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Scalar vs Vector:

- Scalar: distance, speed, time, work, energy, power, heat- Vector: position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, impulse

Motion & Forces:

Kinematics (how objects move):

- = , = - = - = (+)

- =

- = 2

Dynamics (why objects move):

- Gravitational Force < Electromagnetic Force < Weak Nuclear Force < StrongNuclear Force

- Newtons 1st Law: Inertia (object with no net force acting on it moves with constantvelocity which may be 0.)

- Newtons 2nd Law: = - Newtons 3rd Law: 1st object exerts a force to 2nd object, then 2nd object exerts same

amount of force to 1st

object in opposite direction.

- = , = ( )- Terminal Velocity: Velocity that free-falling objects reach when Fnet becomes 0.

Universal Gravitation:

- Keplers Law: Planet orbits in ellipses with sun as one focus. Also, they swipe thesame area in equal time intervals. 3

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- = - = =

- Cavendishs experiment:

Momentum:

- = - : = - =

Work & Energy

Work:

- = - =

- =

- =

- =

100% =

100%

Energy:

- = , =

, =

- : = - Elastic Collision (kinetic energy conserved), Inelastic Collision (kinetic energy is not

conserved), Completely Inelastic Collision (stick together or fall apart)

Thermal Energy:

- Kinetic-molecular theory: Material is made up of many tiny particles that arealways in motion. When hot, these particles move faster, having higher energy than

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cool body.

- Thermal Energy: Total internal energy of the object.- Conduction: Transfer of kinetic energy when particles collide.- Convection: Transfer of energy through motion of fluid.- Radiation: Transfer of thermal energy through space in the form of electromagnetic

waves.

- Thermal Equilibrium: Achieved at the same temperature, not thermal energy.- 0K = -273.15C = absolute zero (particles stop to move)-

Heat: Energy transferred due to difference of temperature.

- Specific heat: Amount of energy needed to increase 1C- =

Wave and Optics:

Waves:

- Transverse wave: particles of medium vibrate perpendicularly to the direction ofthe wave.

- Longitudinal wave: particles of medium vibrate in the direction of the wave.- Surface wave: mixture of transverse & longitudinal waves.- Pulse: single disturbance.- =

- Max: crests, min: troughs.- v = f,- At the same medium = same velocity. Going into different medium = same

frequency. -> reason of light diversion.

- Node (fixed), Antinode (max amplitude), Standing wave (wave that appears to bestanding still).

- Wave can reflect (invert), refract (upright), diffract (radiate)

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- Snells Law: sini = sinr- =

- Total internal reflection: happens when is at critical angle.- Mirage: sky is refracted to the observers eyes due to hot air at the ground and cold

air at the sky.

Optics:

- Mirror (virtual image), Concave mirror (real if do > f), Convex mirror (virtual)- Lens: Concave lens (Virtual), Convex lens( real if do >f)- 2f = c-

=

- =

=

- focal length is positive for: concave mirror, convex lens. Negative for convex mirror,concave lens.

-

Distance is positive for real images/objects and negative for virtual images/objects.

- Chromatic aberration: light is slightly dispersed in lenses due to differentwavelengths of light. To avoid this, achromatic lens is there.

- Parabolic mirror is the best, not spherical.- Youngs double slit experiment: light diffracts and they will create bright, dark

patterns repeated.

-

=

- Single slit experiment: bright, dark patterns with fading away pattern.- =

=