Physics Finals Reviewer

8/12/2019 Physics Finals Reviewer

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/physics-finals-reviewer 1/13

Physics

- Study of everyday phenomena

- Study of matter and energy and their

relationship

- Laws of nature- Most basic of all sciences

- Greek 'physikos' = natural

Classical and Modern Physics (p. 5)

Appendix A

Application of Physics

- Motors

- Electricity

- Telecommunications

Process of Measurement

Physical Quantities

- Numerical representation of a physical

phenomenon

Measurement

- Relative

- Most basic form of observation

- Simple process of reference

- Comparison of a quality of an unknown

to the quality of something known

- Process of comparing one quantity

with another quantity

- Describe length, weight, area, volume

and time

- Quantitative description of a

fundamental property or physical

phenomenon

Unit of Measurement

- Certain standard/known quantity

Defining Units/Fundamental Units

Unit

- A standard used for measuring aphysical quantity

System of Units

- Set of standards used for measuring

various physical quantities

Physical Quantity

Fundamental

- Independent

Derived

- Combination of units

See Appendix B (p. 13)

Relationships between Physical

Quantities (p. 18)

1. Direct Proportion

y = kx or y/x = k

As A increases, B increases

SCIENCE

AppliedScience

SocialScience

Natural

Science

BiologicalScience

PhysicalScience

PHYSICS

Classical Modern



2. Inverse Proportion

yx = k

As A increases, B decreases

3. Direct Square Proportion

y = kx 2

As A increases, B increases faster

4. Inverse Square Proportion

yx 2 = k

As A increases, B decreases faster

Physical Quantities

Scalar

- Magnitude

Vector

- Magnitude and direction

Vector Addition (p. 34)

- At least 2 vectors

Ex. D: 10 cm, 30˙ cw (-) x-axis

D: 10 cm, 30˙ ccw (-) x-axis

1. Tail-head Method

2. Polygon Method

3. Pythagorean Method

Rx = Ax + Bx = (+ 3.54 cm) + (- 6. 93 cm)

Rx = - 3.39 cm

Ry = Ay + By = (- 3.54 cm) + (+ 4.00 cm)

Ry = + 0.46 cm

R = √(Rx)2 + (Ry)2

= √(- 3.39 cm)2 + (0.46 cm)2

= √11.7

= 3.42 cm

⦵= arc tan Ry/Rx

arc - inverse tangent (tan-1

(___))

⦵= arc tan 0.46cm 3.39 cm

⦵= arc tan 0.1356932153

⦵= 7.73˙

R = 3.42 cm, 7.73˙ cw from (-) x-axis

4. Component Method

Component of x and y

Given: A = 5 cm, 45˙ cm (+) x-axis

B = 8 cm, 30˙ cw (-) x -axis

x = cos⦵

y = sin⦵

Ax = A cos⦵



= + 5 cm cos 45˙

= (+ 5 cm) (0.707)

Ax = + 3.54 cm

Ay = A sin⦵

= - 5 cm sin 45˙

= (- 5 cm) (0.707)

Ay = - 3.54 cm

Bx = B cos⦵

= - 8 cm cos 30˙

= (- 8 cm) (0.866)

Bx = -6.93 cm

By = B sin⦵

= + 8 cm sin 30˙

= (+ 8 cm) (0.5)

By = + 4.00 cm

Cartesian Plane

Vector Resultant - Head of the last

vector and tail of the first vector

Relativity of Motion

Kinematics

- Description of motion

Motion

- Movement of an object

- Change in position

- Motion is relative.

- For us to adequately describe motion,

we must be able to check where the

body is located within a given frame of

reference.

Reference Frame

- Physical entity to which the position

and motion of an object is relative

Rectilinear Motion

- Object traveling in a straight path

Curvilinear Motion

- Object traveling in a curved path

Angular Motion

- Object traveling at certain angles

Distance vs. Displacement

Distance

- Total path traversed by an objectmoving from one location to another is

known as distance

- Scalar quantity: Magnitude only

Displacement

- Separation of an object and a

reference point

- Vector quantity: Magnitude + Direction

Motion GraphsDeceleration

- Not uniform

Object at Rest

- Constant displacement (d = constant)

- Zero velocity (v = 0)

- Zero acceleration (a = 0)

Uniform Velocity- Increasing/decreasing displacement

(d= vt)

- Constant velocity (v = ∆d/∆t)

- Constant speed

- No change in direction

- Zero acceleration (a = 0)

