Phu My - District Solid Waste Management Plan

People’s Committee of

BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

Project Management Unit “Improvement of Sanitation and Protection of

the Environment in Tuy Hoa City, Phu Yen”

SEPTEMBER 2010

EP&T

Proposal for performing “Consultancy on Developing

Solid Waste Management Detailed Plans for the four

Districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son”

(VIE 07 035 11)

People’s Committee of

BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

DECEMBER 2011

EP&T

PHU MY DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

UP TO 2025

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1. PURPOSE OF THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................................... 4

1.2. THE CONTENTS OF THIS DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................. 4

2. TARGETS FOR DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 4

2.1. LEGAL DOCUMENTS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ................................................................................... 4

2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management ............................................... 4

2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management ............................................ 5

2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ................................... 7

2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 8

2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 9

2.2. THE PROVINCIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................ 10

2.3. DISTRICT DECISIONS REGARDING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 10

2.4. TARGETS FOR THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 10

3. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTE TILL 2025 .............................................................. 12

3.1. DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE ................................................................................................................ 12

3.2. CURRENT SITUATION IN PHU MY DISTRICT ............................................................................................... 12

3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service .................................................. 12

3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Site .................................................................................................. 13

3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery ............................................................................................ 14

3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste ....................................................................................................... 14

3.3. DOMESTIC WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERATION RATE TILL 2025 ....................................................... 14

3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste ................................................ 14

3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025 .......................................................................... 15

3.4. PLAN FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AT SOURCE 2011-2025 ........................................................................ 17

3.4.1. Markets ................................................................................................................................. 17

3.4.2. Households ............................................................................................................................ 18

3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source ..................................................................... 19

3.5. PLAN FOR WASTE COLLECTION 2011 - 2025 ........................................................................................... 25

3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste.................................................................................... 25

3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation ...................................................................................... 27

3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment ....................................................................... 30

3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities ................................................................................. 30

3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles ................................................................. 36

3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers .................................................................... 38

3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System ........................................................................................... 39

3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection ........................................................................ 44

3.6. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 47

3.6.1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 47

3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district ........................................................ 47

3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014 ............................................ 48

3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 49

3.6.5. Organisation and Implementation Structure ........................................................................ 50

3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media ....................................................................... 53


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3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection .................................................................... 54

3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source .................................................................................. 54

3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District ........................................................ 55

3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 – 2025 .............. 56

3.7. REQUIREMENTS TO THE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM .................................................................................... 59

3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 – 2025 ........................................................................... 59

3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill ....................................................................................................... 60

3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................... 62

3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill .............................................................................. 63

3.8. CLOSURE OF DUMPSITES ...................................................................................................................... 64

3.9. COST SAVING BY TREATING ORGANIC WASTE AT SOURCE ........................................................................... 64

4. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TILL 2025 ............................................................ 65

4.1. DEFINITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL/HAZARDOUS WASTE .................................................................................... 65

4.2. CURRENT SITUATION AND PLANS ........................................................................................................... 66

4.3. POSSIBILITIES FOR WASTE PREVENTION AND WASTE MINIMISATION; .............................................................. 67

4.4. PRESENT AND FUTURE QUANTITIES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE .......................................................................... 67

4.5. THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE ................................................................................ 68

4.6. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 68

5. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE .................................................................. 69

5.1. DEFINITION OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE ................................................................................................ 69

5.2. CURRENT SITUATION ........................................................................................................................... 70

5.3. FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF HCW .......................................................................................................... 71

6. IMPLEMENTATION PLANS ................................................................................................................ 71

ANNEX A TABLES OF WASTE QUANTITIES 2010 – 2025 ........................................................................ 72

ANNEX B MAP OF DISTRICT ................................................................................................................. 89

ANNEX C SANITARY LANDFILL CALCULATIONS .................................................................................... 91


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1. Background Binh Dinh Province is located on the coast of Vietnam in the South Central Coast Region. The province had a population of 1.49 million in 2009 and has a land area of 6,025 square kilometres. Within the province, Phu My District borders the coast and is located approximately 50 km North of Quy Nhon. The District capital is Phu My town and the second town is Binh Duong. The District has an area of 550 km2 and the population in 2009 was 169,700 inhabitants. The District is administratively divided into two sub-towns and 17 communes. However, by 2015, My Chanh will become sub-town and is namely An Luong.

1.1. Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan

The purpose of this District Solid Waste Management Plan is to offer and overall strategy for the collection, treatment and disposal of all solid waste generated in Phu My District. The Plan covers the years 2011 through 2020, with a vision to the year 2025. The Plan was developed in close consultation with all stakeholders within the district through meetings, discussions and workshops.

1.2. The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan

This District Solid Waste Management Plan covers the management plans for domestic waste in section 3, for industrial waste in section 4, and for healthcare risk waste in section 5. An overview of the related Government’s laws, Decrees and Regulations on solid waste management is given is section 2. For each type of waste, the Plan provides a description of the current situation, where after the present waste quantities and characteristics are discussed. Hereafter the plans describes the requirements to waste collection, treatment and disposal, the capital and financial costs of the system, as well as cost recovery, requirements to institutional strengthening, capacity development and awareness raising.

2. Targets for District Solid Waste Management

2.1. Legal Documents of the Central Government

2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management

The most important national legal document regarding solid waste management is the Government Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP issued on the 9th April 2007. The document requires four principles applied in solid waste management as follows:

1. Solid waste generators have to pay for the collection, transport and treatment of the waste

2. Solid waste has to be segregated at source, reused, and recycled. Reusable components have to be recovered into input material for production or energy.

3. Technologies which can be used for non-degradable waste treatment or for reducing the waste amount for landfill are prioritised in order to save land resource.

4. The Government encourages the socialisation in the collection, segregation, transport and treatment of solid waste.

The Decree also regulates the items of state management on solid waste and promulgates requirements for the planning and investment of solid waste management. In addition, it regulates in detail the activities of solid waste segregation, collection, storage, transport and


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treatment; as well as the costs for solid waste management. Last but not least, the decree calls for the requirement of monitoring and implementation.

2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

On December 12, 2009 the Prime Minister signed Decision No. 2149/QD-TTg approving the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management till the year 2025 with vision to 2050. The strategy states the following main points:

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a common responsibility of the whole society, in which the Government takes a leading role in order to enhance socialisation, mobilise all the possible resources, and strengthen the investment into the ISWM activities.

ISWM is implemented on the base of regional and intersectional approaches in order to optimise both economic and technical aspects and ensure social and environmental safety.

ISWM is one of the priorities in environmental protection, which takes part in pollution control towards sustainable development of the country.

ISWM should be based on the “polluter pays” principle, according to which waste generators, polluters and environmental degraders are responsible to contribute finance and compensate for the losses as required by current regulations.

Solid waste management should be implemented with an integrated manner in order to take the first priority for waste prevention and reduction at source and enhance reuse and recycling to reduce the quantities of waste for landfilling.

With a clear vision for the year 2050 that all the waste that is generated will be collected, reused, recycled and treated by advanced and environmentally friendly technologies and that the quantities of waste for landfilling will be minimised, the strategy has set the following target figures: By 2015:

85% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted.

50% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 30% should be recovered for reuse or recycling.

30% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 10% in urban areas of other classes should be collected and properly treated.

Reduce 40% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010.

Waste separation at households should be implemented at 50% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist.

80% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 70% should be recovered for reuse or recycling.

60% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated.

85% of non-hazardous and 70% of hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated.

40% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 50% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated.

100% of seriously polluting dumpsites according to Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003 should be treated.

By 2020:


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50% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 30% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated.



90% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 75% should be recovered for reuse or recycling.

70% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated.

100% of non-hazardous and hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated.


By 2025:




100% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 50% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated.


100% of non-hazardous and hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and properly treated.


Furthermore, in order to realise the above set goals, the strategy has pointed out the following tasks for implementation:

1. Prevent and minimise the generation of solid waste 2. Enhance source separation 3. Increase the collection and transport of solid waste 4. Strengthen the reuse and recycling of solid waste 5. Treat solid waste 6. Recover the surroundings of the solid waste treatment facilities.

In addition, the strategy has also pointed out the following main measures for implementation:

1. Improve the system of legal documents and policies regarding solid waste management.

2. Plan and implement the solid waste management plans for all the economic zones and provinces/cities, monitor the implementation of solid waste management plans in the planning of urban and rural residential areas, and plan and implement the plans on the construction of solid waste treatment sites to the level of wards/communes.


