Chapter 4 Gravitation Physics Beyond 2000 Gravity Newton ry/newtongrav.html.
Physics Beyond 2000
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Transcript of Physics Beyond 2000
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Physics Beyond 2000
Chapter 5
Simple Harmonic Motion
http://library.thinkquest.org/28388/Mechanics/Motions/SHM.htm
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Simple Harmonic Motion
• It is a particular kind of oscillation.
• Abbreviation is SHM.
• Some terms
Amplitude, period, frequency and angular frequency.
http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/shm/Q.shm.html
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Definition of SHM
• The motion of the particle whose acceleration a is always directed towards a fixed point and is directly proportional to the distance x of the particle form that point.
xa .2where ωis a constant, the angular frequency.
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Examples of SHM
0
x = 0
The particle is at the position x = 0.It has a velocity to the right.
V
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Examples of SHM
a
A
A is the maximum distance, the amplitude.
0
x
The particle moves to the right with retardation a.Note that x and a are in opposite directions.
x =A
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Examples of SHM
a
A
A is the maximum distance, the amplitude.
0
x
The particle moves back to the left with acceleration a.Note that x and a are still in opposite directions.
x = 0
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Examples of SHM
a
A
A is the maximum distance, the amplitude.
0
x
The particle moves to the left with retardation a.Note that both x and a change directions. They are still in opposite directions.
x = -A
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Examples of SHM
a
A
A is the maximum distance, the amplitude.
0
x
The particle moves to the right with acceleration a.Note that x and a are still in opposite directions.
x = 0
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Examples of SHM
The position x = 0 is the equilibrium position.
0
x = 0
V
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Examples of SHMThe position x = 0 is the equilibrium position at which the net force is zero.
xa In the oscillation,
0
x V
a
The negative sign indicates the direction of a is opposite to that of x.
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Example 1
• Is it a SHM?
• a = -16.x
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Differential equation of SHM• acceleration a of SHM
xa .2
xdt
xd.2
2
2
xx .2The left hand sides show the accelerations in different mathematical forms.
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The kinematics of SHM
• Displacement x of a SHM.
• A solution of the differential equation
xdt
xd.2
2
2
is x = A.sin(ωt + ψ)
t is the time, ωis the angular frequency,A is the amplitude and ψis the initial phase.
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The kinematics of SHM
Displacement x
If ψ=0 x = A.sin (ωt)
0
tA
-AT 2T 3T
time
• Displacement x = A.sin(ωt + ψ) of a SHM.• The displacement x of a particle performing SHM changes sinusoid
ally with time t.
2
T• The period of the SHM is
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Phase and Initial Phase
• x = A.sin(ωt + ψ)ωt + ψis called the phase.
• At t = 0, phase reduces to ψ. x = A.sin(ψ)
ψis called the initial phase.
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Phase
• x = A.sin(ωt + ψ)
• If ψ=0, x = A.sin(ωt )
• If ψ= π/2, x = A.cos(ωt )
• If ψ= π, x = -A.sin(ωt )
• etc.
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Initial Phase ψ
The value of ψis determined by the initial position of x (at t = 0).
i.e. how the motion is started.
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ψ= 0• x = A.sin(ωt)• At t = 0, x = 0.
– The motion starts at x = 0.
• In the first T/4, x increases with time t and approaches the amplitude A.
0 x = 0
V
At t = 0
a
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ψ= 0• x = A.sin(ωt)• At t = 0, x = 0.
– The motion starts at x = 0.
• In the first T/4, x increases with time t and approaches the amplitude A.
Displacement x
0
time tA
-AT 2T 3T
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ψ= π/2• x = A.cos(ωt)• At t = 0, x = A.
– The motion starts at x = A.• In the first T/4, x decreases with time t and approa
ches 0.
0
x = A
v = 0
At t = 0
a
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ψ= π/2• x = A.cos(ωt)• At t = 0, x = A.
– The motion starts at x = A.• In the first T/4, x decreases with time t and approa
ches 0.
Displacement x
0
time tA
-AT 2T 3T
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ψ= π• x = -A.sin(ωt)• At t = 0, x = 0.
– The motion starts at x = 0.• In the first T/4, x decreases with time t and approaches -A.
0 x = 0
V
At t = 0
a
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ψ= π• x = -A.sin(ωt)• At t = 0, x = 0.• The motion starts at x = 0.• In the first T/4, x decreases with time t and approaches -A.
