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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals Grade 8 Uses of Metals

Transcript of Physical State - Web viewThis metal is light and used in making airplanes and artificial hip joints....

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Standards:

13.9 Know that metals are ductile, malleable and good conductors of heat and electricity, and that these physical properties vary from metal to metal13.10 Link the properties and uses of some well-known metals, such as gold, silver, copper, iron and aluminum13.12 Contrast the physical properties of metallic and non-metallic elements.Objectives:-

1. Know the physical properties of metal.2. Link the properties and uses of some well-know metals.3. Contrast the physical properties of metallic and non-metallic elements.

KEY WORDS

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Ductile للسحب قابل

Conductor موصل Dull المع غير معتم

Malleable للطرق مطواع،قابل

Dense كثافة

Shiny المع

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Exploring Activity:Looking at metals:1- Set up the circuit shown to the right and try

it using different metals. What happens each time?

الدائرة بتجهيز قممن مختلف نوع باستخدام التالية الكهربائية

. تالحظ؟ ماذا مرة كل في المعادن

2- Heat an iron nail strongly in a Bunsen flame like it is show to

the left. Does the iron melt? . بسهولة؟ الحديد ينصهر هل الحديد من مسمار بتسخين قم

Most of elements found on Earth can be stored into 2 sets- the metals and the non-metals. Let's look at their properties:المعادن : مجموعتين في الطبيعة في المتواجدة العناصر معظم ترتيب الممكن من

.) ( ) مجموعة) كل خصائص على نظرة لنلقي الالفلزات أو الالمعادن و الفلزات أو :

Metals: المعادن(( الفلزات

Over three quarters of the elements are metals. All the properties shown below are physical properties. They describe the metal itself, not its chemical reactions. Figure 1.

تمثلالمعا

دن أكثر من

. بالخصائص المعادن تعرف و االرض سطح على الموجودة العناصر أرباع ثالثة3

Figure 1: Typical properties for most metals.

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

: عالية، كثافة ذات الحرارة، و للكهرباء جيد موصل المعة، المعادن التالية الفيزيائيةللمغناطيس، تنجذب رقائق، شكل على للطرق قابلة و اسالك الى للسحب قابلة

عالية انصهار درجة ذات و عليها الطرق عند رنين صوت .تصدر

Physical State الحالة : الفيزيائيةPhysical State

Metals are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury and gallium, which are liquids at room temperature.

في سوائل فهم الجاليوم و الزئبق باستثناء الغرفة، حرارة درجة في صلبة المعدنالغرفة حرارة .درجة

Shiny Metals have the quality of reflecting light from its surface and can be polished e.g., gold, silver and copper.

و الذهب مثل المعة الغالب في هي و الضوء اشعة عكس على القدرة المعادن تمتلكالنحاس و .الفضة

Malleability الطرق قابلية

Metals can be made into thin sheets known as foils.

بالصفائح تعرف رقائق الى المعادن تحويل الممكن .من

Ductility السحب قابلية

Metals can be drawn into wires. 100 gm of silver can be drawn into a thin wire about 200 meters long.

. تحويل يمكننا فمثال اسالك شكل على المعادن سحب الممكن من 100من جم بطول اسالك الى متر 200الفضة .

Conduction التوصيل

Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons. Silver and copper are the two best conductors of heat and

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

electricity. Lead is the poorest conductor of heat. Bismuth, mercury and iron are also poor conductors.

. و الفضة ويمثل الحركة حرة الكترونات المتالكها التوصيل جيدة بانها المعادن تعرف . بانه الرصاص يعرف كما الكهرباء و للحرارة الموصلة المعادن افضل من النحاس

توصيال .اقلها

Density الكثافة

Metals have high density and are very heavy. Iridium and osmium have the highest densities where as lithium has the lowest density.

. بينما كثافة أعلى االسميوم و االريديوم ويمتلك جيدا عالية كتلة و كثافة ذات المعادنكثافة أقل الليثيوم .يمتلك

Melting and Boiling Point الغليان و الانصهار درجةMetals have high melting and boiling point. Tungsten has the highest melting point where as silver has low boiling point. Sodium and potassium have low melting points.

جد مرتفعة غليان و انصهار درجة انصهار ا.للمعادن درجة أعلى التنجستون ويمتلك. غليان درجة أقل الفضة تمتلك بينما

Variations of Metals: المعادن بين االختالفاتNot all the metals have these properties. For example, the alkali metals (Lithium, Sodium, Potassium) are soft metals. They have a low density and a low melting point.

