Physical Growth & Development

1 – 3 Year olds

Review:

• Identify the five areas of development

• Identify the characteristics of development

• Identify the influences on development

An ancient Chinese Proverb

• “Give a man a fish and he will not go hungry for a day. Teach a man to fish and he will not go hungry for life.”

• How does this idea relate to caring for a child’s self-care??

• What factors might interfere with a caregiver’s desire to teach self-care?

• How can caregivers prevent those factors from getting in the way??

Toddlers!!

• What do you know??– Age– Explain their physical development

• Average growth rate• What do they look like• What can they do• When should they see a dentist• Go to the doctor• Be potty trained

Today’s Agenda

• Complete the worksheet from yesterday

• When you are finished, I have another from you!!

Infants to Toddlers• Physcial growth slows considerably after the first

year

• Physical skills improve!!

• Term toddlers refers to children who make uncertain movement– Around 1, unsteady steps (1-2 years)

Read Active Play for Growth & Development

• Page 349

• Answer questions 1 & 2 with your table

• What are some other games that you can play with children aged 1-3???

• Why mustn’t toddlers’ activities be too diffiucult for their phyical /mental abilities?

Height & Weight

• Both Slow down in this period

• Gain about ½ lb per month

• Height also slows by about half

• Heredity & environmental influences more noticeable

• After 1st b-day, children show greater variation in size– Tall 2 yr old = tall adult

Quiz1. What is the age range of toddlers?

2. How did toddlers get their name?

3. How much weight does a toddler gain per month?

4. How does height development change during the toddler years from infancy?

5. How many teeth should a one year old have?

6. What is the name of the service that birth – three year olds have available to them if they have a delay or disability?

Proportion & Posture

• B/c of changes in proportion, posture improves!!!

• Until age 2, a child’s head, chest & abdomen all mesure about the same

• All three grow at the same rate

• Between ages 2-3 – chest becomes larger than the head & abdomen– Arms, legs & trunk - longer

• Help improve child’s balance & motor skills

Proportion & Posture

• 2 years – stands straighter, but posture is not completely

erect– Abdomen still protrudes (sticks out), head –

somewhat forward– Elbows & knees – slightly bent

• 3 years– Posture more upright– Spine has strengthened – back straighter– Lost some (not all) baby fat)

Teeth

• Emerge at different rates: – 1 year old – 8 teeth– 2 years old – 16– By 3, that last four back teeth emerge

• 20 primary teeth

• Several factors that influence the health of a child’s teeth:– Diet– Heredity– Dental care

Teeth • Diet

– Greatly influences the quailty of a child’s teeth– Are formed before birth

• Mother’s diet during pregnancy – affects quality of baby teeth

– Child’s diet is important in the first 2 years – adult teeth are forming under primary teeth

• Dairy products (calcuim & phosphorus)

• Milk (Vitamin D)

• Water – flouride

– Poor Diet – Tooth decay

• Heredity– Dentists have identified a protective mechanism

that discourages decay – some children will inherit from parents!

Caring for the Teeth

• Teach them to brush right after eating – the longer food remains in the mouth the more it can damage teeth

• Encouragement – small, soft toothbrush & a bit of toothpaste – http://www.spinbrush.com/Kids_ParentTips.html

• Attempts – not very successful, but the opportunity = IMPORTANT

• Even at age 3, kids will still need adult help

Caring for the Teeth

• Many dentists recommend:

• Show kids how to floss teeth– Start with top teeth one night and the bottom

teeth the next night

• 18 months – good age for children to have first dental checkup

In groups of 3

• You are to plan a lesson for children aged 3 called “Taking Care of Your Teeth”

• Class should teach children the order of primary teeth appear, factors that keep teeth healthy, & factors that contribute to tooth decay.

• You can prepare diagrams & visual aid,• Demonstrations• Create a rhyming jingle to help

rememberance • Info on the web and page 351

Quiz

• How does diet play a part in how healthy your teeth are?

• When do baby teeth buds start to form?

• How much weight does a toddler gain a month?

• What are the three patterns of development?

Questions???

• What do you think are developmentally appropriate tasks?

• What is hygiene?? And why is it important to teach kids good hygiene??

Motor Skills

• Remember 3 patterns– Head to foot– Near to far– Simple to complex

• Large motor skills– Involve use and control of the large muscles of the

back, legs, shoulders & arms

• Small motor skills– Depend on the use & control of the muscles of the

wrists, fingers, & ankles

Complete…..

