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T (ºC)

Q (J)

0

100

ice only

ice and water

water onlywater and steam

steam only

TmcQ ice

TmcQ water

TmcQ steam

icemHQ

watermHQ

Water goes through phases as it heats up.

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The steam and ice can coexist!

If the pressure and temperature are just right!

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/volcano/glossary/indexp.shtml

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In fact all three (ice, water and steam) exist at the triple point!

If the pressure and temperature are just right!

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There are many temperatures and pressures where ice, water and steam coexist!

Note: there are many kinds of ice!

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Some of the different kinds of ice…

Ice polymorph Density, g cm-3 a Protonsf Crystalh SymmetryDielectric constant,

eSi Notes

Hexagonal ice, Ih 0.92 disordered Hexagonal one C6 97.5

Cubic ice, Ic 0.92 disordered Cubic four C3

LDA b 0.94 disordered Non-crystalline As prepared, may be mixtures of several types

HDA c 1.17 disordered Non-crystalline As prepared, may be mixtures of several types

VHDA d 1.25 disordered Non-crystalline

II, Ice-two 1.17 ordered Rhombohedral one C3 3.66

III, Ice-three 1.14 disordered Tetragonal one C4 117 protons may be partially ordered

IV, Ice-four 1.27 disordered Rhombohedral one C3 metastable in ice V phase space

V, Ice-five 1.23 disordered Monoclinic one C2 144 protons may be partially ordered

VI, Ice-six 1.31 disordered Tetragonale one C4 193 protons can be partly ordered

VII, Ice-seven 1.50 disordered Cubice four C3 150two interpenetrating ice Ic frameworks

VIII, Ice-eight 1.46 ordered Tetragonale one C4 4 low temperature form of ice VII

IX, Ice-nine 1.16 ordered Tetragonal one C4 3.74 low temperature form of ice III

X, Ice-ten 2.51 symmetric Cubice four C3 symmetric proton form of ice VII

XI, Ice-eleven 0.92 ordered Orthorhombic three C2 low temperature form of ice Ih

XI, Ice-eleven >2.51 symmetric Hexagonale distorted Found in simulations only

XII, Ice-twelve 1.29 disordered Tetragonal one C4 metastable in ice V phase space

http://ergodic.ugr.es/termo/lecciones/water1.html

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What are we made of anyway? (And now for something completely different!)

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All figures shown here are from Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory“The Particle Adventure”

The universe is made of 16 fundamental particles6 quarks, 6 leptons and some force particles. Each of the quarks and leptons also associated anti-particles.

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Most charge that we experience is found in the quarks and the electron.

The fundamental unit of charge is

(C) Coulombs 1910602.1 e

Each quark carries a fraction of this charge.

Electrons have a charge of -e

All figures shown here are from Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory“The Particle Adventure”

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Fundamental Charge

Quarks are only typically in combinations of three called protons and neutrons

A proton contains 1 down and 2 up quarks (+e charge)A neutron contains 1 up and 2 down quarks (0 charge)An electron is a fundamental particle (-e charge)

All figures shown here are from Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory“The Particle Adventure”

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Positive charge is created when an atom loses an electron.

This is called a positive ion.

Negative charge is created when an atom gains an electron.

This is called a negative ion.

Charge found on most objects comes typically from one place…

The object has either too many or too few electrons.

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All ordinary matter consists of …

Protons Mass = 1.67x10-27 kg Charge = +eNeutrons Mass = 1.67x10-27 kg Charge = 0Electrons Mass = 9.11x10-31 kg Charge = -e

All ordinary matter must therefore havea total charge which is an integermultiple of e.

Charge is designated by eitherQ or q.

eNeNQ electronsprotons