Physiology and Ecology Review
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Transcript of Physiology and Ecology Review
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Physiology and Ecology Review
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Nervous System
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Q1: Which of the following offers the best description of neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap?
(A) Neural impulses involve the flow of K+ and Na+ across the gap.
(B) Neural impulses travel across the gap as electrical currents.(C) Neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse
across the gap.(D) Neural impulses travel across the gap in both directions.(E) The calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves
adjacent to a synapse acts as the neurotransmitter.
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Which of the following offers the best description of neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap?
(A) Neural impulses involve the flow of K+ and Na+ across the gap.
(B) Neural impulses travel across the gap as electrical currents.(C) Neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse
across the gap.(D) Neural impulses travel across the gap in both directions.(E) The calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves
adjacent to a synapse acts as the neurotransmitter.
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Q2: Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in an action potential after stimulation of a neuron?
A K+ moves in; Na+ moves outB Na+ moves in; K+ moves outC Na+ moves in; Ca++ moves outD Na+ moves in; Cl- moves outE K+ moves in; organic anions move out
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in an action potential after stimulation of a neuron?
A K+ moves in; Na+ moves outB Na+ moves in; K+ moves outC Na+ moves in; Ca++ moves outD Na+ moves in; Cl- moves outE K+ moves in; organic anions move out
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Q3: All of the following statements about neurotransmitters are generally true EXCEPT:
A They may cause depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membraneB They are actively transported across the synaptic cleftC They are released from membrane-bound packets called vesiclesD They may be enzymatically degraded at the postsynaptic membraneE They bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
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All of the following statements about neurotransmitters are generally true EXCEPT:
A They may cause depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membraneB They are actively transported across the synaptic cleftC They are released from membrane-bound packets called vesiclesD They may be enzymatically degraded at the postsynaptic membraneE They bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
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Immune System
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Features of Exchange Surfaces?1. Large surface area, often folded2. Thin barrier to reduce diffusion distance3. Fresh supply of required molecules on one
side to keep concentration high-Removal of required molecules on other side to keep concentration low-(maintains concentration gradient)
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FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries
Lung capillaries Lung capillariesLung and skin capillariesGill capillaries
Right Left Right Left Right Left Systemic
circuitSystemic
circuit
Pulmocutaneouscircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
SystemiccirculationVein
Atrium (A)
Heart:ventricle (V)
Artery Gillcirculation
AV VV VV
A A A AALeft Systemicaorta
Right systemicaorta
Figure 42.4
Vertebrate circulatory systems
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Q4:The function of which of the following structures is NOT directly related to diffusion or active transport across its membrane?
(A)Aorta(B)Small intestine (C)Nephron tubule(D)Capillary (E)Alveolus
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The function of which of the following structures is NOT directly related to diffusion or active transport across its membrane?
A AortaB Small intestineC Nepheron tubuleD Capillary E Alveolus
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Q5: In mammals, a decrease in body temperature results in which of the following responses?
A Release of thyroxine decreases the rate of metabolismB Blood vessels close to the surface of the skin constrictC Increased secretion of epinephrine restricts the amount of sugar released into the circulatory systemD The adrenal glands increase the release of acetylcholine into the circulatory systemE Blood vessels in deep muscles constrict so that heat is conserved
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In mammals, a decrease in body temperature results in which of the following responses?
A Release of thyroxine decreases the rate of metabolismB Blood vessels close to the surface of the skin constrictC Increased secretion of epinephrine restricts the amount of sugar released into the circulatory systemD The adrenal glands increase the release of acetylcholine into the circulatory systemE Blood vessels in deep muscles constrict so that heat is conserved
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Digestive
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Excretory System and Nephron
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Maintaining homeostasis
high
low
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raisesbody condition
gland
Negative FeedbackModel
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Homeostasis of Blood Glucose
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Birthpositive feedback
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Positive Feedback in Plants
• Ripening Fruit—hormone ethylene• One of the coolest things about ethylene is that it is
released in a positive feedback loop: a little bit of ethylene causes more to be released, which causes even more to be released, and so on.