و الليثيوم مثل القلوية المعادن مجموعة فمثال الخصائص، هذه المعادن جميع تمتلك المنخفضة انصهار و كثافة درجة لها و لينة معادن هي البوتاسيوم و .الصوديوم

Metals are important in all our lives. How do humans use the properties of metals in their everyday life?

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

USES OF METALSالمعادن :استخدامات

Ironالحديد

Strong metal used for building bridges and in reinforced concrete.

المسلحة الخرسانة و الجسور .بناء

Aluminiumااللمنيوم

Light metal used to make drinking cans, airplanes bodies and kitchen foil.

المطبخ المنيوم و الطائرات اجسام العصير، .علب

Titaniumالتيتانيوم

This metal is light and used in making airplanes and artificial hip joints.

االصطناعية المفاصل و الطائرات صنع في . يستخدمMercury

الزئبقMetal with a very low melting point used in thermometers.

الثرموميتر او الحرارة درجة قياس جهاز .في

Leadالرصاص

Soft metal which was used in plumbing to make water pipes. Also used in roofing materials.

االسطح طالء و المياه انابيب تصنيع .في

Goldالذهب

Metal used for very expensive and un reactive metal used in jewellery.

الثمن باهظ و نشط غير بانه لتميزه المجوهرات صناعة في .يستخدم

Tinالقصدير

This metal is used to coat food cans which are really made from steel.

الغذاء معلبات .لطالء

Copperالنحاس

Very good conductor used in electrical wiring and water pipes in the home.

في يستخدم كما الجيد بتوصيله لتميزه الكهرباء اسالك صناعة في يستخدمالمياة انابيب .تصنيع

Chromiumالكروميوم

Very shiny metal used to coat other metals to give an attractive appearance to things such as taps.

جذاب مظهر العطائها االخرى المعادن لطالء يستخدم اللماعية شديد معدنالمياه صنابير .مثل

Tungstenالتنجستون

Metal with a very high melting point used to make filaments in light bulbs.

الكهربائية المصابيح صناعة في .يستخدم

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Non-Metals: ) الالفلزات ) الالمعدنThe figure 2 below shows some of the typical proprieties non

metals:

Physical Properties of Non-metals

Physical State الحالة : الفيزيائية

Most of the non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at room temperature: gases (oxygen) and solids (carbon).

( : مثل غاز أما الغرفة حرارة درجة في حالتين أحد على الالمعادن معظم تتواجد) الكربون( ) مثل صلب أو .االكسجين

Nature الطبيعة

Non-metals are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into sheets.

رقائق أو أسالك الى تحويلها فاليمكن ولذلك الهشاشة، شديدة .الالمعادن

Conduction التوصيل

They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

الحرارة أو للكهرباء التوصيل سيئة .الالمعادن

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Dull These have no metallic shine, and do not reflect light.

الضوء عكس قابلية و باللمعان تتمتع وال معتمة .الالمعادن

Variations of Non-Metals: الالمعادن بين االختالفات

Carbon in the form of graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

للكهرباء التوصيل جيد الجرافيت صورة في .الكربونCarbon in the form of diamond has a very high melting point.

جيدا عالية انصهار درجة له الماس صورة في .الكربونComparative Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

الالمعادن و المعادن بين مقارنة

Property Metals Non-metalsState of matter These are usually solid,

except mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature.

These exist in all the three states. Bromine is the only liquid.

Density They usually have high density, except for sodium, potassium, calcium etc.

Their densities are usually low.

Melting point They usually have a high melting point except mercury, cesium, gallium, tin, lead.

Their melting points are low.

Boiling point Their boiling points are usually high.

Their boiling points are low.

Hardness They are usually hard, except mercury, sodium, calcium, potassium, lead etc.

They are usually not hard. But the exception is the non-metal diamond, the hardest substance.

Malleability They can be beaten into thin sheets.

They are generally brittle.

Ductility They can be drawn into thin wires, except sodium, potassium, calcium etc.

They cannot be drawn into thin wires.

Conduction of heat

They are good conductors of heat.

They are poor conductors of heat.

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Conduction of electricity

They are good conductors of electricity.

They are non-conductors, except for carbon in the form of graphite and the gas carbon.

Shine Newly cut metals have high shine . Some get tarnished immediately.