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3. Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country. 4. Build resources for the implementation of the strategy 5. Promote scientific research for effectively contributing to ISWM 6. Raise awareness 7. Strengthen international cooperation

Last but not least, in order to ensure successful implementation, the strategy has also proposed 10 implementation programs which are summarised below: No Programme Targets Due year &

leading implementer

01 Promoting the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste

- Set up and implement measures for the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste

- Develop recycling industry

2020 MoNRE

02 Promoting solid waste separation at source

- Set up regulations and guidance on solid waste separation at source

- Disseminate source separation models

2015 MONRE

03 Investing into the construction of solid waste treatment facilities at regional level

Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the economic zones in the whole country as approved by the Prime Minister

2020 MoC

04 Treating domestic solid waste in the urban areas during 2009-2020

Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the urban areas in the whole country, using technologies that limit landfilling

2020 MoC

05 Recovering the environment for the solid waste treatment and landfilling works

- Strictly treat the seriously polluting dumpsites as per Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg

- Improve and upgrade all the current dumpsites in the whole country to meet the required environmental standards

2020 MoNRE

06 Strengthening solid waste management in rural areas and craft villages

Strengthen integrated solid waste management in the rural areas and craft villages

2020 MARD

07 Building a database and a solid waste data monitoring system

Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country in order to enhance the effectiveness of the solid waste management of both the central and local governments

2015 MoNRE

08 Raising public awareness Gradually increase public awareness on the separation, reduction, reuse and recycling of solid waste as well as to protect hygienic conditions

2020 MoIT

09 Building a legal, policy and institutional system for integrated solid waste management

Improve the system of standards, regulations, technical guidance, mechanisms, policies, institutions etc. on integrated solid waste management

2015 MoC

10 Treating healthcare waste during 2009-2025

Ensure by the year 2025 100% solid waste generated by the healthcare establishments be collected and treated properly as required by the environmental standards

2025 MoH

2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

The MoSTE and MoC on January 18, 2001 issued inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for and the construction and operation of solid waste burial sites. First, the circular elaborates requirements for the selection of waste burial site locations. It requires that the burial site


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locations must be determined on the basis of construction planning that has already been approved by the competent state management bodies. Besides, it sets minimum distances from a burial site, depending on its size, to different works including urban areas, airports, industrial parks, residential clusters, ground water exploiting works, etc. For instance, the minimum distance from a small and medium burial site to a delta or midland residential cluster (of more than 5 households) should be 1,000 m at the end of principal wind direction or 300 m to other directions. Furthermore, the document guides the procedure for selection of a model and size for a burial site. Second, the circular regulates the operating procedure of a burial site. This includes the weighing and registration of waste, covering the layers of placed waste with soil or other equal materials, closure of a site, post-closure monitoring, and ultimate (re)use of the site after closure. Third and the last, the circular guides the organisation of implementation, in which it shares the responsibilities of the MoSTE, the MoC and the PCs of provincial level in the selection of location for and operation of waste burial sites.

2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

On December 2007, the Ministry of Construction issued Circular No. 13 /2007/TT-BXD to guide some articles of the Governmental Decree 59/2007/ND-CP of April 9, 2007 on solid waste management. The document covers the following five items: 1. Planning of solid waste management The planning of solid waste management that was defined by Item 1 of Article 7 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP is elaborated in this circular as the “specific construction sectional planning, which includes surveys, projection of generation sources and quantities of both general and hazardous waste; identification of the locations and sizes of transfer stations and the area of collection and transport; selection of sites and sizes for the waste treatment facilities on the base of proper technologies; setting up plans and resources for complete collection and treatment of the solid waste.” The period for planning is stated to be 10 years, 20 years or longer, depending on the period of construction planning. In addition, the circular also lists the requirements for contents and drawings to be covered in a solid waste management plan. 2. Planning of construction of solid waste management works The circular elaborates the planning of construction of solid waste management works which was regulated by Articles 8 and 9 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. It specifies detailed requirements for the planning of total layout of solid waste treatment facilities, including for instance location and capacity, construction area, water and electricity consumption norms, isolation from potentially polluting or explosive areas, monitoring locations, proposal of landscape recovery and ultimate use of the site after closure, etc. 3. Recovery and reuse of solid waste treatment areas after closure The document requires closure of landfills that have been filled up with waste according to the design and unsanitary landfills. It also suggests possible alternatives of reuse of the sites such as, for instance, entertainment, sports, parking areas etc. 4. Preparation and management of budget for solid waste treatment According to the circular, the budget preparation should cover all the costs including collection, transport and treatment of solid waste to ensure full recovery of the costs and development of the treatment facilities’ owners; as well as to encourage the socialisation of solid waste treatment. The document also requires that the prepared budget be approved by the chairman of the province PC level. 5. Organisation for implementation


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The circular requires the ministries and PCs of provincial level to prepare, appraise and approve solid waste management plans as regulated by Article 10 of Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. Furthermore it requires the PCs of provincial level to appraise and approve construction plans for solid waste treatment of provincial and inter-provincial regional scales. Finally it requires the PCs of provincial level to be responsible for closing unsanitary dumpsites as regulated by Decision 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003.

2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD was issued by the MoC on January 27, 2011 to guide the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for construction and urban planning. The objectives of the document include not only regional, general, sub-regional and detailed planning, but also rural residential planning and specific technical infrastructural planning, which all are thereafter called construction planning. It is organised into 5 chapters and 23 articles, covering general regulations, methods of SEA, contents of SEA, report compilation and appraisal, and organisation of implementation. In general, the document requires SEA to be part of a construction planning and be conducted in parallel to the planning process. Besides the general requirements for an SEA, such as the main environmental issues to focus on and scientific basis for the methods to be used, the circular requires that the contents of an SEA should not be contradictory to or replicated of the ones shown in the plans of higher levels of the current plan. In addition, it requires that the appraisal of such SEAs be carried out in parallel to the appraisal of the plan. The requirements for SEA for specific technical infrastructural planning are elaborated in Article 16 of the document. Regarding SEA for solid waste treatment planning this article specifies the following contents:

Assessing and comparing both positive and negative environmental impacts of different alternatives for collection routes, location and size of transfer stations and treatment facility, treatment technology;

Composition of both general and hazardous waste;

Topographical properties and the possibility of soil pollution at the site;

Ground water characteristics and the possibility of ground water pollution at the treatment site;

Surface water characteristics, flow direction and its distance to the treatment site;

Air emission and odour from the treatment site;

Adverse social impacts on the local communities in the area of the treatment site or along side the transport route.

Furthermore, Article 21 of the circular imposes the responsibilities of preparation, appraisal and approval of construction plans as follows:

1. The organisations and individuals who prepare, appraise or approve construction plans are responsible for implementing SEA for the plans as required in this Circular.

2. After the construction plan has been approved and announced, the construction planner is responsible for extracting the SEA or its summary to post on the webpage of the local government and submit a copy (formatted as a pdf or word file) to the MoC’s address as [email protected]

Last but not least, Article 23 of the document states that this circular comes into affect from March 15, 2011 and that it replaces the MoC’s Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD of August 8, 2000


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guiding the preparation of EIA for construction plans. It can therefore be expected that the DSWMPs that are being developed for the for districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son under the BTC funded project Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Binh Dinh Province do not have to follow Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD, i.e. prepare SEA, as they all started in November 2010.

2.2. The Provincial Solid Waste Management Plan

In August 2009 the People’s Committee of Binh Dinh Province decision no. 637 approved the Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020. It should be noted that since the provincial plan was developed and subsequently approved prior to the national strategy, it could not use the national strategy as a legal basis. The plan advocates “using “current solid waste management methods of the advanced countries in the world, and adjusting it to the suited to the conditions of Viet Nam.” The plan emphasises the importance of minimising the amount of solid waste that is landfilled, in order to minimise both the environmental impacts and the investment costs. The plan calls for treatment facilities in every district, city and town; where the operation radius of each solid waste treatment plant is about 20 km. By 2020, eighty percent of the domestic solid waste from urban areas outside Quy Nhon must be collected and treated. The plan basically calls for at source separation of domestic solid waste in urban areas. It foresees utilising the organic faction of the waste to produce fertilizer and to place the remaining waste in sanitary landfills. The plan has set the following target figures: By 2015:

- 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 70% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated.

- 100% of solid waste generated from industrial parks should be collected and treated by appropriated measures.

By 2020:

- 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 80% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated.

- 100% of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas should be segregated at source. The plan includes projections of the quantity of solid waste generated in the whole province to the years 2015 and 2020. In addition, it suggests a model for solid waste management in urban areas which consists of not only sanitary landfills but also composting and other recycling activities. For rural areas of the province the model only foresees the use of landfills for waste disposal. Finally, the plan has proposed 10 solid waste treatment complexes for the whole province of Binh Dinh, each of which include as one of the components, a landfill.

2.3. District Decisions regarding Solid Waste Management

There are no District decisions or regulations pertaining to solid waste management. The District follows the provincial regulations that govern the management of solid waste.

