Physico-Chemical Analysis of Industrial Water

8/12/2019 Physico-Chemical Analysis of Industrial Water

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Physico-Chemical Analysis of Industrial Water

Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Shivamogga 1

1. INTRODUCTION :

Water is one of nature's most important gifts to mankind. It is a

chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule

contains one Oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.

Water is liquid at temperature above 0oC (273.15 K) (32oF) at sea level, but

it often co-exists on earth with its solid state, ice and gaseous state (water

vapour or steam).

Water covers 71% of the earth's surface and it is vital for all known

forms of life. On earth 96.5 % of the planets water is found in oceans. 1.7 %

in ground water, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and green

land. A small fraction in other large water bodies and 0.001% in the air as

vapour clouds. Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is fresh water and 98.8% of

the water is in ice and ground water. Less than 0.3% of all fresh water is in

river, lakes and the atmosphere. Now a days these fresh water forms get

polluted by Industrialization and urbanization.

Industries that produce metals, wood, paper, chemicals, gasoline, oils

and most of other products all use water in some part of their production

process. Industry depends on water much like agriculture and domestic

household depends on water. Industrial reliance on water makes it essential

to preserve water in every aspect possible and make sure water pollution iskept at minimal levels.

Total industrial water use in the world is about 22% with high income

countries using 59% and low income countries using a mini scale 8%. These

figures will rise with industrial production.


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Annual water volume use by industry is increasing at an enormous

rate. Annual water volume use will most likely increase from 752 km 3/ year

in 1995 to 1170 km3/ year by the year 2025.

According to UN world water development report, some 300-500

million tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge and other wastes

accumulate each year from industry. Most of which gets into the fresh water

supply. In some developing countries 70% of industrial wastes are dumped

into untreated waters, where they pollute the drinking water.

In developing countries 4/5th of all the illness are caused by water

borne diseases, like diarrhoea, being the leading cause of childhood death. It

occurs worldwide and causes 4% of all deaths and 5% of health loss to

disability.

Water borne diseases spread by contamination of drinking watersystems with the urine and faecus of infected animal or people or by

industrial effluents.

In present work, we have made an attempt to analyse the physic-

chemical parameters in turn to check the quality of water which are released

from industries to nearby water bodies.

For our present work we selected the river Tunga Bhadra which flows

through Harihara.

The river Tunga and Bhadra River rise at Gangamoola in Varaha

Parvatha in Western Ghats. The journey of Tunga and the Bhadra is 147 kms

and 171 kms respectively, till they join at Kudli at an elevation of 610 meter


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near Holehonnur, about 15km from Shimoga, then it flows through

Davanagere, Harihara, Basavapatana, Bellary etc. the combined river

continues flowing towards east as Tunga Bhadra rivers a major tributary of

the Kirshna which empties into the Bay of Bengal.

Industrial pollution has damaged the Tunga Bhadra river. Industry and

mining on its banks in the Chikmangaluru, Shimoga, Davanagere, Haveri,

Bellary, Koppala and Raichur districts of Karnataka and Kurnool generates

enormous amounts of effluents. Down river from the industries the water has

turned dark brown and has a pungent odour. Altogether the Tunga Bhadra

river pollution has affected 1,000,000 people in the sub basin as most

villages used the river water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing

and live stock water.

It is disturbing to note that nearly three Crores of liters of effluents

were being released to the Tunga Bhadra River every year so it is one of themost polluted river in the country.


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water over the ordinary temperature range ( 0-30oC ) Ca and Mg combine

with carbon dioxide to form carbonates and bi-carbonates.

5. Dissolved Oxygen

It is of important for all organisms and considers to be lone factor.

Dissolved oxygen is the measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2)

dissolved in an aqueous medium.

Oxygen gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by

aeration (rapid movement) and as a water product of photosynthesis.

Total dissolved gas concentration in water should not exceed 110

percent concentration above this level can be harmful to aquatic life.

6. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

It is the amount of oxygen required by aerobic biological organismspresent in water, BOD is higher in polluted water and lesser in drinking

water. Increased BOD lowers the contents of DO in water causing the

suffocating and death of aquatic flora and fauna.

The nutrients cause pollution primarily because they stimulate the

growth of microorganism which often increases BOD of the water. The mostof natural water range from BODs of 0.5 to 0.7 mg/lt oxygen.