Uniform Accelerated Motion

- Increasing/decreasing displacement

(d = vt + at2/2 or d = (vf 2 - vi2) / 2a)

- Increasing/decreasing velocity

- Constant speed but changing direction

- Constant acceleration (a = (vf - vi) / t)

Position vs Time

Constant Velocity Positive UAM

Negative UAM At rest

Velocity vs Time



Constant At rest

(+) Acceleration

Constant UAM

(-) Acceleration

Velocity (+), Acceleration (-)

UAM Equations- v1 = v2 + at

- d = vit + at2

2

- d = (v1 + v2) t

2

- v22 = v1

2 + 2ad

Freefall Equations

Case 1: Dropping v = gt

h =1/2 gt

2

h = (v/2) t

v2 = 2gh

Case 2: Throwing

Downwards and

Case 3: Throwing

upwards (*Velocity

at topmost

position = 0)v2 = vi + gt

h = vit +1/2 gt

2

h =(v1 + v2)

/2 t

v22 = v1

2 + 2gh

v = gt

Projectile Motion

Projectile

- An object thrown with an initial

horizontal velocity and acted upon by

the earth's pull of gravity

Trajectory

- Curved path the projectile travels

Projectile Motion Equations

Case 1: Horizontal

Horizontal Velocity Vx = x/t

Horizontal

DisplacementR = Vxt

Height d =1

/2 gt2

Magnitude of

Velocityv = √Rx

2 + Ry

2

Direction of

Velocityø = tan

-1(Vy/Vx)

Vy = Vi sin ø

Vx = Vi cos ø

Case 2: Projected

DiagonallyViy = - gt

y =1/2 viyt

y = viyt + 1/2 gt2

viy2 = -2gy

Range

Max. Height

Total Time

Going Down Vx = x/t

Vy = gt

h = (1/2) gt

2

h = (Vy/2) t

vy2 = 2gh

Uniform Circular Motion

- Acceleration is perpendicular to the

velocity

- Acceleration always points to the

center

- Constant speed on a circular path

- Constant centripetal acceleration



- Tangential (orbit) and Radial

(CW/CCW) Acceleration

- No net force acting on the object in its

direction of motion

- Velocity is tangent to the path of the

object

- Direction of the acceleration =

Direction of the force

- Direction of the vector is not constant

- Change of direction = Acceleration

- (Object's tangential) Velocity is

constant, but direction is always

changing

Centripetal

- Center force

- Acts as a right angle to the tangential

velocity and produces constant

acceleration towards the center of

curvature

- Balanced

- Uniform

Centrifugal

- Force --> Outside

UCM Equations

Centripetal Force Fc = mac

Centripetal /Radial

AccelerationAc = v

2/r

Total Acceleration Tangential +

Radial

Velocity V = 2πr/T

F = mac

= m (v2/r)

Force

Dynamics

- Way in which force produces motion

Force

- Push/pull

- Represents an object's interaction withits environment

- Requires pressure

- If force is exerted and the object

doesn't move:

1. Force exerted is perpendicular

2. Force exerted is not enough

Newton

- 1N = 1 kg•m/s2

- 1 dyne = 1 g•cm/s2

- 1N = 1000 dynes

Net Force

- Vector sum of all the forces acting on a

body

- Causes an object at rest to start

moving

- Causes a moving object to stop

- Causes a moving object to change its

direction- Physical quantity that is capable of

changing an objects state of motion

Contact Force

- Interaction

- External Force

1. Frictional - Scratching, opposing

forces

2. Tension - Hanging, no motion

3. Normal - Force acting on a body,upward/vertical

4. Air Resistance - Force on objects that

travel through air, often opposes the

motion of the object

5. Applied

6. Spring

Non-contact Force

- Not in physical contact

- Physical separation

1. Gravitational

2. Electrical

3. Magnetic

Inertia and Mass



Inertia

- Natural tendency of an object to

maintain a state of rest or to remain in

uniform motion in a straight line

(constant velocity)

Mass

- Measure of inertia

AN OBJECT MORE MASSIVE HAS MORE

INERTIA OR HAS MORE RESISTANCE TO

CHANGE IN MOTION THAN A LESS

MASSIVE OBJECT DOES

Laws of Motion

Law of Inertia

- A body at rest remains at rest, and a

body already in motion remains in

motion with a constant velocity

(constant speed and direction), in the

absence of an unbalanced applied force

- Basis of designing safety devices such

as headrests and seatbelts

- Imagine you are standing still in a

stationary train, then suddenly it moves

forward. Your body has inertia, so force

is needed to change its velocity. The

train floor accelerates your feet but

your body falls backward. On the other

hand, when the train suddenly stops,

your body will continue to be in motion

and so it moves forward until something

stops it.

