodyChromotin: blue.
J. Reprod. Dev. 52:239-248, 2006