2.4. Targets for the District Solid Waste Management

In general and in accordance with the national and provincial policies, the management of solid waste should follow the following sequence of priorities:


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Reduction in the quantity of waste produced and to reduce its negative impacts

Recycle the waste, where the discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products;

Use of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling as source of energy;

Disposal of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling nor for energy recovery, as well as the remains of waste from which energy has been recovered, without endangering human health and without using processes or methods which could harm the environment.

The above prioritisation is also in line with international practices. Ideally all waste generation should be avoided; where this is not possible, the quantity of waste should be minimised. Hereafter the hierarchy advocates recycling, energy recovery and final disposal in a landfill. For energy recovery, the most common solution is incineration of waste to generate steam and electricity; another possibility is to produce biogas from the biodegradable organic fraction of the waste. As can be seen from the above, placing the generated solid waste in a landfill is the least favoured option, however, by removing the waste from populated areas and placing it in a landfill, a number of health and environmental problems are solved. To reach the above-mentioned national and provincial policy goals, the solid waste management system in Phu My District has to be improved. The percentage of waste currently collected has to be increased in order to prevent pollution through illegal dumping. The waste volumes to be disposed of should be minimised, since with the disposal of waste many useful materials are lost, for the same reason recycling and reuse should be encouraged. Since the existing dumpsites within the District have a negative impact on the quality of water, air and soil, measures must be taken to reduce the harmful environmental impact caused by these sites. Furthermore, both healthcare risk waste and industrial waste are generated within the District, and these also need to be collected, treated and disposed of correctly. Today, almost all the healthcare waste is properly treated; only the waste arising from about 20 private clinics still needs to be included in the existing system. For industrial wastes, there is currently no plan in place for their management. The objectives of this District Solid Waste Management Plan are as follows: Objective no. 1: Reduce the negative impact of uncollected or dumped domestic waste on

the health of the population and on the environment Targets aiming at a reduction in negative health and environmental impacts of domestic waste are:

By the year 2020, 60% of all domestic solid waste produced in the District is recycled, composted or placed in a central landfill.

All inhabitants in hamlets, villages and towns within the District shall have access to waste collection services by the year 2020.

Efforts will be made to reduce the waste volume through the composting (or other treatment) of market waste, as well as the organic faction or household waste in rural areas.

All waste shall be placed in the District landfill from 2015.

All existing dumpsites shall be closed and covered with soil by the year 2016.


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Objective no. 2: Ensure the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimise all forms

of pollution from industrial waste Targets aiming at the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimising pollution from industrial waste are:

By the year 2020, all waste from small, medium and large industries must be transported to landfill(s) approved by the District authorities.

Hazardous waste must be separated from the non-hazardous industrial waste and treated in a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility.

By 2012 all healthcare risk waste generated within the district must be treated properly.

3. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025

3.1. Definition of Solid Waste

In Decree No. 59/2007/NĐ-CP issued by Vietnamese Government on April 9th 2007, it is elaborated that solid wastes means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities. Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste. Solid waste generated in daily-life activities of individuals, households or at public places is collectively referred to as daily-life solid waste. In this District Solid Waste Management Plan we will refer to domestic solid waste rather than daily-life solid waste, where domestic solid waste refers to the waste collected by the local authorities or their delegated concessionaires or contractors. Domestic solid waste is hence defined as any garbage, refuse from household kitchens, canteens, markets, residences, commerce, industries or other sources, except for solid waste generation from industrial production processes, health care activities and construction. Hence, domestic solid waste is a mixture of various waste streams and its composition will be dependent on what sources (housing, shops, industries, etc.) are provided with services by the local authorities 1. Thus it must be understood that “domestic solid waste” is the waste collected by the local authorities or their agents and that the waste composition will be dependent on where the garbage truck collects waste.

3.2. Current Situation in Phu My District

3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service

From 1997 to 2005 the District People’s Committee paid for a small tractor to collect waste within the District. In 2005 the waste collection work was awarded to the Transportation and Public Works Unit which was initially established by the District People’s Committee to ensure road maintenance, street lighting and green areas. The unit’s total staff is 25; whereof eight are responsible for waste management: Five people work in the field and three have office positions. The company collects waste in both Phu My and Binh Duong towns; as well as from Binh Tri village of My Quang Commune and the centre of My Hiep commune. The Transportation and Public Works Unit states that Phu My has 12,000 inhabitants and that 70% of the generated waste in collected; Binh Duong has a population of 7,000 and here 50% of the waste is collected.

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This is identical to the definition generally used for Municipal Solid Waste. The term “domestic solid waste” is used in

the Plan, to avoid the confusion that the term “municipal solid waste” may cause.


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In Binh Tri village of My Quang Commune the company collects waste from 2,000 inhabitants and in the centre of My Hiep commune from 450 households.

The compacting truck used to collect waste in Phu My District

Waste awaiting collection in Binh Duong

The company uses a 5.3 m3 compactor truck that was purchased new in 2008; the truck has a fully functional hydraulic lift for bins. Waste collection time is divided between Phu My town in the morning and Binh Duong town in the afternoon. Every day the truck makes two trips to the dumpsite with a full load. In the opinion of the company, this corresponds to approximately 30% of all waste generated within the District. The company owns seventy 240 litre bins and ten 120 litre bins; these are used in some residential areas for collecting waste and the inhabitants are expected to carry their waste to the bins. In most of the area, waste is collected off the streets and directly into the garbage truck. The garbage truck works in two shifts, with four workers and one driver. One shift takes care of the waste collection in Phu My town and the second of the waste collection in Binh Duong town. In the areas of Phu My where bins are used, these are emptied using the hydraulic lift on the truck. The Transportation and Public Works Unit collects about 10 tonnes of waste per day.

3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Site

There are two dumpsites within Phu My District. These are located in proximity to the towns of Phu My and Binh Duong. The DPC subsidises the operation of these dumpsites with about 60 million VND every year.

The Phu My Dumpsite

The dumpsite is located about six kilometres from Phu My town. It is North of the town and about one kilometre East of Highway no. 1. The site is 9,000 m2 and is operated by digging a trench for the waste. After the waste is placed in the landfill, Effective Microorganisms (“EM”) is sprayed over the waste to assist with minimising odours and the waste volume through accelerated decomposition. The waste on the landfill is also reduced in volume through setting fire to garbage on the dumpsite.

The Phu My dumpsite


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Soil cover is used on the dumpsite. One drawback of this site is the poor condition of the access road.

The Binh Duong Dumpsite

The Binh Duong dumpsite is located on the outskirts of Binh Duong town. This dumpsite bears very few signs of any form of planning of the waste disposal. The site is relatively small.

The Binh Duong dumpsite

3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery

The District follows the regulation of Binh Dinh Provincial People’s Committee with respect to waste collection fees. The fees are presently as follows:

10,000 VND/household/month in main streets

6,000 – 8,000 VND/household/month in alleys The company collects the fees and all the received funds are used for the company’s activities. The total amount of fees collected in 2009 was 280 million VND and in 2010 the company expects to collect a total of 310 million VND. Of this 53 million is saved as the depreciation on the garbage truck.

3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste

Clubroot is a disease that attacks plants of the mustard family such as cabbage, collards, kale, mustard, brussel sprouts, radish, turnip, rutabaga, cauliflower, broccoli, rape, and kohlrabi. The clubroot disease causes the abnormal swelling of roots and occasionally on stems below ground, and it is very difficult to eradicate. Therefore, the prevention of the disease is essential, as an outbreak is very costly to farmers over a large area, as the disease is spread by the wind and water. A common cause of the clubroot disease is the burial of field waste, such as remains of cabbage after harvest and these can cause the growth of the clubroot fungus underground as the vegetables decompose. The practice of burying such field waste seems common is some districts within Binh Dinh province2, it is important that the farmers are made aware of the risks of infection caused by this practice and that they are trained to manage such field waste safely.

3.3. Domestic Waste Characteristics and Generation Rate till 2025

3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste

The domestic solid waste composition was analysed in Phu My town in 2010; the results can be found in the Baseline Survey for the districts and in Somers’ report Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province. The results were used to calculate the average composition of the street waste and the market waste. The results are given in the section below.

2 Mr. Todd Hyman


15

Based on the detailed analysis of almost 3 tonnes of domestic solid waste from all four districts, it was found that the average waste composition by weight is as follows:

The results of these waste analyses are is very much in line with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province where the solid waste is found to contain 60.8% organic waste. A total of 650 kg of samples of waste from the main markets in each of the four districts was analysed by Somers. The average composition by weight was found to be as follows:

As could be expected, the waste from wet markets contains a higher percentage of organic waste. It is anticipated that the composition of the waste remains unchanged until the year 2025.