Law of Acceleration

- The acceleration of an object is directly

proportional to the net force acting on

the object and inversely proportional to

the mass of the object

- If no net force acts on an object, the

velocity of the object does not change

- F = ma

(net external force = mass x

acceleration)

- Basis of structural design of race cars

Race cars are designed such that theirmass is reduced which is directly

proportional to the net force but

inversely proportional to the

acceleration of the car

Law of Interaction

- When an object exerts a force on

another object, the second object exerts

on the first a force of the same

magnitude but in the opposite direction

- For every force (action) there is an

equal and opposite force (reaction

- Basis of operation of rocket engines:

The action force is provided by the

burned fuel ejected from the

combustion chamber. The downward

force or thrust produces an equal but

opposite upward force. If the force is

strong enough to overcome the force of

gravity, the rocket is accelerated

upward.

Defining Mechanical Energy, Kinetic

and Potential Energy, Work and Power

Work

1. There must be a force acting on the

object.

2. The object has to move a certain

distance called displacement.

3. There must be a component of the

force in the direction of the motion.- Force and displacement must be

parallel for work to be done

- Work is the product of the magnitude

of the displacement multiplied by the

component of the force which is parallel

to the displacement

- Newton-meters (N-m) or

- Joule (J) = kg•m2/s

2

W = (F cos⦵) d

W - Work

F - Force parallel to the displacement

⦵- The angle between the force and the

displacement

d - displacement

Kinetic Energy

- Energy possessed by bodies in motion

- Depends on the mass and speed of the

body

- The change in KE of an object is equal

to the work done on an object

Equations:

- F • d =1/2 mvf

2 -

1/2 mvi

2

- Work-Energy Theorem:



F • d = W = KEf - KEi

- W = KE =1/2 mv

2

This means that if the speed of an

object is doubled, its kinetic energy is

increased by a factor of four which also

means that it takes four times the work

to double the speed. Similarly, it takes

four times the work to stop an object

moving twice as fast.

Potential Energy

- Stored energy

- Associated with forces that depend on

the position/configuration of a body and

its surroundings- The higher the object, the more

gravitational energy it possesses

- Work done in lifting is equal to the

change in its gravitational potential

energy

1. Gravitational Potential Energy

- Energy acquired by an object when

work is done on it against the force of

gravity

PE = W = F • d = mgh

- Height lifted against gravity matters,

not distance moved

- Relative quantity

2. Elastic Potential Energy

- Energy acquired by an object when

work is done by it so that it is displaced

from the equilibrium position

KE HAS EQUAL VALUE WITH PE, NONE ISGREATER

Mechanical Energy

- Sum of KE and PE of a system

- In a conservative system, the total ME

is constant

Law of Conservation of Mechanical

Energy

- The sum of the KE and PE in aconservative system is constant and

equal to the total ME of the system in

the absence of dissipative forces (e.g.

friction, air resistance)

TME = KE + PE

- In an isolated system where there are

no ME losses due to friction

∆KE = -∆PE

Therefore:

(before) KE + PE = (after) KE + PE1/2 mvi

2 + mghi =

1/2 mvf

2+ mghf

Principle of Conservation of ME:If only conservative forces are doing the

work, the total ME of a system neither

increases nor decreases in any process.

It stays constant/conserved.

Power

- Rate of doing work

- P = work done (W)/time (t)

- Joules per second (J/s)Watts (W)

1 J/s = 1 W

1000 W = 1kW

1 hp = 746 W

- When a constant force performs work

on an object, and moves it at a constant

rate, the power developed is equal to

force and velocityd/t = v

P =F • d

/ t or P = Fv

This equation reveals that a powerful

machine is both strong (big force) and

fast (big velocity).

Powerful machine: Apply a large

amount of force to cause a large

displacement in a short period of time

Law of Conservation of Energy

- Energy changes into different formsbut the total amount of energy stays the

same

- Energy can neither be created nor

destroyed, it can only be transformed

from one form to another

Applications of Mechanical Energy

1. Graphical representation of

Pendulum (p. 143)

Momentum and Impulse

Momentum



- Quantity of motion that an object has

- Mass in motion

- If an object is moving, it has

momentum

- Product of mass and velocityp = mv

- Total Linear Momentum:

p = p1 + p2 + p3...