7. Phosphate

Phosphate has an important role in growth and development of palnt

and animals. In addition to this particularly plants is an important energy

exchange between ADP and ATP. Phosphate is also an essential component


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of DNA. Phosphate is applied as fertilizer to rectify deficiency of phosphate

in soil.

Phosphate pollution can occur by too much being applied on the little

being taken up by the plants and hence released into water system. This

usually contributes to the entrophication and finally to the ground water.

8. Hardness of water

Hardness of water caused by the concentration of alkaline earth metal

contains is most fresh water, nearly all the hardness is imparted by Ca and

Mg ions which are in combination with bi-carbonates apart from sulphates,

chlorides and Nitrogen.

9. Chloride

Chlorides are usually present in low concentration in natural water and

play metabolically active in photolysis of water and phosphorylation reaction

of autotrophs, their high concentration indicates the rate of pollution which is

either due to organic wastes of animal organ or industrial effluents.

The Maximum Contaminant Level of chloride is 4 mg / lt or 4 ppm.

10. Fluoride

Fluoride compounds are salts that from when the element fluorine,

combine with minerals in soil and rocks, fluoride is used in cleaning or

purifying or water people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of

the MCL over many years could get bone disease ( tenderness of bones).

Children may get mottled teeth.

Maximum contaminant level (MCL) of fluorine in water is 4 mg/lit or

4 ppm


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11. Iron

Pure water has no taste, but water is a natural solvent. Most minerals

from ground water including iron will be absorbed by water, large amount of

iron in water can give an unpleasant metallic taste. Excess of iron in drinking

water may cause a disease called iron overload or disease of

hemochromatosis. Maximum Contamination Level (MCL) of iron in water is

0.3 mg/lit or 0.3 ppm.

12. Nitrate

Nitrates and nitrites are nitrogen-oxygen chemical units which

combined with various organic and inorganic compounds. The greatest use

of nitrates is as a fertilizer.

Maximum Contaminent Level of nitrate in water is 10 mg/lt or 10

ppm.


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2. OBJECTIVES

1. To analyze the physico-chemical parameters of industrial water which

released to near water bodies.

2. To study the effect of polluted water on human and domestic animals.


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3. STUDY AREA


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STUDY AREA

The study area which was selected is situated in Harihara Taluk of

Davangere district, located at the longitude of 14.52oN and Latitude of

75.8oE, which is 72 kms away from Shivamogga.

The samples were collected from Tungabhadra river which flows

besides Grasim Polyfiber industry. Four different samples were collected at

4 different points.

Industrial effluent sample was collected from the outlet of the

industry.

Mixed sample was collected from merging point of river and

industrial effluent water.

Dissolved sample was collected from few distance away from

the mixing point where industrial water is completely dissolved

with river water.

Finally river water was taken as a sample for comparison which

was free of industrial effluents.

All 4 sampling points are the close to industry may be 400-500

meter away from industry.

Four samples were analyzed in lab and results were noted.


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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

pH Strips

Thermometer

Titration equipments

BOD Bottles

Colorimeter

Chemical reagents and indicators

NaOH 0.025N

Alkaline phosphate iodide.

Phenolphthalein indictor.

Manganous sulphate solution.

Starch Solution.

Sulfuric acid.

Conc. H2SO4

Stannous chloride

Ammonium molybdate

Standard sodium hydrogen phosphate

Water Analysis Kit

It is a field test kit

It has simplified methods to conduct different analysis tests.

Using this kit results can be obtained instantly.

Here, we used water analysis kit to carry several tests like Hardness of

water, chloride, fluoride, iron, and nitrite.

Chemical used during water analysis are of following.

Ammonium buffer


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Erichrome black T

Chromate solution

EDTA Solution

Nitrate reagent BR -15

Nitrate reagent AR

Silver Nitrate

Fluoride Reagent

Iron Reagent

Methods

1) pH:

Water samples were collected from different points. pH was recorded

by using pH papers by matching its colour with pH scale.

If the value pH of the sample shows less than 7 then it is acidic.

If the value pH of the sample shows more than 7 then it is basic.

If the pH shown as 7 then it is neutral.

2. Temperature:

Temperature of the water was measured using thermometer at the

spot.