Displacement x
0time t
A
-AT 2T 3T
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ψ= 2π/3• x = -A.cos(ωt)• At t = 0, x = -A.• The motion starts at x = -A.• In the first T/4, x increases with time t and approaches 0.
0x = -A
v=0
At t = 0
a
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ψ= 2π/3• x = -A.cos(ωt)• At t = 0, x = -A.• The motion starts at x = -A.• In the first T/4, x increases with time t and approaches 0.
Displacement x
0time t
A
-AT 2T 3T
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Angular frequency ω
• Period T = time for one complete oscillation.
• Frequency f = number of oscillations in one second.
• Angular frequency = 2f
Tf
1
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Angular frequency ω
• In a SHM, x = A.sin(ωt+ψ)
• After a time T, x must be the same again.
• A.sin(ωt+ψ) = A.sin(ωt+ ωT +ψ)ωT = 2π
fT 22 Unit of ω is rad s-1
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Isochronous oscillation
• The period T in a SHM is independent of the amplitude A.
• A SHM is an isochronous oscillation.
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Velocity in SHM
• x = A.sin(ωt+ψ)
dt
dxv
)cos(. tAv
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Velocity in SHM
• x = A.sin(ωt+ψ)
)cos(. tAv
What is the maximum speed in this motion?
vo = Aω
The maximum speed occurs at the equilibrium position.i.e. when x = 0.
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Velocity in SHM
• Example 2.
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Acceleration in SHM
dt
dva
)cos(. tAv
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Acceleration in SHM
)sin(.2 tAa
What is the maximum acceleration in this motion?
ao = -Aω2 or Aω2
The maximum acceleration occurs at the positionswith maximum displacement.i.e. when x = A or -A.
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Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration in SHM
• x = A.sin(ωt + ψ)• v = Aω.cos(ωt + ψ)• a = -Aω2.sin(ωt + ψ)
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Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration in SHM with ψ=0
0t
A
-AT 2T 3T
x
v
0t
Aω
-Aω T 2T 3T
a
x = A.sin(ωt)
v = Aω.cos(ωt)
0 tAω2
-Aω2 T 2T 3T a = -Aω2.sin(ωt)
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Acceleration and Displacementin SHM
• x = A.sin(ωt + ψ)• a = -Aω2.sin(ωt + ψ)• a = - ω2.x• This is a characteristic of a
SHM.
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Acceleration and Displacementin SHM
• a = - ω2.x• acceleration and displacement in SHM are i
n antiphase.(i.e. in opposite directions.)
0t
A
-AT 2T 3T
x = A.sin(ωt)
x
0 tAω2
-Aω2 T 2T 3T a = -Aω2.sin(ωt)
a
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Velocity and Displacement in SHM
0t
A
-AT 2T 3T
x = A.sin(ωt)
x
v
0t
Aω
-Aω T 2T 3T v = Aω.cos(ωt)
• v leads x by π/2 or 900 (or x lags behind x by π/2 or 900 ).
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Velocity and Displacement in SHM
• v leads x by π/2 or 900.
• 22 xAv
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Velocity and Acceleration in SHM
v
0t
Aω
-Aω T 2T 3T v = Aω.cos(ωt)
• a leads v by π/2 or 900 (or v lags behind a by π/2 or 900 ).
0 tAω2
-Aω2 T 2T 3T a = -Aω2.sin(ωt)
a
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The kinematics of SHM• We may look upon SHM as a projection of a uniform circular motion on its
diameter.• A green ball is performing a uniform circular motion with angular velocity
.
ω
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The kinematics of SHM• A green ball is performing a uniform circular
motion with angular velocity . • Its projection on the diameter is the red ball
performing SHM.
ω
http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/simpleHarmonicMotion/vrmlshm.html
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The kinematics of SHM• A green ball is performing a uniform circular
motion with angular velocity . • Its projection on the diameter is the red ball
performing SHM.
ω
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The kinematics of SHM• A green ball is performing a uniform circular
motion with angular velocity . • Its projection on the diameter is the red ball
performing SHM.
ω
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The kinematics of SHM• A green ball is performing a uniform circular
motion with angular velocity . • Its projection on the diameter is the red ball
performing SHM.
ω
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The kinematics of SHM• A green ball is performing a uniform circular
motion with angular velocity . • Its projection on the diameter is the red ball
performing SHM.
ω
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/shm/shm.html
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Period• The period of the circular motion is the same as
the period of the SHM.
Period T = time to completeone revolution
Period T = time to moveto and fro once.
fT
12
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Displacement of SHM
Let A = radius of the circleIt is also the amplitude of the SHM
Let be the starting angle of the green ball.It is the initial phase of the red ball.
