Physical Geography. Massive continent, 2 nd largest. Large, complex, and often misunderstood ...
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Transcript of Physical Geography. Massive continent, 2 nd largest. Large, complex, and often misunderstood ...
INTRODUCTION Massive continent, 2nd largest. Large, complex, and often
misunderstood Equally in North and South hemisphere
A VAST PLATEAU Huge plateau covers most of Africa (1,000
ft. above sea level).
Basins - huge depressions on plateau (Chad, Sudan, Congo Basins). Water collects here.
Plateaus separated by escarpments—steep slope with flat plateau on top
RIVERS Africa’s rivers contain many waterfalls,
rapids, and gorges. These features make rivers less useful
for transportation Congo River (2,900 mi.)- largest
network of waterways on the African continent, largely impassable (32 waterfalls)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66qKHLhAWyQ
DISTINCTIVE LANDFORMS Rift Valleys- long thin valley created by
the moving apart of continental plates in East Africa.
Stretch over 4,000 mi. from Jordan to Mozambique
NATURAL RESOURCES Story of plenty and scarcity Africa has a large amount of the world’s
minerals, but many countries lack the industrial base or money to develop them
Major source of conflict in the area
CASE STUDY: WEST AFRICA
Ghana’s Stability Sierra Leone
Exports gold, diamonds, magnesium, bauxite to industrialized countries
second highest per capita income in West Africa
Post-colonial switch to democracy brought military rule, civil war
past decade’s free elections and political stability grow the economy
Once produced high-quality diamonds, but civil wars destroyed economy
Low 31% literacy rate means few skilled workers
Poor transportation system, few highways and roads
WEALTH OF MINERALS One of the world’s richest continents Large amounts of gold, platinum(South Africa-
80%), chromium (South Africa, world largest producer), cobalt (42 % of world’s supply), copper, diamonds, and many others
Ores and minerals account for ½ of export value.
This mineral wealth hasn’t meant economic prosperity for most of the population.
19th-20th century European colonialism to develop these resources, many nations have been slow to develop infrastructure and industries as a result.
OIL RESOURCES Nigeria is a leading petroleum producer,
Angola and Gabon have developing petroleum industries.
DIVERSITY OF RESOURCES Agriculture- single most important
economic activity (1/3 of exports). 66% earn their living via agriculture
Coffee, 2nd most profitable commodity (20%)
Lumber Sugar, palm oil, cocoa Cash crops for direct sale (coffee,
tea, sugar) such crops take up farmland
needed for growing food
*ISSUE: BUILDING INDUSTRIES
Commodity- agricultural or mining product that can be sold
“One-commodity” countries rely on export of one or two commodities
value varies daily based on worldwide supply and demand
this makes “one-commodity” nations’ economies unstable
Economists want Africans to diversify, or create variety in economies
promote manufacturing to achieve economic growth and stability
CLIMATE Most of Sub-Saharan Africa lies between
the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (90%), has a tropical climate with warm temperatures.
This area experiences two seasons (2 wet, 2 dry), defined by rainfall, the temperatures never drop below freezing.
Why is that important? In temperate zones rain is reliable
(North), but in other areas it can be very unreliable.
Drought= fact of life (especially in the East)
A GRASSY CONTINENT Grasslands, rain forests, and various
plants Tropical grasslands covers most of the
continent. Serengeti Plain- in Northern Tanzania-
some of the best grasslands in the world, many grazing animals (wildebeests, gazelles, and zebras)
Place where the largest numbers of land mammals still make annual migrations.
RAIN FOREST The major rainforests are located near
the equator, in the Congo Basin. Home to hundreds of tree species, birds
etc. Most animals live in the canopy,
uppermost layer of branches.
TOURISM: WEALTH AND PROBLEMS Wildlife parks in Kenya, Uganda,
Tanzania attract tourists, income need for food, farmland is threatening
wildlife reserves Mountain Gorilla
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Sahel- “shore of the desert.” A narrow
band of grassland that runs east to west along the southern edge of the Sahara.
Since the 1960s the desert has spread into the Sahel.
This shift is called desertification, which is the expansion of dry conditions into moist areas next to the desert.
Typically this is a long term process, but human activity is accelerating this process.
DESERTIFICATION Overgrazing of vegetation by livestock
exposes the soil, animals also trample soil.
Farming- clearing of land exposes soil to wind. Also, drilling for irrigation prevents the growth of vegetation.
Increasing population levels- require more food = over farming and clearing of land
Results- slowly this process is destroying tropical rainforest around Lake Chad etc.
NIGERIA Oil discovered here in 1956. Rich deposits in the Niger Delta made
the country one of the wealthiest in Africa.
However, the drilling for oil leads to damaged land and a threat to the human population.
Today, Nigeria is the 6th leading oil exporter in the world = 80-90% of income.
Extract 2 million barrels per day, most going to the U.S.
OIL IN NIGERIA In the 1970s high oil process led the
g’ment to borrow heavily for the future sell of oil, but the prices fell.
Mismanagement, poor planning, corruption, and declining prices = economic decline.
Ethnic conflicts and resentment from oil wealth
DESTROYING LAND AND PEOPLE More than 4,000 oil spills occurred in the
Niger Delta over the past 4 decades. Cleanup operations have been slow,
sometimes nonexistent Fires often result, acid rain is produced,
respiratory diseases. Pipeline explosions killed more than
2,000 ppl. (1998-2000)- bandits trying to resell oil.