- kg • m/s

- Vector quantity:

dir. of M = dir. of V = dir. of motion

- Objects with same mass will have

different momentum if they have

different velocities

Impulse

- Change in momentum

- Momentum of an object changes if its

velocity/mass changes

- Vector quantity

- Directly proportional to the change in

momentum

- Explains why follow-through isimportant in sports, (baseball) keeps the

object in contact for a longer time so

the ball experiences a greater change in

momentum

Fnet∆t = ∆p

Fnet∆t = m(Vf - Vi)

Fnet =m∆v

/∆t

I = Fnet∆t

I = ∆p

I = m∆v

Law of Conservation of Momentum

- The total momentum of a system does

not change if there are no net external

forces acting on it

- Two people push each other from rest

will have equal but opposite momentum

so the momentum also becomes 0

Elastic and Inelastic CollisionsCollision

- Interactions between two bodies in

which they exert mutual influence on

each other

- All collisions conserve momentum, not

all of them conserve kinetic energy

1. Elastic - KE is conserved

2. Inelastic - Some KE is lost

3. Perfectly inelastic - Max. KE is lost

REFER TO PG. 82

Density and Pressure of SolidsDensity

- Ratio of the mass of the substance to

its volume

- Independent of the amount of matter

present in a substance

p = m/V

- kg/m3

Pressure- Force per unit area

- Pressure increases with depth

- Pressure does not depend on the

shape of the container

- It does not depend on the amount of

liquid

- It is the same at any particular depth in

liquids contained in different-sized-

containers

- (Water Pressure) It depends on three

factors: density, depth and gravity

P = F/A

- Pa or N/m2

Pascal's Principle

- Any change in pressure applied at any

given point on a confined fluid is

transmitted undiminished throughout

the fluid

Buoyant Force

- Upward force resulting from an object

being wholly or partially immersed in

fluid is called

- BF = Weight of object --> Object will

remain anywhere in the fluid

- BF > Weight of object --> Float

- BF < Weight of object --> Sink- BF is greater in a denser liquid than in

a less dense one

Archimedes' Principle

- A body partly or entirely submerged in

a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal in



magnitude to the weight of the

displaced fluid and directed upward

along a line through the center of

gravity of the displaced fluid

Heat Transfer

Radiation

- Heat energy travels as EM waves in the

same manner as speed and light

- Can transfer heat from a source to

another object even if there is a vacuum

between them

- Ex. sun and bonfire

Conduction

- Heat energy travels when two objectsat different temperatures are in direct

contact with each other

- Mainly occurs in solid objects

Convection

- Heat in fluids is transferred to cooler

regions by currents

Amount of Heat Transfer

∆Q = mC∆T ∆Q - amount of heat transferred

m - mass

C - specific heat

∆T = change in temperature

- The heat lost by one object equals the

heat gained by another object

(mC∆T lost = mC∆T gained)

Thermodynamic Laws

1. Zeroth Law

- If two objects are in thermal

equilibrium with a third, then they are in

thermal equilibrium which each other.

- Used in thermometers

2. First Law

- The change in internal energy of a

system equals the difference between

the heat taken in or given out by thesystem and the work done by or on the

system.

∆U = Q - W

Q - added amount of heat

W - net work done on the system

∆U - change in internal energy

- Basis is the principle of conservation of

energy (neither created nor destroyed)

- Added heat is contained in the system(∆U) while some leaves for work to be

done

3. Second Law

Natural processes go in a direction that

maintains or increases the total entropy

of the universe

or

When all systems taking part in a

process are included, the total entropyeither remains constant if the process is

reversible or increases if the process is

irreversible

4. Kelvin Statement

It is impossible to remove thermal

energy from a system at a single

temperature and convert it to

mechanical work without changing the

system or surroundings in some other

way.

5. Clausius Statement

There can be no process whose only

final result is to transfer thermal energy

from a cooler object to a hotter one.

6. Carnot Statement

No engine is more efficient than theCarnot Engine.

7. Kelvin-Planck Statement

It is impossible to completely convert

heat to work.

Heat Transfer, Heat Engines and Heat

Pumps

Heat Transfer- Increase in thermal energy means heat

is transferred.

- Phase Change

Sometimes heat is gained or lost but

there is not temperature change.