3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025

The estimates of the quantities of domestic solid waste generated are based on the size of the population. The population in Phu My District was 169,645 people in 2009 and is expected to grow annually by 1.16%3. This means that the population of Phu My district will increase from 172,000 in year 2010 to around 204,000 in year 2025. Here, it is assumed that the population growth is linear and takes place with the same growth rate in the communes as for the towns. On the basis of these assumptions, the estimated population growth within the strategy period has been calculated as shown in Appendix A and as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

3 Somers: Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai

Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province

Result streets %

Type %

organic 60.38%

recycleables 5.86%

non recycleables 33.60%

hazardous 0.17%

Total 100.00%

Result Markets %

Type %

organic 76.5%

recycleables 6.9%

non recycleables 16.6%

hazardous 0.0%

Total 100.0%


16

Fig. 3.1 Increased population in Phu My district within the strategy period.

Within Binh Dinh Province, as in Vietnam as a whole, the availability of reliable data on waste production is limited. Based on the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province the waste generation rates are taken as follows: Cities of rank III & IV: 0.9 kg/person/day Towns of rank V: 0.8 kg/person/day For communes the figure of 0.5 kg/person/day has been used, as this seems a generally accepted quantity for rural settlements. At present the collection rates for Phu My and Binh Duong towns, as well as every commune, are based on information and estimates from the district. My Chanh commune will become An Luong Town in 2015 and is therefore included as a rank V town in the estimation of waste quantities. Furthermore, proposed collection rates have been set up to the year 20254. At present, the figures aim for a collection of 80% in 2020, based on the resolution of the Provincial Party General Meeting Nr. 17: “Up to 2020: 100% of the domestic solid waste from Quy Nhon city, 80% of the domestic solid waste from other urban areas are collected and treated” 5. The waste generation tables can be found in Annex A. As it can also be seen from these tables, it is estimated that currently 15% of the waste in Phu My and Binh Duong towns (as well as the future An Luong Town) and 10% of the domestic solid waste generated in the communes is sold to scavengers and recyclers. This is the cardboard, paper, bottles, cans and metals that are sorted at source by the households. It is estimated that these quantities will increase slightly over the coming years to 18% and 12% respectively. Furthermore, it is expected that increased awareness raising and encouragement from the Water Supply and Sanitation Project will lead to increased levels of composting and other forms of treatment for organic waste, eventually leading to 15% of organic waste in Phu My and Binh

4

At present EP&T have set the collection rates – these should be revised by the District together with the consultant

during the next phase of the planning. 5

Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province page 6

-

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

Po

pu

lati

on

in P

hu

My

dis

tric

t

Year

Towns Communes Phu My district


17

Duong towns being treated at source and 30% in the communes. Of the remaining waste, it is expected that by the year 2015, 70% will be collected in Phu My and Binh Duong towns. All communes are expected to have a collection rate of 30% in 2015. By 2020, the collection rate will be 80% in the two towns and 40% in the communes. The collection rates are expected to further increase to 50% by 2025 in the communes. Hence the waste collection rate will gradually increase as shown in the tables and as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.

Fig. 3.2 Increased domestic solid waste collection rates within the strategy period.

By 2015 it is expected that approximately 100 tonnes per day of waste will be generated, of which 53% will receive treatment: 30.7 tonnes per day (30%) will be recycled at source and another 22.9 tonnes (23%) will be placed in a landfill. By 2020, 66% of all waste generated within the District is expected to receive some form of treatment.

3.4. Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025

A significant percentage of the domestic solid waste generated within the District is already treated at source: homes, shops and offices all separate their waste at source and sell materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, plastics and cans to passing scavengers. It is generally estimated at least 10 to 20% of the overall waste stream is removed at the household level in South East Asia and then passed on as recyclable materials to scavengers or waste buyers. Hence many tonnes of recyclable materials are kept separate from the general waste everyday and never enter the waste stream. This not only recovers materials, but also means that less waste has to be collected and treated. There are also possibilities of reusing the organic portion of the waste. Today, a lot of food waste from restaurants and other commercial kitchens is used as pig feed. Likewise, people who raise animals are likely to use leftover food to feed their animals. There are other possibilities for reusing the organic portion of the waste stream. These are described in the following sections.

3.4.1. Markets

The solid wastes from the wet markets contain a high percentage of organic materials (approximately 76%). Therefore, reuse of market wastes for onsite composting is a potential option that would help to reduce amount of waste to be landfilled and produce a compost or soil amendment for farmers. In this case, the organic waste from the market stalls must be collected

-

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

DSW

Co

llect

ion

rat

e (%

)

Year

Towns Communes Phu My district


18

separately, stored in the market’s waste storage area until it can be taken to the composting site. One of many possible technologies, using the Toptex,6 is described in the following: This basic model, focusing on centralized collection and composting of organic waste, is seen all over the world. Materials to be composted may vary from separated organic waste from households, to wet market waste and even the solid fraction of animal manure. Sometimes organic additions such as straw may be needed to assure sufficient porosity, dry matter content and to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio. A Toptex fleece allows water vapour (and gases) to be released from the compost heap, yet avoiding entrance of rain water in the heap. Due to the lower gas emission, this is also the most environmentally friendly composting technique. The process of composting is fairly simple, but some experience will be needed make good quality compost. In short, organic waste is shredded, put in heaps and covered by Toptex fleece. To allow sufficient air to enter the heaps, turning is necessary. This can be done manually or by machines. After about 45 days, the compost is sieved and bagged.

3.4.2. Households

Households can also treat their organic waste to produce compost or other products (see below). Therefore, households should be encouraged to separate food refuse for composting, as well as separating valuable materials for selling to recycling shops. Then only non-recyclable materials will have to be collected by the waste collection company, thereby greatly reducing the waste management costs for the district, town and/or commune. Of course this option is only feasible if households are willing to do so, otherwise the waste will be a mixture of organic and other waste. Therefore, awareness raising and education will be required to make the two following technologies popular7: Mesophilic storage units are concrete or brick storage bins in which the volume and weight of organic waste is reduced by natural processes (bacteria, fungi, larvae, worms). The bins are in the first place designed to serve one households. The bins are designed to receive waste that naturally breaks down within a period of about one year (bone and shell are exceptions that will break down over a longer period). Data collected by the project from tests of the solid waste treatment model with mesophilic bins at the 4 districts resulted in the following findings: After 2 months of demonstration, the outcome was: • The more larvae the bins had, the highly decomposed the waste was. For the bins that larvae developed a lot, the decomposition was about 80% - 90% (daily produced organic waste > 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); • For the bins that larvae developed normally, the decomposition was 60% - 70% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); • For the bins that larvae developed just a little, the decomposition was only 40% - 50% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was garden waste); • For the bins that there were no larvae, the decomposition was only 20% - 30% (most of the waste was garden waste and pig faeces).

6

The description of the Toptex technology is based on Somers’ Phase 3 draft report. 7

The descriptions of the Mesophilic unit and the BSF unit are based on Somers’ Phase 3 draft report.


19

Mesophilic bin

Waste that can be placed in the bin includes food preparation waste, table scraps, spent bouquets of flowers and small amounts of garden waste. A household bins might receive 3 kg’s of waste per day. The small lid is opened and the waste is thrown in the bin. Mesophilic bacteria and fungi require oxygen. That is why the sides of the bin have aeration holes. But these holes are not enough to keep the contents of the bin fully aerated. A certain amount of stirring is required. It is recommended to stir once a week. Without sufficient stirring, foul odours are created. Once a year, the bin needs to be cleaned out. This is the only time that the large lid needs to be opened. The contents of the storage bins can be collected, shredded and then routed to composting operations using Toptex, see the previous section for a description.

A second model is operated by waste collectors or scavengers. These collect organic waste and use it for a operating a small commercial black soldier fly (BSF) larvae production. In this model, the waste collectors are encouraged to separated waste that can be fed to BSF larvae, who convert the organic waste in to growth. This could be done in their house or at a local place where a few waste collectors work together. The larvae can be sold as animals feed for chicken, frog, turtle, fish and pigs. The waste collectors are already separating a number of recyclables and make an extra income from selling these. Therefore, it seems feasible that the same person would also collect specific organic waste and sells BSF larvae. BSF larvae can eat just about any type of fresh putrescent waste, even meat and dairy products; they can consume all food waste and some parts of the non-food waste.

3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source

Estimation of number of organic treatment units needed is based on the following assumptions: - 20% of the organic waste to be treated at source is from markets and the remainder is from

households; - 75% of the organic waste from markets will be composted using Toptex technology and the

remainder will be treated in mesophilic bins. The size of a compost pile is 1 m (width) x 0,6 m (height) x 10 m (length), specific gravity of organic waste to be composted is 450 kg/m3. Thus, each compost pile can receive 1350 kg of organic waste and it has to be incubated for 45 days . Each compost pile has to be covered by approximately 14 m2 of Toptex. Each mesophilic bin can receive 15 kg organic waste/day.