Usually not shiny, except iodine and diamond - the most lustrous of all the substances

The periodic table

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Key Questions:Differences between Metals and Non-Metals

الالمعادن و المعادن بين االختالفات

Points of comparison Metals Non – Metals

Stateالحالة

Shiny or dull

Malleabilityالطرق قابلية

Ductilityالسحب قابلية

Heat conductivity

الحرارة توصيلElectric Conductivity

الكهرباء توصيلMelting & Boiling Pointsو االنصهار درجةالغليان

Examples

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

You need to know about aluminium, copper, and iron.1 .Match the heads to the correct tails, and write out the correct

sentences: : الصحيحة الجمل لتكوين المناسبتين الجملتين بين صل

Heads TailsAluminium is used for water pipes and electrical

wires Copper is used for bridges and gatesIron is used for aircraft and overhead

electricity cables

2 .Aluminium has these properties :: التالية الخصائص لاللمنيوم

It is shiny, non-toxic (not poisonous), low density (light for its size) and does not corrode (rust).

a) Why is aluminium a good metal to use for drinks cans?العصائر؟ علب لتصنيع جيد معدن االلمنيوم يعتبر لماذا

_____________________________________________ b) Why is aluminium a good metal to use as a reflector in car headlights?

السيارات؟ مصابيح عواكس لتصنيع جيد اختيار االلمنيوم يعتبر لماذا

_______________________________________________c) Why is aluminium a good metal to use for the superstructure (top decks) of warships?

الحربية؟ السفن من العليا االجزاء في االلمنيوم استخدام يفضل لماذا

________________________________________________

3 .Copper has these properties:: التالية الخصائص للنحاس

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

It is a good electrical conductor, a good heat conductor and does not corrode (rust).

وال جيدة للحرارة موصل ، للكهرباء جيدا موصال وهو) الصدأ ) .تآكلa) Why is copper a good metal to use for water pipes?

المياه؟ انابيب لتصنيع جيد معدن النحاس يعتبر لماذا _______________________________________________

b) Why is copper a good metal to use for pans? الطبخ؟ أواني لتصنيع جيد معدن النحاس يعتبر لماذا

_______________________________________________c) Why is copper a good metal to use for electrical wires?

الكهربائية؟ االسالك لتصنيع جيد معدن النحاس يعتبر لماذا

_______________________________________________4 .Iron has these properties:

: التالية الخصائص للحديدIt is a hard, strong, and cheap and it corrodes (rusts).

. الصدأ أو للتاكل يتعرض ولكنه رخيص و قوي، صلب، معدن هو

a) Why is iron a good metal to use for bridges?الجسور؟ لبناء مناسب معدن الحديد يعتبر لماذا

______________________________________________

b) Why is iron a poor metal to use for water pipes?المياه؟ انابيب لتصنيع جيد غير معدن الحديد يعتبر لماذا

______________________________________________

c) Why are many things that are made of iron disposable?االستخدام؟ العادة مصممة غير الحديد من المصنوعة المواد معظم لماذا

______________________________________________

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Standards: 13.6 Know that iron will rust in the presence of air and water, and that it can be protected from rusting by oiling, painting, galvanizing, coating with plastic, electroplating and tin plating

Objectives:1. Understand that iron will rust in the presence of water and air.2. Know the ways of protection of iron from rusting.

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Key Words

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Corrosion صدأ ، تاكلcoating طالءalloying السبائك صناعةsacrificial التضحيةelectroplating بالكهرباء الطالء

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Metals are chemically active. One result of this chemical activity is corrosion. When a metal is attacked by air, water or other substances in its surroundings, the metal is said to corrode.

. او الصدأ حدوث هو النشاط هذا نتائج أحد كيميائيا نشطة المعادن تعتبرالماء أو للهواء المعدن لتعرض نتيجة . التاكل

The most common example of corrosion is rust. صدأالحديد هو التاكل أنواع أشهر .من

Mini Lab:Rusting of Iron:Procedure:

1- Place an iron nail in a test tube which contains only dry air and close the top.

2- Place another nail in a test tube which has boiled water. Place at the top a layer of oil and close it.

3- Place a third nail in a test tube which is half full with unboiled water and the other half with air.

4- Leave it for a week.Predict:In which case do you think the chemical changes for the nail will happen.

Observe the test tubes after a week and write down your result.Give explanation for your result.

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Corrosion: a chemical change that causes wearing away of metals.

المعدن: من العليا الطبقات ازالة يسسبب كيميائي تغير هو .التاكل

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Any piece of iron (or steel) that is exposed to both air (oxygen) and moisture will be come rusted. The rusted iron has a reddish brown color and no shine. Salt speeds up the rusting of iron and it happens especially quickly near sea water, Figure 1.

