PHYSICS Introduction. What is Science - systematic knowledge of the physical or material world...
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Transcript of PHYSICS Introduction. What is Science - systematic knowledge of the physical or material world...
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PHYSICSIntroduction
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What is Science
- systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation.
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What is Physics?
- the science that deals with matter, energy, motion, and force.
- The Rules of Nature.
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•Hypotheses – tentative and testable statements that must be capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence. To be accepted as a good hypothesis, there must exist a test or experiment to try and prove it wrong.
•Theory - based on natural and physical phenomena and are capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers. Unlike hypotheses, scientific theories are well-established and highly-reliable explanations , but may be subject to change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed
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THEORY-reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.
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Theories often involve models.
e.g. Atomic Theory
Democritus’ ModelThomson’s ModelRutherford’s ModelBohr’s ModelElectron Cloud Model
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LAWS-describe the relationships between various phenomena
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Independent variable
– factor that is adjusted by the experimenter to see what effect the change has on the dependent variable
Dependent variable
– factor whose value changes because of a change in the independent variable
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Inference
– a reasonable conclusion or possible hypotheses based on observations
Observation
- A conclusion or data gathered, based upon directly observing something.
- Observations can be made with eyes, ears, nose, or touch.
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Distance
•The entire linear distance traveled despite side trips
Displacement
•The distance between points “A” and “B”.
• “As the crow flies”
From A to B = 250 m From A to B = 40 m
Point A
Point B
Point A
Point B
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•Boyle’s Law
•Charles’ Law
•Cole’s Law
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Experiments test theories.
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The two main branches are physics and chemistry.
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These two overlap; the main difference is that physics always deals with the concept of energy.
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The major areas within Physics are:
• mechanics,
• thermodynamics,
• waves,
• optics,
• electricity and magnetism,
• relativity, and
• nuclear physics.
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Scientific Method
Five StepsState ProblemResearch itHypothesis - extends thinking beyond known facts
ExperimentDraw Conclusions
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Certainty in science
One should always question the validity of scientific Laws, Theories, or Hypotheses.
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METRIC SYSTEM - uses a decimal basis for multiples and fractions of the basic units of measure.
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International System of Units =The SI system
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Seven fundamental units of measure:
• 1. length meter
• 2. mass kilogram
• 3. time second
• 4. electric current ampere
• 5. temperature kelvin
• 6. amount of substance mole
• 7. luminous intensity candela
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FORCE AND WEIGHTNewton is the accepted unit.Force needed to accelerate
a one kilogram mass by one m/s2.
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% Error – Little Number / big number X 100
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ACCURACY - the closeness of a measurement to the accepted value for a specific physical quantity.
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PRECISION - the agreement among several measurements that have been made in the same way.
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Is this Accurate, Precise, Both, or Neither
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Is this Accurate, Precise, Both, or Neither
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Is this Accurate, Precise, Both, or Neither
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Is this Accurate, Precise, Both, or Neither
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONM • 10nM is a number greater than or equal to 1, but less than 10. n is the number of places the decimal point has been shifted.Moved left, n is pos.Moved right, n is neg.
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Scalar quantities.quantities expressed by single numbers with appropriate units. Vector quantities.Quantities that require magnitude and direction.Usually depicted by arrows.
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RULES OF PROBLEM SOLVING
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1. Carefully find what is being asked. Write down all given data. (“Make a shopping list”)
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2. Write down all the symbols and units for the numbers.
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3. Go shopping for an equation that matches the data in your shopping list.
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4. Rearrange the formula to solve for your unknown variable.
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5. Put your data into the working equation.
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6. Calculate an answer. Do not involve the units.
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7. Check the answer for reasonableness
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7. Check the answer for reasonableness
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7. Check the answer for reasonableness
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8. Review the entire solution.