Endothermic

Exothermic

- Conduction, Convection, Radiation

- Effects of heat to a system:

1. It increases the internal energy of the

system, if it remains the same

2. It does work on things external to the

system, if it leaves the system

- Heat added to a system = increase in

the internal energy + external work

done by the system

- Heat naturally flows from heat to cold

objects. Reversing this flow requires

work.

Heat Engines

- Heat engine - any device that convertsheat energy into work

1. Intake stroke - Air and gas vapor

mixture is added to the cylinder and the

piston moves downward.

2. Compression stroke - The piston

moves upward and compresses the air.

3. Ignition - The mixture is ignited using

the spark plug.

4. Power Stroke - The piston moves

downward.

5. Exhaust Stroke - The piston moves

upward and the valve is opened to

release the air.

- There is a certain amount of heat that

is not converted into work and this is

called waste heat.

- All heat engines produce waste heat.

Heat Pumps

- Heat pump - a device that transfers

heat energy from a low-temperature

reservoir to a high-temperature

reservoir

1. Hot gas goes to condenser

2. Condenser - cools gas to near room

temperature and then undergoes

condensation

3. Liquid goes to the evaporator

4. Liquid evaporates and absorbs heat

from the refrigerator

5. Gas with absorbed heat goes back to

the compressor

6. Condenser - gas transfers heatabsorbed to the air inside the room

while it is being cooled again to repeat

the cycle

Electrical Charges

- Atoms have electrical charges inside

them

- Center of atom: nucleus

- Nucleus: protons and neutrons- Atom: orbiting electrons

- Normally, atoms have zero net charge.

They are electrically neutral because

they have an equal number of electrons

and protons. But electrons do not

always stay in the atoms. They can be

removed by rubbing.

- Two types of charges in all

materials/matter: positive and negative

- Imbalance in number of electrons andprotons causes an atom to be

electrically charged

- Underlie all electrical phenomena

- Scalar quantity

- Electrons are identical (same mass and

quantity. Protons are also identical.

Law of Electric Charges

- Like charges repel and unlike chargesattract

Charging Processes

Friction

- Electrons are transferred

LIQUID

SOLID

GAS

LIQUID

SOLID

GAS



- Charge is created by influence of a

charged object

Conduction

- Transfer of electrons from a charged

object to another object by direct

contact

- Body with a charge produces same

charge on a conductor

Induction

- Movement of electrons to one part of

an object by the electric field of another

object

- Opposite type of charge is induced

Polarization

- Electric charges shift slightly to oneside when there is a charge nearby

Coulomb's Law

F (electric force) = k Q 1Q 2

R2

F - electric force (Newton)

k - constant (9 x 109 N•m

2/C

2)

Q - charges (Coulomb)

R - distance (Meter)

- For two charged objects (that are

much smaller than the distance

between them), the force between the

two objects

Electric Field

- Whenever you have a charge Q placed

anywhere in space, it will be surrounded

by a region such that if you will put anyother charge q at any point P in this

region, the charge q will be acted upon

by an electric force Fe. We call this

region around Q the electric field E of Q.

The strength of this electric field is

operationally defined as the ratio of the

Fe to the charge q placed at that point

in the field.

E (electric field strength) = Fe

q- Vector quantity

- Test charges are always small and

positive

- The electric field direction follows the

direction of this electric force Fe acting

on the test charge.

- If the test charge q is positive, the

direction will be away from the positive

Q center

- If the test charge q is positive, the

direction will be towards the negative Q

center

- The direction of the electric field at

point P would then follow the direction

of the net electric force acting on a test

charge at the same point

- While Q is repelling q with a force Fe, q

is also repelling Q with a force equal in

magnitude but opposite in direction to

Fe.

Conductors and Insulators

Conductors

- Materials whose electric charges are

free to move within

- Ex. Cu, Al, Ag, Fe, C, H2O

Insulators

- Materials whose electric charges are

not free to move within

- Ex. Glass, rubber, silk and plastic

Semiconductors

- Between insulators and conductors

- Ex. Si, Ge

Superconductors

- Become perfect conductors at very low

temperatures

- Ex. Ceramic copper oxide

Current (I)- Movement of charged particles in a

specific direction

- Charged particles = current carriers

- How much charge is passed through a

given point in a conductor per given

amount of time

- Coulomb per second (C/s)

- Ampere (A)

current (I) = charge (q)

time (t)

Voltage (V)

- Electromotive force (emf)



- Potential difference (pd) - potential

energy divided by charge

Potential energy - work needed

to move a charged body against the

electric force

- Electric pressure that causes current to

flow

- Work is needed to move like charges

together and apart

- Voltage is not a force

- Joule per coulomb (J/c)

- Volt (V)

Voltage (V) = energy (W)

charge (q)

- Producing voltage: unbalanced number

of electrons, current through a resistor,

devices (electric generator, solar cells...)

