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Physics Formula and data book

Physics 2019 v1.2 Formula and data book

Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority

Page 1 of 7

Formulas Processing of data

Percentage uncertainty (%) =absolute uncertainty

measurement × 100

Percentage error (%) = �measured value− true value

true value � × 100

Heating processes

𝑇𝑇K = 𝑇𝑇C + 273 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿

𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇 ∆𝑈𝑈 = 𝑄𝑄 + 𝑊𝑊

𝜂𝜂 =energy outputenergy input ×

1001 %

Ionising radiation and nuclear reactions

𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁0 �12�

𝑛𝑛

∆𝐸𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Electrical circuits

𝐼𝐼 =𝑞𝑞𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼2𝑅𝑅

𝑉𝑉 =𝑊𝑊𝑞𝑞 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉2+. .𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛

𝑃𝑃 =𝑊𝑊𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 + ⋯𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛

𝑅𝑅 =𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐼2+. . 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛

𝑃𝑃 = 𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼 1𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡

=1𝑅𝑅1

+1𝑅𝑅2

+ ⋯1𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛

Physics 2019 v1.2 Formula and data book

Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority

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Linear motion and force

𝑣𝑣 = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑊𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝐸

𝑠𝑠 = 𝑢𝑢𝑡𝑡 +12 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡

2 𝑊𝑊 = 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠

𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝐸k =12𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣

2

𝑎𝑎 =𝐹𝐹net𝑚𝑚 ∆𝐸𝐸p = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆ℎ

𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 �12𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣before

2 =�12𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣after

2

�𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣before = �𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣after

Waves

𝑣𝑣 = 𝑓𝑓𝜆𝜆 𝐿𝐿 = (2𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝜆𝜆4

𝑓𝑓 =1𝑇𝑇

sin 𝑖𝑖sin 𝑟𝑟 =

𝑣𝑣1𝑣𝑣2

=𝜆𝜆1𝜆𝜆2

=𝑛𝑛2𝑛𝑛1

𝐿𝐿 = 𝑛𝑛𝜆𝜆2 𝐼𝐼 ∝

1𝑟𝑟2

Gravity and motion

𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 + 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣 =2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇

𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑦 =12𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡

2 + 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎C =𝑣𝑣2

𝑟𝑟

𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦2 = 2𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦2 𝐹𝐹net =𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣2

𝑟𝑟

𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹 =𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟2

𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚 =𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚 =

𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑟𝑟2

𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑔 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇2

𝑟𝑟3 =4𝜋𝜋2

𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺

Physics 2019 v1.2 Formula and data book

Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority

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Electromagnetism

𝐹𝐹 =1

4𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀0𝑄𝑄𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟2 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞sin𝜃𝜃

𝐸𝐸 =𝐹𝐹𝑞𝑞 =

14𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀0

𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟2 𝜙𝜙 = 𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵cos𝜃𝜃

𝑉𝑉 =∆𝑈𝑈𝑞𝑞 emf = −

𝑛𝑛∆(𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵⊥)∆𝑡𝑡

𝑞𝑞 =𝜇𝜇0𝐼𝐼2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 emf = −𝑛𝑛

∆𝜙𝜙∆𝑡𝑡

𝑞𝑞 = 𝜇𝜇0𝑛𝑛𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼p𝑉𝑉p = 𝐼𝐼s𝑉𝑉s

𝐹𝐹 = 𝑞𝑞𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿sin𝜃𝜃 𝑉𝑉p𝑉𝑉s

=𝑛𝑛p𝑛𝑛s

Special relativity

𝑡𝑡 =𝑡𝑡0

�(1 − 𝑣𝑣2𝑚𝑚2)

𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣 =𝑚𝑚0𝑣𝑣

�(1 − 𝑣𝑣2𝑚𝑚2)

𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿0�(1−𝑣𝑣2

𝑚𝑚2) ∆𝐸𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Quantum theory

𝜆𝜆max =𝑏𝑏𝑇𝑇 𝜆𝜆 =

ℎ𝑝𝑝

𝐸𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛𝜆𝜆 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟

𝐸𝐸k = ℎ𝑓𝑓 −𝑊𝑊 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 =𝑛𝑛ℎ2𝜋𝜋

1𝜆𝜆 = 𝑅𝑅(

1𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓2

−1𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖2

)