- Organic waste from households will be treated in mesophilic bins or in biopods with black soldier fly larvae production. 90% of organic waste from households will be treated by mesophilic bins and the remains will be treated by biopods. It is planned that each mesophilic bin will be shared by 2 households. Thus, amount of organic waste to be treated in each mesophilic bin at households in the town will be (0.52 kg/person/day x 5 person/household x 2 household =) 5,2 kg/bin/day. While in the communes, each mesophilic bin will receive approximately (0.325 kg/person/day x 5 persons/household x 2 households =) 3.25 kg/bin/day.

- Cost of Toptex material is 30,000 VND/m2;


20

- A mesophilic bin will cost 350,000 VND; - A price of the biopod made of composite is 1,200,000 VND. - Toptex can be used for 5 years. Mesophilic units and bipods can last for 15 years.

Total number of compost piles, mesophilic units and biopods expected to be invested for Phu My District is estimated and summarized in Table 3.1. Distribution of these organic treatment units for towns and communes are described in Table 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5. Investment cost for organic waste treatment facilities of Phu My is described in Table 3.6.

Table 3.1 Number of units required to treat organic waste using Toptex, mesophilic units and

biopods up to 20258

Year

Number of organic waste treatment units needed

Organic waste of markets Organic waste of households

Compost piles Mesophilic bins Mesophilic bins Biopods

2012 0 0 0 0

2013 43 29 1,186 211

2014 69 45 1,889 336

2015 89 58 2,427 431

2016 90 59 2,455 436

2017 91 60 2,483 441

2018 112 73 3,046 542

2019 113 74 3,082 548

2020 141 93 3,856 686

2021 143 94 3,901 693

2022 144 95 3,946 702

2023 146 96 3,992 710

2024 148 97 4,038 718

2025 150 98 4,085 726

8 The programme for treating organic waste at source can be started earlier if so desired.


21

Table 3.2 Demand on compost piles using Toptex for Phu My District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of compost piles

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Binh Duong 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4

2 Phu My 0 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8

3 My Duc 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7

4 My Chau 0 2 3 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8

5 My Thang 0 3 4 6 6 6 7 8 9 9 9 9 10 10

6 My Loc 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7

7 My Loi 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7

8 My An 0 2 3 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8

9 My Phong 0 2 3 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 8

10 My Trinh 0 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6

11 My Tho 0 4 6 8 8 8 10 10 13 13 13 13 13 13

12 My Hoa 0 2 4 5 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8

13 My Thanh 0 3 4 6 6 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 10

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 10 10 10 10 10

15 My Quang 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

16 My Hiep 0 4 5 7 7 8 9 10 12 12 12 12 12 12

17 My Tai 0 3 4 6 6 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9

18 My Cat 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

19 My Chanh Tay 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

TOTAL 0 43 69 89 90 91 112 113 141 143 144 146 148 150


22

Table 3.3 Demand on mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of markets for Phu My District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of markets

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Binh Duong 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

2 Phu My 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5

3 My Duc 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 My Chau 0 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 My Thang 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

6 My Loc 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

7 My Loi 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

8 My An 0 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

9 My Phong 0 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

10 My Trinh 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

11 My Tho 0 3 4 5 5 5 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9

12 My Hoa 0 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

13 My Thanh 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 7 7

15 My Quang 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

16 My Hiep 0 2 4 5 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8

17 My Tai 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

18 My Cat 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

19 My Chanh Tay 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

TOTAL 0 29 45 58 59 60 73 74 93 94 95 96 97 98


23

Table 3.4 Demand on mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of households for Phu My District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of households

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Binh Duong 0 32 64 65 65 66 67 68 103 104 105 106 108 109

2 Phu My 0 66 133 134 136 138 139 141 214 216 219 221 224 226

3 My Duc 0 52 79 106 107 109 137 139 169 171 173 175 177 179

4 My Chau 0 60 92 124 125 126 160 162 196 199 201 203 206 208

5 My Thang 0 77 116 157 159 160 203 205 249 252 255 258 261 264

6 My Loc 0 52 80 107 109 110 139 140 170 172 174 176 178 181

7 My Loi 0 53 80 108 109 111 140 142 172 174 176 178 180 182

8 My An 0 60 92 124 125 127 160 162 197 199 201 204 206 208

9 My Phong 0 62 95 128 129 131 165 167 203 205 208 210 213 215

10 My Trinh 0 45 69 93 94 95 120 122 148 150 151 153 155 157

11 My Tho 0 106 162 218 220 223 282 285 346 350 354 359 363 367

12 My Hoa 0 64 97 131 132 134 169 171 208 210 213 215 218 220

13 My Thanh 0 75 114 154 156 158 200 202 245 248 251 254 257 260

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0 80 161 163 165 167 169 171 259 262 265 268 271 275

15 My Quang 0 49 74 99 101 102 129 130 158 160 162 164 166 167

16 My Hiep 0 98 148 200 203 205 259 262 318 322 326 329 333 337

17 My Tai 0 75 113 153 155 156 198 200 243 246 249 251 254 257

18 My Cat 0 48 72 97 98 100 126 127 155 156 158 160 162 164

19 My Chanh Tay 0 32 48 65 66 66 84 85 103 104 105 107 108 109

TOTAL 0 1,186 1,889 2,427 2,455 2,483 3,046 3,082 3,856 3,901 3,946 3,992 4,038 4,085


24

Table 3.5 Demand on biopods to treat organic waste of households for Phu My District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of biopods to treat organic waste of households

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Binh Duong 0 6 11 11 12 12 12 12 18 18 19 19 19 19

2 Phu My 0 12 24 24 24 24 25 25 38 38 39 39 40 40

3 My Duc 0 9 14 19 19 19 24 25 30 30 31 31 31 32

4 My Chau 0 11 16 22 22 22 28 29 35 35 36 36 37 37

5 My Thang 0 14 21 28 28 29 36 36 44 45 45 46 46 47

6 My Loc 0 9 14 19 19 20 25 25 30 31 31 31 32 32

7 My Loi 0 9 14 19 19 20 25 25 31 31 31 32 32 32

8 My An 0 11 16 22 22 23 28 29 35 35 36 36 37 37

9 My Phong 0 11 17 23 23 23 29 30 36 37 37 37 38 38

10 My Trinh 0 8 12 17 17 17 21 22 26 27 27 27 28 28

11 My Tho 0 19 29 39 39 40 50 51 62 62 63 64 64 65

12 My Hoa 0 11 17 23 24 24 30 30 37 37 38 38 39 39

13 My Thanh 0 13 20 27 28 28 36 36 44 44 45 45 46 46

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0 14 29 29 29 30 30 30 46 47 47 48 48 49

15 My Quang 0 9 13 18 18 18 23 23 28 28 29 29 29 30

16 My Hiep 0 17 26 36 36 36 46 47 57 57 58 59 59 60

17 My Tai 0 13 20 27 27 28 35 36 43 44 44 45 45 46

18 My Cat 0 8 13 17 18 18 22 23 27 28 28 28 29 29

19 My Chanh Tay 0 6 9 12 12 12 15 15 18 19 19 19 19 19

TOTAL 0 211 336 431 436 441 542 548 686 693 702 710 718 726


25

Table 3.6 Total investment cost of Toptex, mesophilic units and biopods for Phu My District up to

2025

Year New investment Investment cost (x 1,000 VND)

Toptex invested (m2)

Mesophilic bins Biopods Toptex

Mesophilic bins Biopods

2012 0 0 0 0 0 0

2013 608 1,214 211 18,232 424,976 252,944

2014 360 720 125 10,810 251,966 149,969

2015 276 551 96 8,273 192,844 114,780

2016 14 29 5 433 10,090 6,005

2017 1,258 29 5 37,754 10,207 6,075

2018 896 577 100 26,891 201,829 120,128

2019 378 36 6 11,353 12,666 7,539

2020 673 793 138 20,181 277,549 165,196

2021 37 46 8 1,121 16,033 9,543

2022 1,282 46 8 38,450 16,219 9,653

2023 920 47 8 27,595 16,407 9,765

2024 402 47 8 12,065 16,597 9,879

2025 697 48 8 20,901 16,790 9,993

Total 7,802 4,183 726 234,060 125,500 21,787

The cost for this equipment may seem high, but investment in the treatment of organic waste at source greatly reduces the quantity of waste that has to be collected, transported and deposited in a sanitary landfill. The savings in investments in bins, pushcarts, garbage trucks and sanitary landfill far outweigh the costs of the investment in the above equipment for the treatment of organic waste at source.

3.5. Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025

3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste

STREET SWEEPING Street sweeping will be applied in central areas of Phu My and Binh Duong towns. In rural areas of communes, it is not necessary to implement street sweeping. Street sweeping will be organised every day for main streets in administrative and central zones of the town, at parks and bus station. Workers will sweep along the sidewalk; pavement and roadside and collect garbage into the pushcart for later transfer to a transportation vehicle. PUBLIC AREAS Public areas such as parks, the bus station and the main streets in the administrative zone are equipped with garbage bins where required. Waste from these bins is collected by garbage compactor trucks and transported to the landfill.


