Phylum Porifera. Porifera Characteristics Freshwater and marine Simplest of all animals Asymmetrical...
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Phylum Porifera
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Porifera Characteristics
•Freshwater and marine
•Simplest of all animals
•Asymmetrical
•No systems for repro, digestion, respiration, sensory, excretion
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Porifera Characteristics
•~ 5,500 extant species
•Highest abundance in unpolluted littoral and tropical reefs
• ~ 75% benthic biomass
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Porifera Characteristics
•Sessile (Adults)
•Suspension-feeders (Adults)
•Multicellular
•Flagellated cells = choanocytes circulate water through water canals
•No tissues
•Cells totipotent
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Porifera Characteristics
• Outer and inner cell layers lack basement membrane
• Middle layer (mesohyl) has motile cells and skeletal material
• Skeletal elements (when present) are calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide and/or collagen fibers
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Taxonomy and classification
•Taxonomy based on skeletal elements
•Now embryological, biochemical, histological, and cytological methods to diagnose sponge taxa
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Three classes (Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida)•Class Calcarea: Calcareous sponges
•Shallow, tropical water, near shore
Leucetta
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Class Calcarea
•Spicules = calcium carbonate
•Calcarean spicules lack hollow canals = strong
Clathrina
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Class Hexactinellida (Glass sponges)
– Silica spicules – Spicules join at right angles, sponge
appears artificial
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Class Demospongiae (Demosponges)
•Largest and most diverse class of sponges, ~ 90 percent of sponges
•Spicules either spongin, an organic substance; or silica, a mineralized substance
OscarellaOscarella
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Class Demospongiae
•Genera Adocia, Halisarca, Myxilla
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Aquiferous system
•Brings water to cells
•1 x 10 cm sponge pumps 22.5 l water daily
•Large sponge filters body mass every 10-20 s
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Sponges are single individuals
•Grow by continually adding cells that differentiate as needed
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Body structure and aquiferous System
Outer layer– Perforated by small holes - dermal pores
or ostia
•Choanoderm: innermost layer of flagellated cells = choanocytes
•Mesohyl: middle layer
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Asconoid sponges
•Asconoid: one-cell thick choanoderm is simple and continuous– ~10 cm height– Thin walls enclose central cavity; atrium
opens outside via osculum– Pinacoderm has specialized cells;
porocytes– External opening of porocyte canal is
ostium or incurrent pore
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Asconoid sponges
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Syconoid sponges
•Syconoid: choanoderm folded– Mesohyl two layers thick:
•Outer region is cortex (contains skeletal material)
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Leuconoid Sponge• Leuconoid: choanoderm subdivided into
separate flagellated chambers
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Flow rate
•Flow rate not uniform throughout
•Water must move slowly over choanoderm– Exchange nutrients, gases, and wastes
•Water leaving osculum must be carried far enough away to prevent fouling
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Cells that line surfaces
•Pinacocytes
•Porocytes
•Choanocytes
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Cells that line surfaces
•Porocytes
– Form ostia– Cylindrical tube-like cells– Contractile - open and close pore to
regulate diameter
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Cells that line the surface
•Choanocytes
– = choanoderm
– Create currents
– Not coordinated in movement
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Cells that secrete skeleton
•Fibrillar collagen– Collencytes– Lophocytes– Spongocytes
•Calcareous and siliceous spicules– Sclerocytes
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Contractile cells
•Myocytes– Contractile cells
– Filament arrangement homologous with smooth muscle cell
– Unlike neurons and true muscle fibers
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Cell Aggregation• Atlantic sponge (Microciona
prolifera)
– Pieces pressed through fine cloth
– Separated cells reorganize
– 2-3 weeks
– Self-recognition
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Support
•Skeletal elements– Organic - collagenous– Inorganic – siliceous (hydrate silicon
dioxide)
•Sponges only animals that use hydrated silica as skeletal material
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Sponge Harvest
•Harvested for thousands of years
•Greeks harvested sponges
•Sponge fishery south of FL, Bahamas, Mediterranean– 1938: 2.6 million lbs
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Sponge Harvest
• Hippospongia
• Spongia
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Spicules
•Microscleres
•Megascleres– Demosponges and
Hexactinellids have both
– Calcareous sponges have only megascleres
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Nutrition, Excretion, and Gas Exchange
• Intracellular digestion
•Continuously circulate water – Size selective feeders
•Food capture– Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
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Excretion
• Ammonia and gas exchange– Diffusion
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Activity and Sensitivity
•Respond to environmental stimuli:– Close ostia or oscula, canal constriction,
backflow
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Reproduction and Development
• Sexual and asexual reproduction– All sponges capable of sexual and asexual
repro
– Processes unknown due to lack of distinct, localized gonads (gametes, embryos occur throughout mesohyl)
– Asynchrony of reproductive activity w/in populations
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Reproduction and Development
• Asexual Reproduction
– All sponges produce viable adults from fragments
– Cellular reorganization “pinches off” branch ends which regenerate into new adults – branching species
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Reproduction and Development
•Asexual Reproduction– Common in Florida’s sponge farms - cuttings
attached to cement structure
– Other processes include formation of gemmules, budding
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Reproduction and Development
•Gemmules
– Produced in winter as dormant bodies
– Coat and supportive cells protects from freezing and desiccation
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Reproduction and Development
•Gemmules
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Reproduction and Development
• Budding
– Squat or elongate club-shaped protrusions from sponge surface
– Buds drop, carried by current, adhere to substratum
– Marine species
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Reproduction and Development
• Sexual Processes– Majority are hermaphroditic; produce sperm
and eggs at different times
•= Sequential hermaphroditism
– Protogyny or protandry may occur once or many times during life
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Reproduction and Development
• Sexual reproduction
• Sperm from choanocytes; eggs from choanocytes and archaeocytes
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Reproduction and Development• Sexual process (Demospongiae and Calcarea)
• Sperm and oocytes released into environment via aquiferous system
– Sperm release -”smoking sponges”
– Fertilization in open water (oviparous)
– Few viviparous: sperm into nearby sponge’s aquiferous system; sperm to oocyte for fertilization
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Reproduction and Development
Madsen sponge releasing sperm
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Reproduction and Development
• Release of larvae (vivipary)– Through aquiferous system or ruptured wall
– Larvae swim hours or days, or crawl along substratum before settling
– Larvae are lecithotrophic = use stored yolk
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Reproduction and Development
•Larval development
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Distribution and Ecology
•Calcareous sponges abundant in shallow waters < 200 m
•Hexactinellids deeper
•Demosponges at all depths
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Distribution and Ecology
• Sensitive to suspended sediments
• Resistant to hydrocarbon and heavy metal contamination
– Why?
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Symbioses
•Commensalism common (small inverts, fishes)
•Protection, habitat, water currents for suspended food particles
•Some organisms utilize sponge for camouflage, small piece on shell or carapace
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Boring Demosponges - harmful to corals and mollusc shells
• = bioerosion; chemical and mechanical removal of fragments by etching cells