Phylogeny and Systematics Chapter 26: (Making “Trees of Life”)
PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS
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Transcript of PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS
PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS
Phylogeny- the evolution history of a species
Systematics- the study of the diversity of life and its phylogenetic history
Fossils
• Fossil record is a substantial but incomplete chronicle of evolutionary history
Zinjanthropus (affectionately known as "Zinj Man", the upper image to the right),
Systematics
• Uses an evolutionary context to study diversity; traces phylogeny using the fossil record, molecular data and other approaches
• Taxonomy is part of systematics
Taxonomy
• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus • Species• The science of classification
Our current system of taxonomy was developed by Carl Linneaus; written in
Latin
Taxon- taxonomic unit at any level
Phylogenic tree represents this taxonomic hierarchy
Binomial nomenclature- Scientific name of an organism consists of its Genus and species (italized)
The lion belongs to the following groups:•Kingdom Animalia (includes all animals)•Phylum Chordata (includes all vertebrate animals, as well as some other more primitive ones)•Class Mammalia (includes all mammals)•Order Carnivora (includes carnivorous mammals, from bears to raccoons to harbor seals)•Family Felidae (includes all cats)•Genus Panthera (includes the great roaring cats: lions, tigers, jaguars, and leopards)•Species leo (lions!)
Cladistic analysis-used to reconstruct evolutionary history and to then construct
phylogenetic trees
A cladogram is a phylogenetic tree with a series of two-way branches (dichotomies). Each dichotomy represents the divergence of two species from a common ancestor.
If the group represents the ancestral species and all of its descendents it is said to be monophyletic taxon (also called a clade)
If the group includes organisms having different ancestry it is said to be polyphyletic taxon
If the group represents some species but excludes some species that share a common ancestor with other species in the taxon it is said to be paraphyletic taxon
A cladogram is based on similarities that reflect relatedness
• For example:
Homology- likeness based on shared ancestry
Homologous structures have the same basic structure but may not have the same function any longer
Analogous structures have the same features without a shared
evolutionary history
This is due to convergent evolution – natural selection leads to similar adaptations because the niche is similar.
Examples of analogous structures :
The jointed leg of insects and vertebrates
The tail fin of fish, whales and lobsters
The eyes of vertebrates and cephalopod
The wings of bats, birds and insects
Shared primitive characters- common to more inclusive taxa
Shared derived characters- unique to a clade (“newly” developed)
Parsimony- the smallest number of evolutionary changes is the simplest explanation and thus the best estimate of the relationships among species
Know these roots:• Analog• Bi• Clado• Homo• Mono• Parsi• Phylo• -geny• nom