3. Free Carbon Dioxide

Procedure:

50 ml of sample was taken in a conical flask and 2-3 drops of

phenolphthalein indicator was added. The colour turns to pink then it shows


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That free CO2was present. Then this solution was titrated against NaOH. At

the end point of the reaction colour of the solution turns pink to colourless.

Formula:

SampletheofVolume

XXMBRlitermgCO

441000/2

MBR= Mean Burette Reading

4. Dissolved Oxygen

Procedure:

Glass Stoppard BOD bottles were taken whose volumes are

determined. These bottles are filled with samples. And then glass Stoppard 2

ml of manganous sulphate and potassium iodide solutions were added to

each bottles using pippets, Precipitate was appeared. Bottles were Stoppard

and shaken well precipitates are allowed to settle down. Then 2 ml of

sulfuric acid was added. Now the bottles were shaken thoroughly to dissolve

precipitate. .50 ml of sample was taken in a conical flask and few drops of starch

solution is added as an indicator. The sample is titrated against solution of

sodium thiosulphate taken in burette until blue colour turns to colourless.

Formula:

sampletheofVolume

XmXMBR

litermgOD

10008

/..

5. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Procedure:

Samples were kept in BOD bottles in dark condition for 5 days. After

5 days these samples were taken out from dark. To these bottles 2 ml of

manganous sulphates and potassium iodide solutions were added to each


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bottles using pippet, Precipitate was appeared. Bottles were Stopperd and

shaken well. Precipitate was allowed to settle down. Then 2 ml of sulfuric

acid was added. Now the bottles were shaken thoroughly to dissolve

precipitates. A known volume of it was pipetted out into a conical flask few

drops of starch indicator was added. And titrated against sodium thiosulphate

solution until the initial blue colour turns to colour less.

BOD is calculated by comparing initial DO and final DO of the

sample.

Formula:

BottleofVolumeXsampletheofVolume

DOFInalDOInitiallitermgDOB

/..

6. Phosphate

Procedure:50 ml of samples were taken in a conical flask to this 2 ml of

ammonium molybdate and 5 drops of stannous chloride were added. Due to

the presence of phosphate the water samples turns to blue colour. Intensity of

blue colour is directly proportional to the concentration of phosphate.

Readings were taken at 690 nm using colorimeter, taking distilled water as

blank. As it is a time dependent reaction the readings should be taken only

after 5 min but before 12 min after adding the last reagent.

Formula:

ofOD

ofionconcentratXsampleofODphosphateofConc .

Standard

Standard


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10. Iron

Procedure:

5 ml of sample was taken in a test tube for this 5 drops of iron reagent

AR8 was added and kept it for 10 min. after 10 min 5 drops of iron reagent

was added for the completion of the reaction. It is kept for 10 min. to

calculate the concentration of iron, the colour of the sample was compared

with standard chart.

11. Nitrate

Procedure:

10 ml of water sample was taken in a test tube for this few crystals of

nitrate reagent AR14 is added then to this sample 10 drops of nitrate reagent

BR15 was added. After 5 minutes colour of the sample was compared with

the standard chart to calculate concentration of the nitrate.


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RESULT:

Sl

No.

Parameters Outlet Mixing

Point

Dissolved

point

River

1. pH 6.5 6.8 6.8 7

2. Temperature 32oC 30

oC 29

oC 28

oC

3. Estimation of free carbon

dioxide

92.6

mg/lt

49.86

mg/lt

20.53

mg/lt

16.13

mg/lt

4. Estimation of Dissolved

oxygen

0 0 1.169

mg/lt

1.209

mg/lt

5. Estimation of BOD is

different water samples

0 0 6.532

mg/lt

5.896

mg/lt

6. Estimation of Inorganic

phosphate in different

samples

0.652

mg/lt

0.591

mg/lt

0.518

mg/lt

0.321

mg/lt

7. Hardnessof water 530

ppm

410 ppm 365 ppm 165

ppm

8. Chloride test 181.6

ppm

145 ppm 90 ppm 76.6

ppm

9. Fluoride test 1.0ppm 1.0 ppm 0.5 ppm 010. Iron test 0.66

ppm

0.36 ppm 0.3 ppm 0

11. Nitrate test 285.353

ppm

18.533

ppm

10 ppm 5 ppm


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6. PHOTOGRAPHS


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7. DISCUSSION:

In the project physic-chemical analysis of industrial water compared

how the physic chemical parameters are varied during each interval of

sampling.