26

COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM HOUSEHOLDS Waste collection mode for households along main roads in town/sub-town For waste collection in towns, where the households are close to each other, “door to door” collection mode with stationary container system is strong recommended. Waste collectors will start with empty pushcart from the first house of a collection route to pick up waste bag/ basket , empty it and return bag/ basket to the house (if necessary) and then continue doing the same at the next houses until pushcart is fully loaded. Waste collectors will push the loaded pushcart to a waste transfer point, waiting for emptying it into waste transportation vehicles. The waste collectors can either use a second pushcart to continue collecting waste from another route or they will have to wait for the transfer of waste to the transportation vehicle. This will depend on the number of pushcarts available. This waste collection mode for households located along main roads is illustrated in Fig. 3.3. In this area, waste from households will be collected every two days. Time of collection will be set up depending up agreement between households and waste collectors and the time of transferring waste from the pushcarts to the transportation vehicles.

Fig. 3.3 Waste collection mode for households located along main roads.

Waste collection mode for households located along alleys in town/sub-town For households located along paved alleys, where pushcarts can enter easily, the same collection mode as described in Fig 3.3 is recommended. For very narrow alleys or non-paved alleys, the inhabitants have to carry their waste out of the alley to a bin/container on the main streets. Waste collection mode for communes In the urban areas of a commune, “door to door” waste collection mode as described in the case of town/sub-town is recommended Each commune must find suitable transfer points so that households can gather their wastes at these points for further collection by waste collectors using pushcarts. Thus, instead of going “door to door” for waste collection, collectors can pick up wastes from transfer points within the communes. This helps to save time moving among households and overcome problem of small roads. Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune is shown in Fig. 3.4. The waste collection frequency is every three days and hence sufficient bins and pushcarts are provided to hold the amount of waste generated over a three day period.

Transfer

point

House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House n

House

1’

…..

Next collection

route

Loaded

pushcart

Empty

pushcart

Pushcart

location


27

Fig. 3.4 Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune.

For scattered settlements and isolated households, households must bring their waste to bins/containers located along the (main) roads. Collection of Solid Waste from Markets Every market has a waste storage area. Owners of shops/stores are responsible for bringing their wastes to this area. The biodegradable organic materials of the market waste will be composted using Toptex technology and mesophilic bins, therefore it will be separated from the general waste as it is placed in the market’s waste storage area. Hence the market waste storage area will store organic materials separately from the general waste. The organic waste can then be transported to the composting facility, whereas the non-biodegradable materials will be transported directly from the market to the landfill. Collection of Domestic Solid Waste from Hospitals Domestic solid wastes from hospital are segregated from hospital’s infectious wastes, stored in a separate storage area and will be collected every day.

3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation

Waste Transfer As there is some distance from Phu My and Binh Duong towns and other communes to the waste disposal sites, transferring the collected waste from pushcarts to transportation vehicles for transport to the landfill seems the only reasonable solution. The only question is whether it is necessary to construct transfer stations for communes or whether it is better to use rendezvous point for transferring the waste to the trucks? Strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities of using transfer station and rendezvous points are analyzed and summarised in Table 3.7 and Table 3.8. Based on this analysis, it is strong recommended to use the rendezvous point option. Table 3.7 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for transfer station option:

Strengths Opportunities

Have sufficient place for gathering collected domestic solid wastes of the whole town or ward

“One transfer station in each commune is approved in Binh Dinh Province Solid Waste Master Plan9

Prevent scatter waste transfer points which may cause nuisance and dirty

9

Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020

Village transfer

point n

Commune/commune

s transfer point

Village transfer

point 1

…..

Next collection

route

Loaded

pushcart

Empty

pushcart

Pushcart

location

Village transfer

point 2


28

Weaknesses Threats

Need a storage area inside a residential area and it is difficult as “no waste in my backyard”

Operational cost is required for cleaning and maintaining of the transfer station. Town and Ward PC has to find budget for that

Improper operation of transfer station will cause several problems such as nuisance, leachate, attraction of flies, rats, etc.

Improper operation of the transfer station will cause worse environmental problem as all wastes are gathered in one location

If only one transfer station in each town or communes, waste collectors again have to walk for a long distance to reach the transfer station

Table 3.8 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for rendezvous point option

Strengths Opportunities

This option is already applied in the District and is operating very well. The improvement would be that the new trucks will have a hydraulic lift to empty the pushcarts mechanically.

Using rendezvous points for transferring of waste are applied successfully in several places in Vietnam.

Setting new rendezvous points along main roads of communes for collection of wastes from communes to landfill would be easier as: (1) wastes are stored in pushcarts; (2) no special requirements for operation and maintenance ; (3) uploading wastes from pushcarts into transportation vehicles will be less time consuming and requires less workforce.

Simple technique and low operational cost requirement

Weaknesses Threats

It needs some time for adapting with new system. Waste collectors and transportation drivers are both required on time at the rendezvous points

The system is difficult to operate well: If the waste collection truck is delayed, the waste collectors must wait for the truck so that their pushcarts can be emptied.

Transportation

Eight tonne garbage compactor trucks are for now proposed to collect waste10 from rendezvous points (including large waste generation sites such as markets and hospitals) and transport to sanitary landfill for disposal. Compactor trucks are recommended rather than normal trucks for several reasons:

The compactor truck will have a hydraulic lift, so that the waste can be transferred from bins, containers and pushcarts into the truck mechanically. When using a flatbed truck, the transfer of waste must be done manually and this is time consuming;

The longer loading time when using a normal truck will increase the time requirement for completing 1 trip of collection and transportation of waste to the landfill. As a result fewer trips can be done by one truck in a day and therefore it is necessary to invest in a higher number of trucks; and

10

This can be changed to meet the District’s preferences


29

A flatbed truck must be loaded manually, requiring more workers and exposing these to unhygienic working conditions.

Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district is illustrated in Fig. 3.5.

Fig. 3.5 Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district.

The quantities of waste that have to be collected for each year can be found in Annex A. Given that a substantial portion of the waste is taken care of at source, either through the sale of recyclable materials to scavengers or through the use of the organic faction of the waste at the household or market, the increase in the amount of waste that has to be collected is relatively modest, as can be seen in figure 3.6.

Fig. 3.6 Domestic solid waste collected in Phu My district.

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

Am

ou

nt

of

DSM

co

llect

ion

(to

nn

es/y

ear)

Year Collection from towns

Collection from communes

Total collection from Phu My district

District sanitary

landfill Next collection

route

Loaded

compactor truck

Empty

compactor truck

….. Market

(Rendezvous point 1)

Hospital

(Rendezvous point 2)

Ward rendezvous

point 3

Ward rendezvous

point n Garbage

compactor truck


30

3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment

Equipment required for street sweeping includes pushcarts, brooms and labour protective equipment (such as clothes, gloves, boots, comforters, hats). At least two pushcarts should be provided each town/sub-town. Street in front of administrative offices and some main roads will be swept in early morning. The other areas will be cleaned in the afternoon. Each pushcart will be operated by one worker. The life time of a pushcart is approximately 4 years. Equipment demand for street sweeping is estimated and summarised in Table 3.9. Table 3.9 Estimated equipment demand for street sweeping up to 2025

Year Number of pushcarts Number of brooms* Number of labour safety clothing**

Demand Investment Demand Investment Demand Investment

2011 6 0 24 24 12 12

2012 6 6 24 24 12 12

2013 6 0 24 24 12 12

2014 6 0 24 24 12 12

2015 6 0 24 24 12 12

2016 6 6 24 24 12 12

2017 6 0 24 24 12 12

2018 6 0 24 24 12 12

2019 6 0 24 24 12 12

2020 6 6 24 24 12 12

2021 6 0 24 24 12 12

2022 6 0 24 24 12 12

2023 6 0 24 24 12 12

2024 6 6 24 24 12 12

2025 6 0 24 24 12 12 * 1 worker/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 3 towns x 4 brooms/worker/year = 24 brooms/year ** 1 worker/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 3 towns x 2 labour safety clothing/worker/year = 12 labour safety clothing/year

3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities

Selection of Waste Collection Equipment Equipment used for primary collection consists of 240 L containers located along street, 660 L containers located at central waste producers and 660 L pushcarts for collection wastes from households and other small waste producers. Estimated density of wastes contained in this equipment is summarised in Table 3.10. Proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Phu My District is presented in Fig. 3.7.

(a) 240 L bin (b) 660 L container (c) 660 L pushcart Fig. 3.7 Proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Phu My district.