Physics 2019 v1.2 Formula and data book

Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority

Page 4 of 7

Physical constants and unit conversions

Heating processes

Latent heat of fusion for water 𝐿𝐿f = 3.34 × 105 J kg−1

Latent heat of vaporisation for water 𝐿𝐿v = 2.26 × 106 J kg−1

Specific heat capacity of ice 𝑚𝑚i = 2.05 × 103 J kg−1 K−1

Specific heat capacity of steam 𝑚𝑚s = 2.00 × 103 J kg−1 K−1

Specific heat capacity of water 𝑚𝑚w = 4.18 × 103 J kg−1 K−1

Ionising radiation and nuclear reactions

Atomic mass unit 1 amu = 1.66 × 10−27 kg

Electron volt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J

Mass of an alpha particle 𝑚𝑚α = 6.6446572 × 10−27kg

Mass of an electron 𝑚𝑚e = 9.1093835 × 10−31kg

Mass of a neutron 𝑚𝑚n = 1.6749275 × 10−27kg

Mass of a proton 𝑚𝑚p = 1.6726219 × 10−27kg

Speed of light in a vacuum 𝑚𝑚 = 3 × 108 m s−1

Electrical circuits

Charge on an electron 𝑒𝑒 = −1.60 × 10−19 C

Linear motion and force

Mean acceleration due to gravity on Earth 𝑚𝑚 = 9.8 m s−2

Waves

Speed of sound in air at 25 °C 𝑣𝑣s = 346 m s−1

Gravity and motion

Gravitational constant 𝐺𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2

Mass of the Earth 𝑚𝑚E = 5.97 × 1024 kg

Physics 2019 v1.2 Formula and data book

Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority

Page 5 of 7

Electromagnetism

Coulomb’s constant 1

4𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀0= 9 × 109 N m2 C−2

Magnetic constant 𝜇𝜇0 = 4𝜋𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇𝑇 𝐵𝐵−1 m

Quantum theory

Wien’s displacement constant 𝑏𝑏 = 2.898 × 10−3 m K

Planck’s constant ℎ = 6.626 × 10−34 J s

Rydberg’s constant 𝑅𝑅 = 1.097 × 107m−1

Scientific notation

Ratio to basic unit Prefix Abbreviation

10–18 atto a

10–15 femto f

10–12 pico p

10–9 nano n

10–6 micro 𝜇𝜇

10–3 milli m

10–2 centi c

10–1 deci d

10 deca da

102 hecto h

103 kilo k

106 mega M

109 giga G

1012 tera T

Physics 2019 v1.2 Formula and data book

Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority

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List of elements by name Name Atomic no. Symbol Name Atomic no. Symbol Name Atomic no. Symbol Name Atomic no. Symbol

Hydrogen 1 H Gallium 31 Ga Promethium 61 Pm Protactinium 91 Pa

Helium 2 He Germanium 32 Ge Samarium 62 Sm Uranium 92 U

Lithium 3 Li Arsenic 33 As Europium 63 Eu Neptunium 93 Np

Beryllium 4 Be Selenium 34 Se Gadolinium 64 Gd Plutonium 94 Pu

Boron 5 B Bromine 35 Br Terbium 65 Tb Americium 95 Am

Carbon 6 C Krypton 36 Kr Dysprosium 66 Dy Curium 96 Cm

Nitrogen 7 N Rubidium 37 Rb Holmium 67 Ho Berkelium 97 Bk

Oxygen 8 O Strontium 38 Sr Erbium 68 Er Californium 98 Cf

Fluorine 9 F Yttrium 39 Y Thulium 69 Tm Einsteinium 99 Es

Neon 10 Ne Zirconium 40 Zr Ytterbium 70 Yb Fermium 100 Fm

Sodium 11 Na Niobium 41 Nb Lutetium 71 Lu Mendelevium 101 Md

Magnesium 12 Mg Molybdenum 42 Mo Hafnium 72 Hf Nobelium 102 No

Aluminium 13 Al Technetium 43 Tc Tantalum 73 Ta Lawrencium 103 Lr

Silicon 14 Si Ruthenium 44 Ru Tungsten 74 W Rutherfordium 104 Rf

Phosphorus 15 P Rhodium 45 Rh Rhenium 75 Re Dubnium 105 Db

Sulfur 16 S Palladium 46 Pd Osmium 76 Os Seaborgium 106 Sg

Chlorine 17 Cl Silver 47 Ag Iridium 77 Ir Bohrium 107 Bh

Argon 18 Ar Cadmium 48 Cd Platinum 78 Pt Hassium 108 Hs

Potassium 19 K Indium 49 In Gold 79 Au Meitnerium 109 Mt

Calcium 20 Ca Tin 50 Sn Mercury 80 Hg Darmstadtium 110 Ds

Scandium 21 Sc Antimony 51 Sb Thallium 81 Tl Roentgenium 111 Rg

Titanium 22 Ti Tellurium 52 Te Lead 82 Pb Copernicium 112 Cn

Vanadium 23 V Iodine 53 I Bismuth 83 Bi Nihonium 113 Nh

Chromium 24 Cr Xenon 54 Xe Polonium 84 Po Flerovium 114 Fl

Manganese 25 Mn Cesium 55 Cs Astatine 85 At Moscovium 115 Mc

Iron 26 Fe Barium 56 Ba Radon 86 Rn Livermorium 116 Lv

Cobalt 27 Co Lanthanum 57 La Francium 87 Fr Tennessine 117 Ts

Nickel 28 Ni Cerium 58 Ce Radium 88 Ra Oganesson 118 Og

Copper 29 Cu Praseodymium 59 Pr Actinium 89 Ac

Zinc 30 Zn Neodymium 60 Nd Thorium 90 Th

Physics 2019 v1.2 Formula and data book

Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority

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Periodic table of the elements