Physics human eye and colorful world/ © krazzy4™

The Human Eye And The Colourful World

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● The human eye is like a camera.

● Its lens forms an image on a light-sensitive screen called the retina.

● Light enters the eye through a thin membrane called the cornea.

● Cornea forms the transparent bulge on the front surface of the eyeball.

● The eyeball is approximately spherical in shape with a diameter of about 2.3 cm.

● Most of the refraction of light rays entering the eye occurs at the outer surface of the cornea.

● The crystalline lens merely provides the finer adjustment of focal length required to focus

objects at different distances on the retina.

● Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm behind the cornea and it controls the size of the pupil.

● The pupil regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye.

● The eye lens forms an inverted real image of the object on the retina.

Parts and functions of a Human Eye

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● The eye lens is composed of a fibrous, jelly-like material.

● Its curvature can be modified to some extent by the ciliary muscles.

● The change in curvature can thus change the focal length of the lens.

● The retina is a delicate membrane having enormous number of light- sensitive cells.

● The light-sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and generate electric signals.

● These signals are sent to brain via optic nerves.

● The brain intercepts these signals and finally processes the information for our

perception.

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Power of Accommodation

The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called accommodation.

The eye lens is composed of a fibrous, jelly-like material and its curvature can be modified

by the ciliary muscles. Hence, the focal length can be changed as per the requirement.

When the muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes thin. The radius of curvature and hence

the focal length increases. This enables us to see the distant objects clearly.

When we look at the objects closer to they, ciliary muscles contract decreasing the radius

of curvature and hence the focal length. This enables us to see the nearby objects clearly.

The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen most distinctly

without strain, is called Least Distance of Distinct Vision (LDDV). For

a normal eye, LDDV is 25 cm.

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DEFECTS OF VISION AND THEIR CORRECTION

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Myopia (Short-sightedness)● Myopia is also known as near-sightedness.

● A person with myopic eye can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects

distinctly.

● Such a person may clearly see upto a distance of a few metres.

● In myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina and not on the

retinal itself.

This defect may arise due to

(i) excessive curvature of the eye lens (short focal length of the eye lens)

(OR)

(ii) Elongation of the eyeball.

Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power(focal length).

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LDDV = 25 cm

O

LDDV = 25 cm

I

O

LDDV = 25 cm

Myopic Eye

OI

I

O

LDDV = 25 cm

IO

LDDV = 25 cm

II

Near Point

Myopic Eye is corrected with Concave Lens

Normal Eye

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Hypermetropia (Long-sightedness)

● Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness.

● A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects

distinctly.

● Such a person may has to keep a reading material much beyond 25 cm from the eye for

comfortable reading.

● In hypermetropic eye, the image of a nearby object is formed behind the retina and not on the

retinal itself.

This defect may arise due to

(i) long focal length of the eye lens or

(ii) Very small size of the eyeball.

Hypermetropia can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power (focal length).

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LDDV = 25 cm

Hypermetropic Eye

O

Far Point

LDDV = 25 cm

IO

O

LDDV = 25 cm

I

I

LDDV = 25 cm

IO

LDDV = 25 cm

OII

Hypermetropic Eye is corrected with Convex Lens

Normal Eye

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Presbyopia The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing.

People can not see nearby objects comfortably and distinctly without corrective eye-glasses.

This defect is called presbyopia.

It arises due to

(i) gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles and

(ii) diminishing flexibility of the eye lens.

Sometimes, a person may suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia. Such people require bi-focal lenses which consists of both concave and convex lenses. The upper portion is

concave for distant vision and the lower portion is convex for near vision.

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N1

N2

Eye

A

Refracting Surfaces

ie

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A TRIANGULAR PRISM

QP

S

R

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Refraction of Light through Prism:

A

Refracting Surfaces

Prism

i

δ

A

B C

e

Or1 r2

N1 N2

G

μ

Q

P SR

<i + <e = <A + δ

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DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

The phenomenon of splitting a ray of white light into its constituent colours (wavelengths) is

called dispersion and the band of colours from violet to red is called spectrum (VIBGYOR).

δr

A

B C

D

White

light

δv

Screen

N

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A

B C

White

light

N

A

B’ C’ White

light

Recombination of spectrum of whitelight

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■ A rainbow is a natural spectrum which is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny

water droplets present in the atmosphere after a rain shower.