31

Table 3.10 Estimated Waste Densities within Different Collection Equipment

Collection Equipment Density

(kg/m3)

Percentage of

volume used

when emptied

Typical

amount in

container (kg)

Waste in 240 L container 350 60% 50

Waste in 660 L container 350 60% 140

Waste in 660 L pushcart 350 100% 230

Demand of primary domestic solid waste collection equipment Estimation of equipment required for primary domestic solid wastes collection in Phu My district is conducted based on the conditions summarised in Table 3.11.

Table 3.11 Characteristics of equipment required for primary collection of domestic solid waste

Area Equipment Service Estimated division of system coverage

Towns 240 L bin Located along main streets and central areas of the towns

20-30% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 25%

660 L container Central waste producers as markets, administrative offices, institutions, hotels

10-20 of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10%

660 L pushcart Collection of waste from residential areas

60-70% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 65%

Communes 240 L bin Located along main streets, central areas of the communes, and also to receive waste from surrounding households

10-15% of total waste amount is typical, here 30% is used

660 L pushcart Collection of waste from residential areas

80-90% of total waste amount is typical. here 70% is used

It is judged by the District’s experts that many rural areas in Phu My District are ill-suited for pushcarts, and therefore it was decided to collect 30% of the waste using 240 litre bins. On the basics of the data presented above, equipment demand for primary collection of domestic solid wastes in Phu My district is estimated and summarised in Table 3.12 and described in detailed for different towns and communes in tables 3.13, 3.14 and 3.15.


32

Table 3.12 Total demand on equipment for primary domestic waste collection up to 2025

Year

Towns Communes

240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L

Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts

2012 55 9 32 131 70

2013 59 9 35 144 77

2014 61 10 35 214 113

2015 59 10 33 213 112

2016 59 10 34 216 114

2017 61 10 35 218 115

2018 61 10 35 204 109

2019 69 10 40 254 134

2020 72 11 41 275 145

2021 72 11 41 280 145

2022 73 12 41 281 148

2023 74 12 43 327 173

2024 77 13 45 334 173

2025 85 14 49 379 195


33

Table 3.13 Demand for 240 L bins for Phu My District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of 240 L bins

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Binh Duong 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 16

2 Phu My 28 27 26 25 25 26 26 28 28 28 29 29 31 33

3 My Duc 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 10 9 9 9 11 12 14

4 My Chau 4 7 12 17 17 17 16 19 20 20 21 23 24 27

5 My Thang 5 4 8 7 8 8 7 11 13 13 13 17 17 20

6 My Loc 4 6 11 15 15 15 14 17 18 18 18 20 21 23

7 My Loi 7 11 16 15 15 15 14 17 18 18 18 21 21 23

8 My An - - 6 6 6 6 6 8 10 11 11 13 13 16

9 My Phong 22 20 19 17 18 18 17 20 21 21 21 24 25 28

10 My Trinh 16 15 14 5 5 5 4 6 8 8 8 10 10 12

11 My Tho - 12 22 29 30 30 28 33 35 36 36 41 42 47

12 My Hoa 23 20 19 18 18 18 17 20 21 22 22 25 25 28

13 My Thanh - - 23 7 7 7 7 10 13 13 13 16 17 20

14 My Chanh/An Luong 15 19 22 22 22 22 22 27 30 30 30 31 31 36

15 My Quang 12 11 15 18 18 19 17 20 20 21 21 23 23 26

16 My Hiep 23 21 29 36 36 37 34 39 40 41 41 46 47 51

17 My Tai 5 4 4 7 7 7 7 10 13 13 13 16 16 20

18 My Cat 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 7 8 8 8 11 11 13

19 My Chanh Tay - 4 7 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 10 10 11

TOTAL 186 203 275 272 275 279 265 323 347 352 354 401 411 464


34

Table 3.14 Demand on 660 L containers for Phu My District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of 660 L containers

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Binh Duong 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3

2 Phu My 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5

3 My Duc - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4 My Chau - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5 My Thang - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6 My Loc - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7 My Loi - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

8 My An - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

9 My Phong - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10 My Trinh - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

11 My Tho - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

12 My Hoa - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

13 My Thanh - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

14 My Chanh/An Luong 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6

15 My Quang - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

16 My Hiep - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

17 My Tai - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

18 My Cat - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

19 My Chanh Tay - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

TOTAL 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14


35

Table 3.15 Demand on 660 L pushcarts for Phu My District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of 660 L pushcarts

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Binh Duong 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9

2 Phu My 16 16 15 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 18 19

3 My Duc 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 6 6 7

4 My Chau 2 4 7 9 9 9 8 10 11 11 11 12 12 14

5 My Thang 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 6 7 7 7 9 9 11

6 My Loc 2 3 6 8 8 8 7 9 9 9 9 11 11 12

7 My Loi 4 6 8 8 8 8 7 9 9 9 9 11 11 12

8 My An - - 4 3 3 3 3 5 6 6 6 7 7 8

9 My Phong 11 10 10 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 11 13 13 14

10 My Trinh 9 8 7 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6

11 My Tho - 6 11 15 15 16 15 17 18 18 19 21 21 24

12 My Hoa 12 11 10 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 11 13 13 15

13 My Thanh - - 12 4 4 4 4 6 7 7 7 9 9 10

14 My Chanh/An Luong 9 11 13 12 13 13 13 16 17 17 17 18 18 21

15 My Quang 6 6 8 9 10 10 9 10 11 11 11 12 12 13

16 My Hiep 12 11 15 18 19 19 18 20 21 21 21 24 24 26

17 My Tai 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 5 7 7 7 9 9 10

18 My Cat 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7

19 My Chanh Tay - 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6

TOTAL 102 112 148 145 148 150 144 174 186 186 189 216 218 244


36

During the following years, the waste amounts to be collected will increase. New investment needed is estimated as presented Table 3.16 with assumption that the life time of this equipment is 4 years.

Table 3.16 New investment of equipment for primary domestic waste collection in Phu My District up to

2025

Year

Towns Communes

240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L

Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts

2012 55 9 32 131 70

2013 4 - 3 13 7

2014 2 1 - 70 36

2015 - - - - -

2016 55 9 33 134 72

2017 6 - 4 15 8

2018 2 1 - 56 30

2019 8 - 5 50 25

2020 58 10 34 155 83

2021 6 - 4 20 8

2022 3 2 - 57 33

2023 9 - 7 96 50

2024 61 11 36 162 83

2025 14 1 8 65 30

3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles

Transportation vehicles Secondary collection and transportation of domestic solid waste to landfill will be done by 8 tonne rear-end loading compactor truck (called compactor truck). Secondary collection and transportation system data is described briefly in Table 3.17. Average time for 1 trip of compactor truck is estimated as presented in Table 3.18.

Fig. 3.8 Proposed type of waste transportation vehicle.


37

Table 3.17 Secondary collection and transportation system data Town Commune

Average loading time per 240 L bin

Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container

Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container

Average loading time per 660 L container

Time for emptying one container: 2 min (more difficult access) Time for transport between 2 containers: 5 minute Total: 7 minutes/container

Average loading time per 660 L pushcart

Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 minute Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 4 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 2.25 minutes/pushcart

Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 min Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 2 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 3.5 minutes/pushcart

Average time for transportation between commune

n/a 20 minutes

Average distance for return trip to landfill

20 km 40 km

Average transportation speed to landfill

30 km/h 25 km/h

Average time at landfill 20 minutes 20 minutes

Table 3.18 Average time per trip of compactor truck

Town Commune

Waste collection time (minutes/trip) 185 minutes 160 minutes

Average time for transportation between communes (7 communes/trip x 20 minutes/commune)

0 minutes 140 minutes

Average time to transport to landfill 40 minutes 96 minutes

Average time at landfill 20 minutes 20 minutes

Average none-working time per trip (for maintenance, ~ 15% of working time)

37 minutes 57 minutes

Total time per trip of compact truck (minutes/trip) 282 473

Total time per trip of compact truck (hours/trip) 4.7 7.8

Based on the data presented in Table 3.17 and 3.18, number of compact truck required is estimated and summarised in Table 3.19.


38

Table 3.19 Number of compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation

Year Amount of waste to be collected (tonnes/day)

Operating time to collect waste (minutes/trip)

Total operating time of truck (hours/day)

Total truck

needed

Total truck

invested Towns Communes In Towns In Communes

2012 10.78 6.87 380 406 13 1.64 2

2013 11.55 7.60 407 450 14 1.79 2

2014 11.83 11.46 417 678 18 2.28 2

2015 11.49 11.44 405 676 18 2.25 2

2016 11.62 11.57 410 684 18 2.28 2

2017 11.76 11.71 414 692 18 2.31 2

2018 11.89 10.97 419 649 18 2.22 2

2019 13.46 13.69 474 809 21 2.67 3

2020 14.02 14.92 494 882 23 2.87 3

2021 14.18 15.09 500 892 23 2.90 3

2022 14.34 15.27 506 903 23 2.93 3

2023 14.51 17.81 512 1053 26 3.26 3

2024 15.21 18.02 536 1066 27 3.34 3

2025 16.82 20.66 593 1221 30 3.78 4

As can be seen, the number the trucks is rounded to the nearest whole number, so that in some cases the collection vehicles will have to work a little more than 8 hours each day, thereby saving the cost of purchasing and operating an extra truck that would be under utilised. Table 3.20 New investment in compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation of the district up to 2025

Year Total compactor trucks required New investment

2012 2 2

2013 2 0

2014 2 0

2015 2 0

2016 2 0

2017 2 0

2018 2 0

2019 3 1

2020 3 0

2021 3 0

2022 3 2

2023 3 0

2024 3 0

2025 4 1

3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers

Workforce will be estimated based on the following condition:

For street sweeping, one worker will operate one pushcart;

For primary waste collection, one worker will operate two pushcarts;

For the transportation vehicle, there will be 1 driver and 2 assistants.


