PHYSIO2_female physio

8/7/2019 PHYSIO2_female physio

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Female Physiology

Organ System Cluster

Prepared by Austine Mae Evangelista, PTRP


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Puberty


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First sign appears between 11

an d 13 years of age in girls andthe process is largely completed

by age 16

MENARCHE: First episode of

menstrual bleeding


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Vagina, uterus, uterine tube

and external genitalia begin toenlarge

Increase rate of estrogen andprogesterone secretion of theovaries

After the onset of puberty, the

hypothalamus and the anteriorpituitary secretes a large amount ofGnRH, LH and FSH.


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Menstrual Cycle


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Phases

Menses

Proliferative PhaseOvulation

Secretory Phase


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Menses

A period ofmild hemorrhage during

which part of the endometrium is

sloughed and expelled from theuterus.

Typically last for 4 or 5 days

Pituitary: FSH and LH secretion islow but will (FSH) as

progesterone levels


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Menses

Ovarian Follicles: The rate of

estrogen and progesterone

secretion is low after degenerationof the corpus luteum produced

during the previous menstrual

cycle


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Menses

Endometrium: In response to the

declining progesterone levels, the

endometrial lining of the uterussloughs off, resulting in menses

followed by repair of the

endometrium


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Proliferative Phase

The time between the ending of

menses and ovulation

Refers to the proliferation of theendometrium

From day 4 or 5 to day 14


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Proliferative Phase

Pituitary: FSH & LH are only slightly

elevated during most of the phase

but near the end of theproliferative phase in response to

the increasing estrogen and

progesterone

Developing follicles & Ovaries:

increasing amount ofestrogen &

progesterone


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Proliferative Phase

Endometrium: Estrogen causes

endometrial cells of the uterus to

divide thickening w/ tube-likeglands


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Ovulation

About the 14th day

Pituitary: The FSH and LH secretion

rapidly just before ovulation inresponse to estrogen levels

estrogen secretion, resulting in a

positive feedback cycle


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Ovulation

Ovarian follicle: LH causes final

maturation of a mature follicle;

and causes enlargement ofimmature follicles

Endometrium: continues to

divide in response to estrogen


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Secretory Phase

Time between ovulation and the next

menses

About day 14 to day 28

Pituitary: high estrogen &

progesterone levels exert negative

feedback on FSH & LH production

Ovarian follicle: conversion to the

corpus luteum progesterone but

estrogen


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Secretory Phase

If fertilization does not occur, the

corpus luteum degenerates about

day 25, and the rate ofprogesterone rapidly declines to

low levels


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Secretory Phase

Endometrium: In response to

progesterone, the endometrial cells

enlarge & reach their great degreeof development

After progesterone level declines,

the endometrium begins todegenerate


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Pregnancy


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After the sexual act

Sperm cells are released into the

vagina cervix uterus oviducts

Propelled by movement of thetail or contractions by uterine

wall (: oxytocin,:

prostaglandin)


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After the sexual act

Sperm cells undergo capacitation

To allow penetration


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Pregnancy or gestation

The importance of the reproductive

system is the nurturing of an offspring,

which is fulfilled by pregnancy

During this time, many changes happenin the body because the systems are

being readjusted to accommodate the

physical growth of the body and thehormonal changes.


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COMMON

CHANGES

CAUSES

Morning sickness Hormonal changesBreast changes

(increase in size; (+)

tenderness; areolas andnipples darken; (+)

colostrum)

Hormonal changes

Frequent urination Pressure of uterus on

the bladder

Vaginal discharge Increased blood supply

to the skin and muscles

around the vagina


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COMMON

CHANGES

CAUSES

Constipation Hormonal changes thatslow down the digestion

of food

Indigestion/heartburn Slowing of digestion and

relaxation of muscles

that keeps digested foods

and acids in the stomach

Lower abdominal or groinpain

Stretching of theligaments and muscles

that support the uterus

Skin and hair changes Hormonal changes


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COMMON

CHANGES

CAUSES

Numbness and tingling Compression of nerves in thelegs

Varicose veins Generalized swelling, weight of

uterus

Hemorrhoids Weight of uterus pressing on theveins

LBP Change in posture

Breathing problems Pregnant uterus presses on the

diaphragm; lungs dont haveenough space to expand

Stretch marks Stretching of the skin as you

grow bigger


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Menopause


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Menopause

Cessation of the menstrual cycle

In women 40 or 50 years old, the

menstrual cycle becomes lessregular, and ovulation does not

consistently occur during each

cycle


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Menopause

Female Climacteric

Period from irregular menses to

complete cessation


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What are the possible changesin postmenopausal women?


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Changes

Menstrualcycle

becomes irregular incidence of ovulation &

maturation ofThe number of

cycles in which ovulation does not

occur and which corpora luteadoes not mature

Uterus

Endometrium atrophies, and theuterus becomes smaller


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Changes

Vagina andexternal

genitalia

External genitalia becomes

thinner and less elastic

Labia majora becomes smaller

Pubic hair decreases

Reduces secretion leads to

dryness

Vagina is more easily inflamed

and infected


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Changes

Skin Epidermis becomes thinner

Cardio-

vascular

System

Hypertension and

atherosclerosis occur more

frequentlyVasomotor

Instability

hot flashes and increased

sweating are correlated with

vasodilation of cunateousblood vessel

Hot flashes are related to

decreases estrogen levels


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Changes

Libido Temporary changes, usually adecrease in libido

Fertility Begins to decline about 10

years before the onset of

menopause

By age 50 almost all oocytes

and follicles have degenerated


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Changes

Pituitary

Function

Lower levels of estrogen &

progesterone produced by the

ovaries cause the pituitaryglands to secrete larger

amounts of FSH and LH

These hormones have littleeffect on the post-menopausal

ovaries


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