At time = 0, the position of the green ball and the red ball are as shown.
ω
A
O
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Displacement of SHM
A
O
After time = t, the green travels and angular displacement t and the red ball moves a displacementx as shown.
ω
x
t
The displacement of SHM is x = A.sin(t + ) t + is the phase of the SHM.
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Velocity of SHM
A+t
O
ω
v
The linear speed of the green ball is A.The velocity of the red ball is the horizontal component of A .
v = A .cos(t + )
Let A = vo
v = vo.cos(t + )
A
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Acceleration of SHM
A2+t
O
ω The green has centripetal acceleration A.2
The acceleration of SHMis the horizontal componentof A.2
va
a = -A2.sin(t + )Let A2 = ao
a = - ao .sin(t + )
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SHM and UniformCircular Motion
A2+t
O
ω
va
x = A.sin(t + )
and
a = -A2.sin(t + )
a = - 2.x
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SHM and UniformCircular Motion
A2+t
O
ω
a
The projection of a uniform circular motion on its diameter is SHM.
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SHM and Uniform Circular Motion
A2
O
ω
A
In a SHM, the red ball passes its equilibrium position:1. The speed of the red ball is a maximum.2. The acceleration of the red ball is zero.
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SHM and Uniform Circular Motion
A2
O
ω
A
In a SHM, when the red ball is at its maximum displacement:
1. The speed of the red ball is a zero.
2. The acceleration of the red ball is a maximum.
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Rotating Vector
• It is difficult to represent SHM using diagram because its quantities vary with time.
• Use a vector which is rotating in uniform circular motion.
• http://members.nbci.com/Surendranath/Shm/Shm01.html
O
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Rotating Vector
• It is difficult to represent SHM using diagram because its quantities vary with time.
• Use a vector which is rotating in uniform circular motion.
O
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Rotating Vector
• It is difficult to represent SHM using diagram because its quantities vary with time.
• Use a vector which is rotating in uniform circular motion.
O
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Rotating Vector
• It is difficult to represent SHM using diagram because its quantities vary with time.
• Use a vector which is rotating in uniform circular motion.
O
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Rotating Vector
• It is difficult to represent SHM using diagram because its quantities vary with time.
• Use a vector which is rotating in uniform circular motion.
O
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Rotating Vector
• Use a vector which is rotating in uniform circular motion.
• Its projection on the diameter is SHM.
• Period T =
O
2
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Rotating Vector• Use three rotating
vectors.
• The three projections on the diameter represent displacement, velocity and acceleration of the SHM respectively. The magnitude of the displacement vector is xo.
The magnitude of the velocity vector is vo. The magnitude of the acceleration vector is ao.
O
xo
voao
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Rotating Vector
O
xo
voao
From the rotating vectors,the velocity v leads displacement x by π/2and acceleration a and displacement x are in antiphase.
http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/phys135/modules/m9/oscillations.htm
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The Dynamics of SHM
a
x v
When the particle is at a displacement x, thereis an acceleration a. From Newton’s 2nd law, there must be a net force Fnet on it Fnet = m.aand in SHM a = -ω2.xThe above two equations Fnet = -mω2.x
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Horizontal Block-spring system
Equilibriumposition
Is this a SHM?http://library.thinkquest.org/16600/intermediate/simpleharmonicmotion.shtml
The block isoscillating.
Mass of the block = m ; Mass of the spring can be ignored. There is not any friction.
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Horizontal Block-spring systemEquilibriumposition The block is
oscillating.
Suppose that the block has been displaced bya displacement x.Fnet = m.a andFnet = -k.x where k is the spring constant
x
m.a = -k.x a = - .x k
m
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Horizontal Block-spring systemEquilibriumposition The block is
oscillating.
x
a = - .x k
m
Compare it to a standard SHM equationa = - .x 2We see that the motion of the block is a SHMwith ω =
m
k
a
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Horizontal Block-spring systemEquilibriumposition The block is
oscillating.
x
a
Its period T = k
m
22
The period T is independent of the amplitudeof oscillation. This is an isochronous oscillation.
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Horizontal Block-spring system
Equilibriumposition
The force is maximum when the displacement is a maximum.
The force is zeroat the equilibriumposition.
Fnet
![Page 70: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Horizontal Block-spring system
Equilibriumposition
The speed is zero when the displacement is a maximum.