أو الرطوبة أو للهواء الحديد من قطعة أي تتعرض عندما. لمعانه يفقد و البني الى لونه يتغير أو يصدأ فسوف الماء

الشواطئ من قريبا بكثرة حدوثه سسبب وهذا الصدأ حصول في يسرع الملح أن .كما

How to Prevent Rusting: الصدأ حدوث نمنع : كيفIron and most steels (alloys of iron) rust. Below are ways to prevent them rusting. Most involve coating the metal with something to keep out air and water.

. و الصدأ حدوث لمنع طرق عدة هناك للصدأ الستيل و الحديد يتعرضالماء و الهواء عن تحجبه بطبقة الحديد طالء على تعتمد .هي

1- Painting: Steel bridges and railings are usually painted. Paints that contain lead or zinc are mostly used, because these are especially good at preventing rust, as they are less reactive Figure 2.

الحديدية : السكك و الجسور لطالء الرصاص أو الزنك على المحتوي الطالء يستخدم الطالءالنشاط ضعيفة معادن النها ذلك .و

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Rusting: The corrosion of iron in the presence of both oxygen and water. Iron + water + oxygen rust

الماء الصدأ: و االكسجين وجود في الحديد تاكل .

Figure 1: Houses found near the sea are rusted more quickly especially parts that are made of iron.

Figure 2: Steel bridges for buildings

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

3- Coating: Steel is coated with plastic for use in garden chairs and bicycle baskets. Plastic can stop oxygen or water from reaching steel; however, if coating was damaged, the steel will rust.من الماء و االكسجين تمنع وبهذا البالستيك من بطبقة الدراجات و الحدائق كراسي تطلى

الحديد مع . التفاعل

3- Alloying the Metal: if iron was mixed with other metals such as chromium, it will make an alloy called stainless steel. This type of steel does not rust. It is often used to make cutlery, Figure 3.

وهو الكروميوم مثل أخرى معادن مع الحديد بخلط سبائك صناعة . عادة ويستخدم يصدأ ال المعدن هذا ستيل بالستانليس يعرف ما

المطبخ أواني صناعة .في

1. What is corrosion? التأكل؟ هو ما

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………..2. How does iron rust?

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Figure 3: Stainless steel is expensive, but is used for small items like knives and cutlery. It doesn't rust.

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Iron nail in distilled water.

Iron nail in vinegarIron nail in sea water water

Iron nail in tap water which has been boiled to remove

dissolved gases.

Iron nail and a chemical to absorb

water vapor.

Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

الحديد؟ يصدأ كيف…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Test Yourself: Rashid was investigating the rusting of iron. He set up five experiments as shown below, and left the test-tubes for three days.

. و األسفل في المختبر أنابيب بإعداد قام الحديد صدأ تكون كيفية بدراسة راشد قام

لمدة أيام 3تركها .

He wrote the following observations in his book.التالية المالحظات بتسجيل :قام

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

From his observations answer these questions:a. Explain why the nails had not rusted in test-tubes B and C.

المسمار صدأ عدم سبب االنبوب B C فسر في

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......................................................

b. Is vinegar acidic, alkaline or neutral?متعادل؟ أو ،قلوي حمض الخل يعتبر هل

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..........................................................................................................................................................................

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Test–Tube Observation

A

B

C

D

E

Nail slightly rusty

Nail still shiny

Nail still shiny

Nail very rusty

Nail slightly rusty, bubbles of gas seen

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

c.When the iron reacted with the vinegar, bubbles of gas were formed. What gas was formed?

. المتصاعد؟ الغاز هذا هو ما الغاز من فقاقيع تتصاعد الحديد مع الخل تفاعل عند……………………………………………………………………………………………………..............................

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Key Questions:1. How do you prevent iron from rusting?

الصدأ؟ من الحديد حماية يمكن كيف………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….2. Steel bridges are usually painted.Paints usually contain ________or _________ are mostly used3. Tools and machine parts, are coated

with __________ or _______________.3. Steel is coated with plastic for use in garden chairs, bicycle

baskets, and dish racks Why?الحدائق كراسي لتصنيع استخدامه عند بالبالستيك الحديد يطلى لماذا

الدراجات؟ وBecause _______________________________________ 5. Iron for sheds and dust bins are usually coated with ________________________________________.6. Baked beans come in tins which are made from steel

coated on both sides with a fine layer of _______________.الداخلية الجهتين من واقية بطبقة الفاصوليا معلبات تطلى

ذلك؟. فسر والخارجية Why?

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Grade 8 Unit M.3-Uses of Metals

Because ___________________________________________.

ReferencePhysics for youChemistry for youCatalyst

http://wiki.one-school.net/images/thumb/8/88/Extraction.png/400px-Extraction.pnghttp://www.docbrown.info/page04/Mextracta.htm

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