After every sampling and tests the values are compared with one

another which shows slight variations from one another.

Samples were collected at different points they are

1.

Outlet of the industry.

2. Mixing point of industrial water with the river

3. At the point where industrial water is completely dissolved with the

river water.

4. River water.

The PH of river water is 7 whichis a neutral value and also normal pH

value of a drinking water. As we moved towards the outlet sample it was

slight acidic it showed the PH value as 6.5, it is also continued in mixing and

dissolved water samples i.e., 6.8 & 6.8.

The temperature of water sample is varied along to the sample spot.

The temperature of river was 29c, and it is raised in industrial effluent waterto 32.5c and it is gradually decreased in mixed and dissolved water samples

to 31c.

In the estimation of free CO2sample 1 i.e. outlet shows 92.4 mg / lt

CO2because it is directly released by the industry which is contaminated by

industrial wastes. In sample 2 i.e. mixing point free CO2value was 499.86

mg/lt which is less than outlet. In sample No. 3- dissolved the free CO2

value shows 20.533 which is less than first two samples which may be


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because of dilution with river water and the sample no. 4 river water showed

16.133 free CO2 value which is too less when compared other 3 samples

because the river water was free of industrial water and also the river water

is rich in phytoplanktons so the CO2value is lesser than other 3 samples.

The highest dissolved oxygen 1.209 was estimated in river water

which was collected before the mixing of industrial water. The Dissolved

Oxygen value in industrial water dissolved river water is 1.169 which is less

than river water it is because of mixing of industrial water. The Dissolved

Oxygen is 0in outlet and mixed samples because oxygen is absent in both

of these samples which may because of absence of phytoplanktonsand by

contamination by industrial effluents.

In Estimation BOD the river water has showed 5.896 BOD value

which is much greater than a normal value. The industrial efficient (I.E)

dissolved river water shows BOD value more than river water i.e., 6.532.This value shows that river water has been polluted by industrial water, here

oxygen demand was much greater than normal value. In other two samples

outlet & mixing point samples has showed BOD value O because there

was absence of dissolved oxygen in water sample.

The recommend maximum concentration of phosphate in rivers is 0.1mg/lit of total phosphate, but here in river we have obtained the value of 0.32

mg/lit, which is more than a normal MCL value phosphate contamination is

much in outlet sample, it is continued in mixed & dissolved water samples,

after mixing of industrial water in river water the conc. of phosphate in river

water is also increased, which can be observed in dissolved sample i.e.,

0.518 mg/lit.


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In river water the fluoride is absent 0 ppm but in industrial

water(outlet) & at sample of the mixing point the fluoride contamination is

1.0 mg/lit & in dissolved water sample 0.5 mg/lit of fluoride is present, due

to the dilution by river water the concentration of fluoride has reduced to

0.5mg/lit.

In estimation of chloride of river water 76.6 mg/lit of chloride was

present in water which became excess in industrial outlet i.e., 181.66mg/lit

& at mixing point 145mg/lit of chloride was present. It is reduced to 90mg/lit

in dissolved sample due to the mixing of river water with industrial water.

Hardness of river water is 165mg/lit which is a moderate hardness of

water. In industrial outlet water hardness is triple the normal value i.e.,

530mg/lit & in mixing point sample the hardness of water is 410 mg/lit

which is more than the double of the normal value and at dissolved water

sample the hardness of water is 365mg/lit which is too hard, & doubler thenormal value.

Estimation of Iron in river water shows the value as 0, i.e., totally

absence of iron content, but as we move to the next sample industrial outlet

sample the contamination of iron is 0.66 mg/lit which is double the normal

value, which is harmful to the living organisms but in mixing point &dissolved sample the contamination level is 0.36 & 0.3 mg/lit which is equal

to Maximum Contamination Level.

In Nitrate estimation of the river water regard the value as 5.0mg/lit

which is below the Maximum Contamination Level i.e., 10mg/lit, but in

outlet sample the values were too excess & harmful to the consumers. In

outlet sample 28.33mg/lit nitrate content was present & in mixed water


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sample it was 18.33mg/lit which is much greater than MCL value. But in

dissolved water sample the contamination level is equal to MCL value i.e.,

10mg/lit.