The speed is fastestat the equilibriumposition.
v
![Page 71: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Horizontal Block-spring system
• A simulation program
• You may download the program from– http://www.programfiles.com/index.asp?ID=74
91
![Page 72: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Vertical Block-spring system
• http://webphysics.ph.msstate.edu/javamirror/explrsci/dswmedia/harmonic.htm
• http://www.exploratorium.edu/xref/phenomena/simple_harmonic_motion.html
• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/shm.html
![Page 73: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Vertical Block-spring system
naturallength
Equilibriumposition
e = extension
mg
ke
m = mass of the blockk = spring constantmg = ke Mass of the spring can be ignored.
oscillation
Is this a SHM?
![Page 74: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Vertical Block-spring system
oscillation
natural length
Equilibriumposition
Suppose that the blockhas moved a displacementx below the equilibrium position.At the instant, what arethe forces acting on theblock?x
e
![Page 75: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Vertical Block-spring system
oscillation
natural length
Equilibriumposition
Fnet = -k(x+e)+mgandmg = keFnet = -k.x
x k(x+e)
e
mg
![Page 76: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Vertical Block-spring system
oscillation
natural length
Equilibriumposition
Fnet = -k.xand Fnet = m.am.a = -k.x
x k(x+e)
e
mga = - .x
k
m
![Page 77: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Vertical Block-spring system
oscillation
natural length
Equilibriumposition
x k(x+e)
e
mg
a = - .x k
m
So it is a SHM with
m
k
and
Its period T = k
m
22
![Page 78: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Vertical Block-spring system
• The motion is similar to that of a horizontal block spring system.
• At the equilibrium position, the net force on the block is zero though the tension of the spring is ke.
• At the equilibrium position, the speed of the block is fastest.
• At the maximum displacement, the net force is a maximum and the speed is zero.
![Page 79: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Examples
• Example 4• Horizontal block-spring system.
• Example 5• Vertical block-spring system.
• Example 6• Combination of springs.
![Page 80: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Simple pendulum
The simple pendulumis set into oscillation.Is it a SHM?http://webphysics.ph.msstate.edu/javamirror/explrsci/dswmedia/harmonic.htm
![Page 81: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Simple pendulum
Equibriumposition
θ
is the length of the simple pendulum.
m is the mass of the bob.Suppose that the bob hasan angular displacementθ from the equilibriumposition.
![Page 82: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Simple pendulum
Equibriumposition
θ
What are the forcesacting at the bob atthis instant?
![Page 83: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Simple pendulum
What are the forcesacting at the bob atthis instant?T = tension from the stringmg = weight of the bob
Equilibriumposition
θ
T
mg
![Page 84: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Simple pendulum
As the bob is in a circularmotion, there is a net force(the centripetal force) on the bob.
Equilibriumposition
θ
T
mg
![Page 85: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Simple pendulum
The tangential component Ft = -mg.sinFor small angle, sin . So Ft -mg. ……… (1) Only the tangential componentFt is involved in the change ofspeed of the bob. So Ft = m.a …………. (2)Equilibrium
position
θ
T
FtFr
![Page 86: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Simple pendulum
Equilibriumposition
θ
T
FtFr
x
From equations (1) and (2), a = -g.………….. (3)The displacement of the bobis x …………. (4)
![Page 87: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Simple pendulum
Equilibriumposition
θ
T
FtFr
x
From equations (3) and (4), a = - .x
So it is a SHM with
g
g
Note that this is true forsmall angle of oscillation
![Page 88: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Simple pendulum
Equilibriumposition
θ
T
FtFr
x
g
Note that this is true forsmall angle of oscillation
gT
22
The period of oscillation is
![Page 89: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Example 7
• To find the period of a simple pendulum
![Page 90: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
A floating object
• It is a SHM.
water
mg
Floating forceIn equilibrium
![Page 91: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
A floating object
• It is a SHM.
water
![Page 92: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
A floating object
• It is a SHM.
water
http://www.deepscience.com/shm.html
![Page 93: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Liquid in a U-tube
• It is SHM.
![Page 94: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Energy in SHM
• There is a continuous interchange of kinetic energy and potential energy.
• Horizontal Block-spring system– kinetic energy of the block <-> elastic potential
energy of the block
• Simple pendulum– kinetic energy of the bob <-> gravitational
potential energy
![Page 95: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Energy in SHM
• Kinetic energy is maximum when the particle passes the equilibrium position.
• The maximum kinetic energy is
22 )(2
1
2
1 AmmvU oko
![Page 96: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Energy in SHM
• Kinetic energy is maximum when the particle passes the equilibrium position.