• A benefit of this fact is that you can take an unripe fruit (a pear, plum, or peach, for example) and put it in a paper bag with riper fruit (bananas work well for this) and ethylene will accumulate, making the unripe fruit soft and sweet.
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Q6: Which of the following hormones is directly responsible for positive feedback loop during labor?
A MelatoninB OxytocinC ProgesteroneD ProlactinE FSH
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Which of the following hormones is directly responsible for the maintenance of the uterine lining during pregnancy in mammals?
A MelatoninB OxytocinC ProgesteroneD ProlactinE FSH
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Ecology
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Level Population4 43 3602 7801 5,782
A. Primary consumersB. Secondary consumerC. Tertiary consumersD. DecomposersE. Producers
Question 7: In a simple ecosystem, a census of the populations in four successive trophic levels was taken as shown above. If level 1 is composed of photosynthetic autotrophs, then the trophic level with 780 individuals will most likely represent:
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Level Population4 43 3602 7801 5,782
A. Primary consumersB. Secondary consumerC. Tertiary consumersD. DecomposersE. Producers
In a simple ecosystem, a census of the populations in four successive trophic levels was taken as shown above. If level 1 is composed of photosynthetic autotrophs, then the trophic level with 780 individuals will most likely represent:
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Predator-Prey Relationship
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R vs. K survivorship curves
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Question 8: In the process of succession, which of the following is true of K-selected plant species?
A. They keep their carrying capacity at a minimum level.B. They usually reproduce early in life.C. They are usually found in climax stages of succession.D. There are the dominant species in early stages of
succession.E. They have a short lifespan.
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In the process of succession, which of the following is true of K-selected plant species?
A. They keep their carrying capacity at a minimum level.B. They usually reproduce early in life.C. They are usually found in climax stages of succession.D. The are the dominant species in early stages of
succession.E. They have a short lifespan.
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Fixed Action Patterns
• A fixed action pattern (FAP)– Is a sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that
is unchangeable– Once initiated, is usually carried to completion
• A FAP is triggered by an external sensory stimulus– Known as a sign stimulus
Figure 51.3a(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.
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• When presented with unrealistic models– As long as some red is present, the attack
behavior occurs
Figure 51.3b
(b) The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no aggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. Theother models, with red undersides, produce strong responses.
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Imprinting
• Imprinting is a type of behavior– That includes both learning and innate
components and is generally irreversible
Imprinting is distinguished from other types of learning by a sensitive period
A limited phase in an animal’s development that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned
An example of imprinting is young geeseFollowing their mother
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• Operant conditioning is a form of psychological learning where an individual modifies the occurrence and form of its own behavior due to the association of the behavior with a stimulus.
• Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (also called respondent conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or operant behavior
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Question 9: If young male zebra finches are raised by foster parents of another species, the
Bengalese finch, they will court female Bengalese finch instead of females of their own species. This
behavior results from which of the following?
A. ImprintingB. HabituationC. ConditioningD. ReinforcementE. Pheromones
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Question 9: If young male zebra finches are raised by foster parents of another species, the
Bengalese finch, they will court female Bengalese finch instead of females of their own species. This
behavior results from which of the following?
A. ImprintingB. HabituationC. ConditioningD. ReinforcementE. Pheromones
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Question 10: All of the following statements concerning characteristics of predator-prey relationships are correct EXCEPT:
A. A rise in the population of prey is often followed by a rise in the population of predators.
B. A rise in the population of predators is followed by a decrease in the population of prey.
C. Camouflage is an adaptation that protects prey.D. The production of large number of offspring within very short periods of
time ensures the survival of some prey populationsE. The population of predators most often eliminates the population of prey.
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All of the following statements concerning characteristics of predator-prey relationships are correct EXCEPT:
A. A rise in the population of prey is often followed by a rise in the population of predators.
B. A rise in the population of predators is followed by a decrease in the population of prey.
C. Camouflage is an adaptation that protects prey.D. The production of large number of offspring within very short periods of
time ensures the survival of some prey populationsE. The population of predators most often eliminates the population of prey.