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Summary

Samples were collected from Tungabhadra river near a industry

Grasim polyfibresin Harihara(T), Davangere (D) at a intervals of 15 days 4

sampling sites were selected as outlet, mixed, dissolved & river water.

During our visit to there we interviewed local area peoples & villagers

who were living around that area & collected some informations, as they

were suffered from many diseases like diarrhoea, decentry, vomiting high

fever, acute gastritis etc.

We also visited government Hospital of Harihara to collect data about

peoples who suffered from water borne, diseases & name of those diseases,

which is entered in their register.

After each sampling we conducted various tests for the analysis of

water they are -PH, free co2, BOD, Do, phosphate, in lab and analysed water

using water analysis kit & carried tests like total hardness, chlorine, fluorine,

nitrate & iron.


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Conclusion

The present work was come out how the physico- chemical parameters

influence the river water. The area selected Harihara which is a industrial

area, samples are collected at 4 different points, in which 3 points were

contaminated with the industrial water and another sample was taken from

river.

Physico chemical analysis of Tunga Bhadra river water of Harihara

has revealed that water is polluted and contaminated with some industrial

effluents.

The surface water normally contains 10 mg/lit of free co2 but it was

too excess in outlet water sample and mixed water sample i.e., 92.4 and

49.86 mg/lit and the river water also showed slight excess co2 concentration

may be because oxygen concentration in water containing organic matter

was reduced.

Dissolved oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand were completely

absent in outlet and mixed water samples. Dissolved oxygen was present in

small amount in fully dissolved water sample and slightly excess in river

water.

Biological oxygen demand value was too much in dissolved water

sample and river water, which is due to the absence of dissolved oxygen in

water samples, & also it shows the rate of pollution in water.

All the three samples are crossed maximum hardness level, which may

be because of excess concentration of co2, mg ions in water. River water

shows moderate hardness because. It was not polluted by industrial water.

Samples were much contaminated with iron, fluoride nitrate present in

excess concentration but in river samples fluoride and iron were absent

(because of free of contamination)


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APPENDICES:

Table : 1

Estimation of CO2

Reagents Quantity

Sodium hydroxide (0.05N) 50 ml

Phenolphthalein indicator 2-3 drops

Table: 2

Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen

Reagents Quantity

Sodium thiosulpahte (0.015N) 50 ml

Alkaline potassium iodide 2 ml

Manganous sulphate 2 ml

Conc. H2SO4 2 ml

Starch Indicator 2-3 drops

Table: 3

Estimation of BOD

Reagents Quantity

Sodium thiosulpahte (0.015N) 50 ml

Alkaline potassium iodide 2 ml

Manganous sulphate 2 ml

Conc. H2SO4 2 ml

Starch Indicator 2-3 drops


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Table: 4

Estimation of Inorganic phosphate

Reagents Quantity

Ammonium Molybdate 2 ml

Stannous Chloride 5 drops

Standard Phosphate solution 100 ml

Table: 5

Hardness of water

Reagents Quantity

Ammonium buffer 5 drops

(EBT) Erichrome BlackT Few crystals

EDTA Solution Few drops

Table: 6

Chloride

Reagents Quantity

Chromate solution 2 drops

Silver nitrate Few drops

Table: 7

Fluoride

Reagents Quantity

Fluoride reagent 10 drops


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Table: 8

Iron

Reagents Quantity

Iron reagent AR8 5 drops

Iron reagent 5 drops

Table: 9

Nitrate test

Reagents Quantity

Nitrate reagent AR Few drops

Nitrate reagent BR15 10 drops


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REFERENCES

Environmental chemistry :A.K.O.E. ( Anil Kumar De )

Environmental Biology (Principal of Ecology): P.S.Verma and

V K Agarwal.

A text book of environmental science: S S Purohit / Q.J. Shammi /

A.K. Agarwal.

A text book of environmental chemistry and Pollution : S S Arora

Concept of Ecology ( Environmental biology) Dr. N Arumugam

Internet Sources

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.org

www.environmental.engineering.com

www.water-research.net/glosarry.htm

www.lenntech.com

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Industrial Water

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