■ The water droplet acts as a small prism. The incident sunlight with suitable angle

of incidence is refracted, dispersed, internally reflected and finally refracted out by

the rain drops.

■ Due to the dispersion and internal reflection, different colours reach the eye of the

observer.

■ A rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun.

RAINBOW

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Eye

41º43º

Sunlight

Rain drop

Formation of Rainbow

A line parallel to Sun’s ray

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RAINBOW

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ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION

Flickering of objects above a fire:

• The apparent random wavering or flickering of objects can

be seen through a turbulent stream of hot air rising above a

fire.

• The air just above the fire becomes hotter than the further

up. The hotter air is lighter than the cooler air above it, and

has a refractive index slightly less than that of the cooler air.

• Since the physical conditions of the refracting medium (air)

are not stationary, the apparent position of the object, as

seen through the hot air, fluctuates. This wavering is

therefore due to an effect of atmospheric refraction on a

small scale in the local environment.

Refraction of light by earth’s atmosphere is called atmospheric refraction.

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Twinkling of Star The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight.

The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing

refractive index.

Since the atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the apparent

position of the star is slightly different from its actual position.

The star appears slightly higher (above) than its actual position when

viewed near the horizon.

This apparent position is not stationary, but keeps on changing slightly, since

the physical conditions of the earth’s atmosphere are not stationary.

Since the stars are very distant, they approximate point-sized sources of

light.

As the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on varying slightly, the

apparent position of the star fluctuates and the amount of light entering the

eye flickers- the star sometimes appear brighter, and at some other time,

fainter which gives the twinkling effect.

Eye

Density of

Atmosphere

& Refractive

index

increase

Apparent position

of the Star

Real

position of

the Star

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Why Planets do not twinkle?

The planets are much closer to the earth, and are thus seen as extended sources.

Since it is the collection of large number of point-sized sources of light, the total

variation in the amount of light entering into the eye from all the individual sources

will average out to zero, thereby nullifying the twinkling effect.

Advance Sunrise and

Delayed Sunset:

The Sun is visible to us

about 2 minutes before

the actual sunrise, and

about 2 minutes after the

actual sunset because of

atmospheric refraction.

Earth

AtmosphereHorizon

Apparent position

of the Sun

Real position

of the Sun

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Earth

ObserverSunriseSunset

Apparent positionApparent position

AtmosphereHorizon Horizon

Real position Real position

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SCATTERING OF LIGHT● The earth’s atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles. These particles

include smoke, tiny water droplets, suspended particles of dust and molecules of air.

● When a beam of light strikes such fine particles, the path of the beam becomes visible.

● The light reaches us, after being reflected diffusedly by these particles.

● The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles gives rise to Tyndall Effect.

● Tyndall Effect can be seen when a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke-filled room through a small hole. In this, scattering of light makes the particles visible.

● It can also be seen when sunlight passes through a canopy of a dense forest. In this, tiny water droplets in the mist scatter light.

● The colour of the scattered light depends on the size of the scattering particles.

● Very fine particles scatter mainly blue light while particles of larger size scatter light of longer wavelengths. If the size of the scattering particles is large enough, then, the scattered light may even appear white.

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EarthAtmosphere

Horizon

Scattering of Light Blue colour of the sky and Reddish appearance of the Sun at Sun-rise and Sun-set

Other colours

mostly scattered

Less Blue colour

is scattered

Blue scattered away

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The molecules of the atmosphere and other particles that are smaller than the longest

wavelength of visible light are more effective in scattering light of shorter wavelengths

than light of longer wavelengths. The amount of scattering is inversely proportional to

the fourth power of the wavelength. (Rayleigh Effect)

Light from the Sun near the horizon passes through thicker layers of air and a greater

distance in the Earth’s atmosphere than the light received when the Sun is overhead.

The correspondingly greater scattering of short wavelengths accounts for the reddish

appearance of the Sun at rising and at setting.

When looking at the sky in a direction away from the Sun, we receive scattered sunlight

in which short wavelengths predominate giving the sky its characteristic bluish colour.

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Physics human eye and colorful world/ © krazzy4™

Science

Transcript of Physics human eye and colorful world/ © krazzy4™