Physics of Tsunami
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Transcript of Physics of Tsunami
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Physics of Tsunami
By:
Febdian Rusydi
Aree Witolear
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Part 1
Earthquake
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Causes of Earthquake
1. Volcanic eruption
2. Meteor impacts
3. Underground explosions (like nuclear tests)
4. Movement of plates (tectonic)
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Plate Tectonics
Lithosphere Comprised of many plates that slide over the lubricating athenosphere layer.
Why does it move?Fluid (magma) underneath is moving all the time.
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Plate Tectonics
At the boundaries between plates1. Plates slide against each other2. Plates move apart magma
flows up to the surface3. Plates push together one
subducts the other, or neither plate subducts under the other.
San Andreas Fault
1 2 3
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Earthquake at Sea1st possibility:
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Earthquake at Sea2nd possibility:
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Part 2
Tsunami
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Tsunami
Tsunami (tsoo – nah – mee)Tsu (harbor) & nami (wave)
“A natural phenomenon consisting of a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale” (www.wikipedia.org)
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Theory of Waves
Traveling Wave• Wave moves energy,
not matter!• Energy E ~ f ~ v/
T = 1/fT = 1/f
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Ocean Waves
- Wind blows grab water molecules- Water’s surface stretches ripples (capillary
waves)
- Ripples moves more molecules collected- Size and momentum increase reach the
beach
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Tsunami Waves
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Tsunami At Sea
• Unlike a normal wave, energy of a tsunami moves through the water, not on top of it.
• Velocity:
d = water depth
Moves fast in deep waters 400 km/hour!
• No more than 1 meter high can not be seen
“…we only felt that the waves were larger than
normal.Only that!”
- Rusli, a fisherman
dgv
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Energy Loss
Waves loses energy as it moves away from its source
Energy loss rate ~ 1 / wavelength
The longer the wavelength, the less energy it loses
Tsunami wavelength = 200 km!
Energy is almost constant far from epicenter
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Normal Wave vs Tsunami Wave
Ocean Wave• Speed = 8-100 kph• Wave Period = 5-20
seconds apart• Wave Length = 100-
200 meters apart
Tsunami Wave• Speed = 800-1000
kph• Wave Period = 10
min-2 hours apart• Wave Length = 100-
500 km apart
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As Tsunami Moves…
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At the Beach
• Shallow water compresses the energy• Tsunami moving away the beach: fast, short height
v & increase, A decrease• Tsunami moving toward the beach: slow, tall height
v & decrease, A increase
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Part 3
Impact
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Some Pictures from Satellite
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Tsunami 12/26
• Magnitude of earthquake = 9.0 SR• Slipped plate length = 1,200 km• Slip over = 15 m• Height of wave reach up to 30 m with speed ~
800 km/hr
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Detected Earthquake
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Tsunami Animation
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Tsunami in Aceh
Magnitude: 9.0 on the Richter scale
The Energy possessed (roughly):
~ 5 MTons of TNT = 2*1018 Joules
~ 2 x explosive energy during all WW II
~ 30% energy consumed in USA a year
~ 70 days Hurricane Isabel
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Impact on Earth
• Some smaller island southwest Sumatera moved ~ 20 m to southwest
• Northern tip of Sumatera moved ~ 36m to southwest
• Some small islands near Aceh province are gone forever
• New lakes/rivers created in ex-land in Aceh, disconnecting transportation to ex-villages
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What we believe
• This is not a disaster, but a miracle
• Miracle that changes many things in our social life!
• The miracle is not finished yet
• We have a responsibility, to finish the miracle:
• DONATE YOUR MONEY FOR DONATE YOUR MONEY FOR ACEH!ACEH!
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Poem by Heri Latief
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The End
Credits: BBC, How Stuff Works