• Questions # 1-7

Motor Skills

• Children do not acquire them as predictable during infancy

• Variations caused by differences in physical size, health & diet, interests, temperament, opportunities for physical play & many other factors

• Developmentally appropriate – tasks are suitable for the child given his/her age & interests

Large Motor Skills

• Physical exercise & repeated practice

• Improvement – slow buy steady

• Walking – 1st b-day, pride

Small Motor Skills• Between 1st & 2nd b-day, learn to feed themselves &

drink from a cup fairly well– Poor hand-eye coordination causes spills at the

beginning

• 1 yr olds – playing w/blocks, pyramid of different size rings, musical rolling toys= helps small motor skills

• 2 yr olds – improves dexterity – skillful use of the hands & fingers – Turn pages of a book one at a time, peel banana, enjoy

using crayons, build towers

• 3yr olds – show more skill, delight in taking things apart & putting them back together

Quiz/Bell Work

• Summarize a toddler’s growth and development thus far.– Height – Weight– Teeth– Walking

Choosing Foods For Children• Need a variety of nutritious food daily• Plan meals using MyPlate (MyPyramid)• Pediatricians recommend that milk or milk products

not be given to a child until bday 1– Ages 1-2= whole milk– After 2, reduced-fat (lowmilk)

• Be CAUTIOUS in serving convenience food to children– High in salt & preservatives

• Chose fresh foods – use nutitrion labels & ingredients list = nutritional choices

With a partner • Discuss some of your childhood

fears!!

• How did you overcome your fears??

Healthy Eating 1-3• To promote interest in nutritious foods – make them appealing

• Color – variety of color: interest • Texture – different senations: crunchy, chewy &

juicy • Shape – adds appeal: help the child identify

shapes, cookie cutters (nice)• Temperature – hot & cold foods – safety is

concern – be careful – always check• Ease of eating – ground beef easier to chew

than a pork chop, loves spaghetti – cut into short pieces

Quiz 11-20-14

1. Identify the five areas that you need to remember when preparing meals for toddlers?

2. How many pounds per month does a toddler gain?

3. When should a toddler go to a dentist?

4. How many teeth does the average 1 year old have?

5. How many primary teeth do you have or did you have?

Menu for a toddler

• You are to create a menu for a toddler

• Be sure to include all three meals and a snack

• How are you going to make each appealing??

• Make it healthy!!!

Mealtime Tips

• Meals = important events in the child’s day

• Practice skills, learn independence, explore textures, colors & talk to others

Mealtime Guidelines• Include children in meal

preparation whenever possible

• Follow a regular schedule for meals/snacks

• Keep meals pleasant (model manners)

• Use a sturdy, unbreakable dish or plate w/sides when serve the child’s food

• Choose a cup that the child can hold easily & that doesn’t readily tip

• Provide child-sized eating utensils

• Let a toddler sit in a high chair for meals

• Set good examples in food choices

Self-Feeding

• Toddlers will want to feed themselves

• Natural part of independence

• Depends on a child’s fine motors skills (it will also help redefine them)

• Sippy cups

• Finger food (sliced bananas)

Mealtime Guidelines

• Avoid using food as a punishment or a bribe. If you say, “You can’t have a cookie until you finish your vegetables,” you give the impression that vegetables are bad and cookies are good.

11-24-14

• What are three tips for mealtime?• Describe how toddlers walk at the

beginning.• How many teeth do they have by age 1, on

average?• Compare and contrast large and small

motor skills.• Describe a toddler’s appearance. (how does

it differ than an infant’s)

Bathing • Help young children develop good attitudes

about hygiene (personal cleanliness) and hygiene skills – Toilet training – wash hands after each time they use

the bathroom

• Daily baths – nice habit, good hygiene skills & at this age most love water!

• 1 yr olds – they want to wash themselves • 2yr olds – most can wash, rinse & dry pretty well • 3 yr olds – can bathe with supervision

Bathing

• Bathtubs are still dangerous for children• A child can drown in as little as 1” of water• NEVER leave a child alone in the bath • Cover the tub to prevent slipping• No set age at which children can safely

shower– Depends on child’s ability to control water temp,

stand in shower safely & get him/herself clean

Dressing

• Caregivers should encourage self-dressing when a child shows interest

• Involves a number of large & small motor skills that must be learned one step at a time

• Patience = IMPORTANT– Child learns these skills through practice

• Usually starts around 13-14 months

Dressing• 13 months - Holds an arm out for a sleeve.• Next, may learn to actually push his/her own arm

through sleeve• By 2, pull up pants, but shirts still continue to be

difficult • Garments – inside out, backwards• By 3 – pretty much can dress independently, except

help w/fasteners & shoelaces • Provides – self-esteem, independence, responsibility• Provide clothes that are easy to put on & take out