22 )(2
1
2
1 AmmvU oko
• If we write m
k2
2
2
1kAU ko
![Page 97: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Energy in SHM
• Kinetic energy is zero when the particle reaches its maximum displacement A.
• Kinetic energy is completely transformed into potential energy.
• The maximum potential energy Upo is equal to the maximum kinetic energy Uko
![Page 98: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Energy in SHM
• If the energy is conserved (the motion is undamped), the total energy is
Uo = Uko = Upo
22
2
1
2
1kAmvo
•At any position, the total energy is 222
2
1
2
1
2
1kAkxmvUo
![Page 99: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Example 10
• Angular speed of a simple pendulum
![Page 100: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Energy versus displacement
• When the displacement = x,
– the potential energy Up = k.x2
– the kinetic energy Uk = m.v2
– the total energy Uo = k.A2
– Up + Uk = Uo
2
1
2
1
2
1
![Page 101: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Energy versus displacement
22
2
1
2
1kxkAUUU pok
2
2
1kxU p
0 A-Ax
Energy
Uk
Up
Uo
2
2
1kAUo
![Page 102: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Example 11
• Find the total energy and the maximum speed.
![Page 103: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Energy versus time
• For simplicity, choose ψ= 0.
• Use x = A.sin(ωt) and v = A ω.cos(ωt)
))2cos(1(2
1
)(cos
)(cos2
1
2
222
tU
tU
tmAU
o
o
k
![Page 104: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Energy versus time
• For simplicity, choose ψ= 0.
• Use x = A.sin(ωt) and v = A ω.cos(ωt)
))2cos(1(2
1
)(sin.
)(sin2
1
2
22
tU
tU
tkAU
o
o
p
![Page 105: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Energy versus time
tUU
tUU
tAx
op
ok
2
2
sin.
cos.
sin.
time0 T 2T
Displacement UpUk
![Page 106: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Damped Oscillation
• There is loss of energy in this kind of oscillation due to friction or resistance.
• As a result, the amplitude decreases with time.
• There are– Slightly damping– Critical damping– Heavy damping
http://www3.adnc.com/~topquark/fun/JAVA/dho/dho.html
http://www.math.ualberta.ca/~ewoolgar/java/Hooke/Hooke.html
![Page 107: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Slightly damping• The amplitude decreases exponentially with
time. An = A1.n
where is a constant
![Page 108: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Critical damping
• The system does not oscillate but comes to rest at the shortest possible time.– e.g. galvanometer
Displacement x
time t
0 T 2T
![Page 109: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Heavy damping
• The resistive force is very large. The system returns very slowly to the equilibrium position.
Displacement x
time t
0 T 2T
![Page 110: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Example 12
• Slightly damping
![Page 111: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Forced oscillations • The vibrating system is acted upon by
an external periodic driving force. The system is vibrating at the frequency of the external force.
• Without the external driving force, the frequency of free oscillation is called natural frequency.
• With the external periodic driving force, the amplitude of vibration varies
• http://physics.uwstout.edu/physapplets/a-city/physengl/resonance.htm
hand vibratingup and down
![Page 112: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Forced oscillations
• The amplitude of a forced oscillation depends on– damping – frequency of the driving force
hand vibratingup and down
![Page 113: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Forced oscillations • The amplitude of a forced oscill
ation is a maximum when the frequency of the driving force is equal to the natural frequency fo of the system
hand vibratingup and down
fo
Amplitude
Driving frequency
no damping
slight damping
heavy damping
![Page 114: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Forced oscillations • Resonance occurs when the driving
frequency equals the natural frequency.
• The amplitude is a maximum at resonance.
hand vibratingup and down
fo
Amplitude
Driving frequency
no damping
slight damping
heavy damping
![Page 115: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Phase relationship
• When the driving frequency is less than the natural frequency fo of the vibrating system, the two motions are in phase.
• When the driving frequency is greater than or equal to the natural frequency fo of the vibrating system, the driven motion always lags behind the driving motion.
![Page 116: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Phase relationship
Driving frequencyDriven motion
Phase lag Less than fo 0
equal to fo /2
greater than fo
slight dampingheavy damping
/2
0 fodriving frequency
![Page 117: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
The bridge was driven by the wind.
![Page 118: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
The bridge was in resonance with the wind.
![Page 119: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
The bridge was in resonance with the windand finally collapsed.
![Page 120: Physics Beyond 2000](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56814960550346895db6b48c/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Why is a simple harmonic motion ‘simple’?
• http://www.physlink.com/ae135.cfm