Physical Protection of Brazilian Nuclear Material and FacilitiesOverview on the Brazilian Nuclear Security Regime

Renato L. A. Tavares Nuclear Security and Standards Division (DISEN)

Directorate for Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards (DRS)

National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN)

Topics

• Overview on Brazilian Nuclear Security Regime

• Brazilian Laws ans Regulations

• International Binding and non-Binding Instruments

• Challenges and Actions: Local Threat Scenario

• Challenges and Actions: A New Security Regulatory Framework

• Challenges and Actions: DBT

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

State Organizations

Legal Framework

Security/ Defense Agencies

Policy / StrategiesPlanning

Border Controls

RegulatorRegulations

Licensing (Security Assessments and

Inspections)

Culture/AwarenessPromotion

OperatorsPhysical Protection Systems

(procedures, personnel, equipment)

Physical Protection Plans

Overview: Nuclear Security Regime

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

Brazilian Nuclear Program

Some numbers: - 3 Mining and processing facilities (1 operational, 1

preoperational and 1 decommissioning)- 1 Conversion pilot plant (to UF6 - preoperational tests)- 3 Enrichment facilities (Laboratory, Pilot and Industrial

plants)- 1 Industrial conversion plant (UF6 to UO2)- 1 Industrial fuel fabrication plant- 2 NPPs (PWR design)- 1 NPP (under construction, PWR design)- 4 Research reactors - 1 Multipurpose Research Reactor (site approval)- 6 Research Institutes

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

Overview: Facilities that handle radioactive sources

Some numbers: ~ 5000 facilities that handle radioactive sourcesunder licensing, around 2300 active• Around 480 Cat I and Cat II sources:

• Radiotherapy;• Industrial radiography;• Irradiators;

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

Medical 35%

Industrial39%

R & D20%

Services4%

Other2%

Overview: CNEN Regulatory StructureCOMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR (CNEN)

Directorate for Institutional Management (DGI)Directorate for Research and Development (DPD)

Directorate for Safety, Security and Safeguards (DRS)

DIRECTORATE FOR SAFETY, SECURITY AND SAFEGUARDS (DRS)Licensing of Nuclear Facilities and Facilities that handle radioactive sources

Regulatory Activities

General Coordination for Reactors and

Fuel Cycle Facilities

General Coordination for Medical and

Industrial Facilities

Safeguards Coordination

Raw Materials Coordination

Standards and Nuclear Security

Division

RadioactiveWaste

Division

CENASF STANDARDSESF

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

NE 2.01 –

PhysicalProtection

NE 1.04 Licensing ofNuclear Facilities

NN-6.02 - Licensing of Radioactive Facilities

NE-5.01 - Transportation of Radioactive Material

NE-4.01 – Safety and Radiological Protection for Mineral-Industrial Facilities

NE 8.02 – Licensing ofWaste Repositories

Federal Constituition(1988): State

Monopoly andPeaceful Purposes

CNEN Creation

Law (1956)

Competencies (1962)

TLC Law (1998)

OtherNuclear Laws

Security Assessment

TechnicalReports and

Notes/ PP Plansapproval

Technical Visits/ RegulatoryInspections

Activity and Inspection

Reports

Activities Products

Brazilian Laws and Regulations

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

International Binding and non Binding- Convention1 on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (since 1986) and

2005 Amendment (in process of ratification)

- Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources (2004)

- IAEA Nuclear Security Series:

- NSS 13 – Recommendations – Nuclear Security Recommendations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities

- NSS 14 – Recommendations – Nuclear Security Recommendations on Radioactive Materials and Associated Facilities

- NSS 26G – Implementing Guides – Security of Nuclear Material in Transport

- NSS 9 – Implementing Guides – Security in the Transport of Radioactive Material

1 – Decree nº 95, Abril 16th 1991

Challenges and Actions

Despite the limitations (budget, HR)....