Resistance (R)

- Opposition a material offers to current

- Ohm (Ω)

- Resistance depends on the ff:

Factor Less

Resistance

Greater

Resistance

Length Short Longer

Cross-

sectional

Area

Bigger/wider Smaller

Type of

material

Copper Aluminum

Temperature Low

temperature

High

temperature

Power (P)

- Rate of energy transfer

P = IV

- Watt (W) = V/A

Ohm's Law

- Current is directly proportional to the

voltage and inversely proportional to

the resistanceI = V

R

Energy Consumption Cost

W (kWh) = P∆t

How much does it cost to operate a 20"

desk fan for 12 hours if electrical energy

costs P4.10/kWh?

W = P∆t

= (0.079kW) (12h)

W = 0.948 kWh

Cost = (0.948 kWh) (P4.10/kWh)

Cost = P3.89

Series and Parallel

Quantity Series Parallel

Current I = I1 = In I = I1 + ... 1n

Voltage VT = V1 + Vn VT = V1 = Vn

Resistance RT = R1 + Rn 1

/Rt =1

/R1 +1/Rn

Applications of Magnetism

EM and Mechanical Waves

Mechanical

- Require a medium

EM Waves

- Does not require medium

Transverse and Longitudinal

Transverse

- Vibrations are perpendicular

- Crests and troughs

Longitudinal

- Vibrations are along the direction of

the wave

- Compressions and rarefactions

Sound Waves

Nature

- Longitudinal wave

- Follow a coherence of motion

- Begin either from simple harmonic

motions (SHMs) or from complicated

motions

- Carry energy

- Source of sound must supply energy

- Small percentage of energy output is

converted into sound energy

- Large compression = High energy

- Small compression = Low energy

Propagation

- Require medium



- Cannot travel through vacuum

- Sound waves spread in all directions

Perception

1. Sound waves enter ear

2. Eardrums vibrate3. Vibrations pass through 3 tiny ear

bones/ear ossicles: hammer, anvil,

stirrup

4. Go to cochlea

5. Detected by tiny hair cells

6. Brain

Computation of Sound Waves

In the middle of a thunderstorm, alightning bolt flashes. It takes Roberto 5

seconds to hear the thunder afterwards.

How far is the source of lightning from

Roberto? The temperature is 22ºC.

Given: Speed of sound = 344 m/s

Increase in speed = 0.6 m/s

Time lag = 5 s

Find: distance

Solution:

1. Find speed of sound at 22ºC

= 344m/s + 2(0.6 m/s)

= 345.2 m/s

2. Distance

d = vt

= (345.2 m/s) (5 s)

d = 1726 m

Speed of Sound (p. 209)Factor Preference

Density Dense/r

Elasticity Elastic

Temperature Warm air

- Gases < Liquids < Solids

Properties of Sound

Loudness

- Amplitude

- Greater amplitude = louder

- Sound level intensity

- Decibel (dB)

- Normally exposed to 0 dB to 120 dB

- Threshold of hearing: 0 dB

- Threshold of pain: 120 dB (ex. Concert,

Jet, Thunder)

- Only perceive if there is a change min.

of 1 dB

Timbre

- Tone color/tone quality

- Used to distinguish between two

different sounds that have the same

pitch and loudness

- Depends on the waveform of the

sound wave

- Simplest waveform: pure tone

Properties of EM waves

1. Exhibit reflection, refraction,

diffraction and interference

2. Travel at the speed of light (3 x 108

m/s)

3. Obey the wave relation (v = f )

- Each type of wave occupies a band

7 EM Waves (p. 314 - 316)

Use of Radio Waves (p. 317 - 319)

Dual Nature of Light

Phenomenon As a Wave As

Particles

Reflection YES YES

Refraction YES YES

Interference YES NO

Diffraction YES NO

Polarization YES NOPhotoelectric

Effect

NO YES

- Einstein theorized they were made of

photons

- Photoelectric Effect: photons of x-rays

decreased in energy when colliding with

electrons

What is light made of

- Made of photons

- Energy in the wave - quanta

- The higher the frequency the more

energy per photon

Nuclear Physics (p. 371-378)

Effects of Radiation (See PPT)

Physics Finals Reviewer

Documents

Transcript of Physics Finals Reviewer