Bell Work:

• What can you remember about Toddlers

Choosing Clothing • Comfort – allow freedom of movement

– Size – IMPORTANT: too small – restrict movements– Sizes do not always fit the same, if possible let child try on

• Durability – withstand hard wear & repeated washing – Quality of fabric & construction of clothing – look for close, even

stitching w/strong thread– Fasteners should be firmly attached– Cotton – good choice – shirts & underwear– Synthetic fibers – made from chemical rather than natural sources

• Economy – choose clothes that allow for growth– Let kids help

Quiz 12-2-14

• Identify the three factors that you should consider when purchasing clothes for a toddler.

• What are the five things that you should remember when preparing a meal for a toddler?

• Identify the age range of a toddler.

• Compare and contrast large and small motor skills.

• Describe a toddler’s appearance. (how does it differ than an infant’s)

Quiz 12-5-14

1. What are night terrors??

2. What are nightmares?

3. What causes nightmares?

4. How should you handle nightmares?

5. When should a toddler start to self-feed?

6. What are bedtime routines soo important?

7. What usually happens when there is a break in a bedtime routine?

8. What is the average weight gain per month for a toddler?

9. What are the three patterns of development?

Sleeping

• Many 1 year olds continue sleeping eight or more hours a night– Several naps through the day

• As they get older – Naps – shorter– Length of sleep at night = increases– Afternoon naps continue for several years

• 2 & 3 year olds = sleep about 10 – 14 hours/day

Sleeping

• Children feel comfortable when lives are predictable = ROUNTINES– Broken – difficult to go to sleep

• Sleep Disturbances – Sometimes the quality and quantity of sleep is

upset• Child – tired & irritable the next day

Sleep Disturbances

• Not unusual for toddlers to wake at night– Some fall back to sleep, others cry

– Best response – depends on the problem

• Nightmares (cause by stress or major changes in a child’s life) – Experts – respond right away with words of

comfort to the child

– Reduce anxiety (talk about the change)

– Avoid exposure to frightening images

Night terrors (occurs during the first few hours of sleep)

–Child not fully awake – will sit up and scream • Upset – but cannot explain why

• Not cause for alarm

• Children need reassurance

–Usually does not remember the incident in the morning

Sleeping • Near 2nd b-day – sleeping habits change

– Less sleep, may not go to sleep as easily or willingly

– 2 yr no longer takes a morning nap– 3yr old may give up their afternoon nap as well

• May change b/c they may seem more dependent on adults than in previous year

• Often use self comforting techniques: thumb sucking, rocking the crib, cuddling a favorite blanket or toy

Sleeping • 3 yr old – not unusual to wake in the middle of the

night & even get out of bed– Emotional experiences of the day, excitement at bedtime or

nighttime fears may cause insure feeling at night

• 2 & 3 yr olds – fear of the dark – Many causes– Fears – very real & usually very troubling – Rarely a quick solution– Discussion, night light– Patience & understanding – Ridicule or shaming only makes a problem worse

Toilet Training

• Most begin sometime at 18 months

• No set age

• Each child should start when he/she is physically mature & emotionally ready

Readiness (Toilet Training)

• Sphincter muscles – the muscles that control elimination – Child must recognize the body sustentations

that lead elimination • Only then is he/she ready

• Emotionally ready – settled in a family daily routine– During move or any similar event that requires

adjustment – not a good time

Giving Help

• Attitudes – very important

• Calm encouragement better (more effective) than rules & punishment– Build self-esteem

• Ready – want to succeed– Child resists – wait for readiness

• Even after trained – some accidents should be expected

Giving Help

• Child – may prefer to use special seat or a separate potty chair– More independence

• Frightened by the flushing toilet - better to wait till child leaves room – but still teach that they need to flush toilet

• Bowel training before bladder training– When you see the awareness on a child’s face –

suggest sitting on the toilet seat or potty chair– Be available & encouraging – not forceful & demanding

Giving Help

• Bladder follows several months later

• Some may learn at the same time

• Many are encouraged when given training pants – heavy absorbent underpants, in place of diapers – Makes it possible to use the potty

independently – Sign of maturity

Physical Health & Wellness

Assignment

• Complete questions #1-9 on page 374 (shorter books)

• Complete questions #1-10 on page 346 (taller books)

• Complete study guide – you may use on the test tomorrow!!

• Test – tomorrow!!!