Lice

nsin

g • PhysicalProtectionPlansAssessment

• RegulatoryAudits

Regu

latio

n • RegulationCNEN NE-2.01 Revision

• RegulationCNEN NN-2.05 Elaboration

• RegulationCNEN NN-2.06 Elaboration

Inte

rnat

iona

lRep

rese

ntat

ions • NSGC

• NSSC• AdSec• Mercosul• ITDB• CPPNM• Fórum

Iberoamericano

Trai

ning

and

Capa

city

Build

ing • CENASF

• Training Program

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

Regulation CNEN NE-2.01 – Physical Protection of Nuclear Operational Units

• CNEN NE 2.01 (2011) – Prescriptive approach:• Compliance-based • Operators submit to CNEN their

physical protection plans that must consider a threat assessment

• Inspections to verify security measures described on the PP Plans

• non-compliant items may compromise operator´s licensing processes

• Physical Protection Plans must be revised every two years, or whenever new conditions make it necessary

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

A New Regulatory Framework

CNEN NN 2.01

Security ofNuclear

Material andAssociated Facilities

CNEN NN 2.05 Security on Transportof Nuclear

andRadioactive

Material

CNEN NN 2.06 Security

ofRadioactiveMaterial andAssiociated

Facilities

CNEN NE 2.01

PhysicalProtectionof Nuclear Operational

Units

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

CPPNM/ACode ofConductNSS-13NSS-27G

NSS-9NSS-26G

Code ofConductNSS-14

Challenges and Actions: Threat Assessment Process

INFCIRC 225 says:

No Cat I material in Brazil, only Cat II

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

• Local decision and policy-makers realized that the current approach may not be fully effective

• In process of analyzing all regulations pertaining to nuclear security to establish which ones are ineffective, out-dated or confusing and need to be revised

• Economical crisis drives more cost-efficient solutions

Adapted from IAEA NSS-10, p.23

Challenges and Actions: Threat Assessment Process

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

Challenges and Actions: Establishing a national DBT

Efforts are being made by CNEN to stimulate the elaboration process of a DBT to serve as starting point to redesign and re-evaluation of PPS for existing nuclear/radioactive materials and facilities, as well as transportoperations, by:• Establishing a supportive regulatory framework to the process;• Identifying State organizations needed to participate on the process

(Intelligence Agency, Ministry of Defence, SIPRON, ...);• Providing training to increase awareness of security culture on operators,

other government agencies and decision-makers on the subject

Despite the limitations (budget, HR)....

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

Challenges and ActionsDBT Workshop in Brazil – Partnership with DoE/USA – NNSA, SNL and PNNL experts

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

Challenges and Actions

CNEN recognizes that cyber attacks represent a major (and quickly evolving) issue, and started studies in order to elaborate a regulation regarding cyber aspects, as well as disseminating culture among stakeholders:

Training Courses (with IAEA) held in Brazil:• TC in Cybersecurity (Rio de Janeiro, 2014)• NTC in Computer Security at Nuclear Facilities (Rio de Janeiro, 2016)• RTC Hands-on for Operators (Rio de Janeiro, 2017)

Cybersecurity Issues

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

Challenges and Actions

Despite the limitations (budget, HR)....

All Brazilian nuclear facilities have PP Systems (plans and procedures) already assessed and approved by CNEN, in accordance with nationalregulation

All nuclear material transport must have PP Plans assessed and approved by CNEN (~19 transportations/year)

Improvement on the dissemination of the nuclear security culture, through the organization of training events (around 550 Brazilian professionals trained in the last 13 years)

At least one annual emergency exercise is carried out, including also security scenarios, coordinated by SIPRON (effective CNEN participation)

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

renato.tavares@cnen.gov.brwww.cnen.gov.br Thank you!

International Training Course on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities | Albuquerque, NM, USA| May 17th 2018

ITC-25 Graduation Ceremony – May 8th, 2015