39

Workforce requirement is estimated based on the conditions mentioned above and summarised in Table 3.21. Table 3.21 Workforce required for waste collection and transportation operation

Year Workers to operate

pushcarts Workers to

operate compactor trucks

Compactor truck drivers

Town Communes

2012 16 35 4 2

2013 18 39 4 2

2014 18 57 6 3

2015 17 56 6 3

2016 17 57 6 3

2017 18 58 6 3

2018 18 55 6 3

2019 20 67 6 3

2020 21 73 6 3

2021 21 73 6 3

2022 21 74 6 3

2023 22 87 8 4

2024 23 87 8 4

2025 25 98 8 4

3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System

The following unit prices are used for calculation of investments in equipment and facilities for waste collection and transportation. Table 3.22 Unit Prices for New Trucks and Equipment

Item Unit price (USD) Unit Price (x 1000 VND) *

240 L bin 24 480

660 L container 105 2,100

660 L pushcart 200 4,000

8 tonnes rear end loading compactor truck 80,000 1,600,000 * Note: Prices on trucks and pushcarts have been collected from purchasers in Vietnam. Other prices are estimates based on purchases elsewhere in Vietnam.

On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated above, the total investments to be made within the initial period can be calculated. The result is summarised in table 3.23. Detailed investment for towns and communes is presented in table 3.24.


40

Table 3.23 Total investment cost for waste collection and transportation equipment of Phu My

Total equipment Total investment (x 1,000 VND)

Total cost (x 1,000)

Year 240l 660l 660l Compact 240l 660l 660l Compactor truck

Bins Containers Pushcarts truck Bins Containers Pushcarts

2012 186 9 102 2 89,280 18,900 408,000 3,200,000 3,716,180

2013 17 - 10 - 8,160 - 40,000 - 48,160

2014 72 1 36 1 34,560 2,100 144,000 1,600,000 1,780,660

2015 - - - - - - - - -

2016 189 9 105 - 90,720 18,900 420,000 - 529,620

2017 21 - 12 - 10,080 - 48,000 - 58,080

2018 58 1 30 - 27,840 2,100 120,000 - 149,940

2019 58 - 30 - 27,840 - 120,000 - 147,840

2020 213 10 117 - 102,240 21,000 468,000 - 591,240

2021 26 - 12 - 12,480 - 48,000 - 60,480

2022 60 2 33 2 28,800 4,200 132,000 3,200,000 3,365,000

2023 105 - 57 1 50,400 - 228,000 1,600,000 1,878,400

2024 223 11 119 1 107,040 23,100 476,000 1,600,000 2,206,140

2025 79 1 38 - 37,920 2,100 152,000 - 192,020


41

Table 3.24 Investment cost for waste collection equipment for towns and communes

Year Number of new invested equipment Investment (x 1,000 VND)

Towns Communes

Compactor truck

Towns Communes

Compactor

240l 660l 660l 240l 660l 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l

Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts truck

2012 55 9 32 131 70 2 26,400 18,900 128,000 62,880 280,000 3,200,000

2013 4 - 3 13 7 - 1,920 - 12,000 6,240 28,000 -

2014 2 1 - 70 36 1 960 2,100 - 33,600 144,000 1,600,000

2015 - - - - - - - - - - - -

2016 55 9 33 134 72 - 26,400 18,900 132,000 64,320 288,000 -

2017 6 - 4 15 8 - 2,880 - 16,000 7,200 32,000 -

2018 2 1 - 56 30 - 960 2,100 - 26,880 120,000 -

2019 8 - 5 50 25 - 3,840 - 20,000 24,000 100,000 -

2020 58 10 34 155 83 - 27,840 21,000 136,000 74,400 332,000 -

2021 6 - 4 20 8 - 2,880 - 16,000 9,600 32,000 -

2022 3 2 - 57 33 2 1,440 4,200 - 27,360 132,000 3,200,000

2023 9 - 7 96 50 1 4,320 - 28,000 46,080 200,000 1,600,000

2024 61 11 36 162 83 1 29,280 23,100 144,000 77,760 332,000 1,600,000

2025 14 1 8 65 30 - 6,720 2,100 32,000 31,200 120,000 -


42

Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of Domestic Waste Collection and Transportation System Capital, operating and maintenance costs have been estimated based on the capital investments, personnel costs, operating costs and maintenance as a percentage of the investment. For calculation of annual costs related to waste collection and transportation, the unit costs listed in Table 3.25 have been used. Table 3.25 Operation and maintenance unit cost

Item Annual Unit costs

(x 1,000

VND/year)

240 L bin Cost: 480,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 120,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 24,000 VND/year/container

144

660 L container Cost: 2,100,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 525,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 105,000 VND/year/container

630

660 L pushcart Cost: 4,000,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 1,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 200,000 VND/year/container

1,200

8 tonne rear-loading compactor truck Cost: 1,600,000,000 VND Lifespan: 10 years Annual write down 160,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 50,000,000 VND/year/truck

210,000

Fuel for compactor truck: (8 ltr./hour x 8 hours/day x 300 days/year x 21,000 VND/ltr = 403,200,000 VND/year/truck)

403,200

Equipment per worker:

Working clothes, brooms, shovels, gloves (per employee) 300

Average salaries per driver of compactor truck

Total salary, including bonus, compensation, social costs etc. 30,000

Average salaries per waste collector and assistant of compactor truck driver

Total salary including social costs etc. 21,600

On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated, the total annual costs for the collection and transportation system can be calculated. The result is shown in Table 3.26.


43

Table 3.26 Total cost for operating a waste collection system within the district

Total Operation Costs and Maintenance Cost (x 1,000 VND)

Year

Sub-towns Communes Compactor truck Equipment for workers

Salary for truck drivers

Salary for workers

Total 240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L

Fuel

bins containers pushcarts bins pushcarts Maintenance

2012 504 840 7,200 1,536 24,400 150,000 1,209,600 16,500 60,000 1,144,800 3,280,780

2013 48 105 1,000 96 1,400 150,000 1,209,600 18,000 60,000 1,252,800 3,380,349

2014 150,000 1,209,600 24,000 90,000 1,663,200 3,760,950

2015 48 210 1,000 150,000 1,209,600 23,550 90,000 1,630,800 3,685,558

2016 504 840 7,200 1,560 24,400 150,000 1,209,600 24,000 90,000 1,663,200 3,718,804

2017 72 105 1,200 96 2,000 150,000 1,209,600 24,300 90,000 1,684,800 3,731,573

2018 150,000 1,209,600 23,400 90,000 1,620,000 3,618,600

2019 48 210 1,000 288 5,200 200,000 1,612,800 27,900 90,000 1,944,000 4,415,446

2020 552 840 7,800 1,704 26,200 200,000 1,612,800 29,700 90,000 2,073,600 4,577,196

2021 72 105 1,200 96 2,200 200,000 1,612,800 29,700 90,000 2,073,600 4,554,723

2022 200 24 200,000 1,612,800 30,150 90,000 2,106,000 4,595,074

2023 48 210 1,200 552 9,600 200,000 1,612,800 34,800 120,000 2,419,200 4,858,310

2024 552 945 7,800 1,800 26,800 200,000 1,612,800 35,100 120,000 2,440,800 4,917,447

2025 72 105 1,200 336 6,200 250,000 2,016,000 39,000 120,000 2,721,600 5,611,863


44

As can be seen in table 3.26 the costs of the system are considerable and over 50% of the costs are labour costs. The total costs in 2015 would be around 3.06 billion VND; this would serve to collect 8,369 tonnes of domestic waste, at a time when there are approximately 182,000 inhabitants in the district. Hence the cost is around 365,500 VND per tonne or around 16,800 VND per citizen per year. If it is assumed that 50% of the population is served by the waste collection service and that the population bears 67% of the costs (the remaining third being borne by shops, institutions, industries, etc.), this amounts to a cost per citizen of 2 * 16,800 * 2/3 = 22,400 VND per year. So if an average household has five people, the monthly cost is around 9,300 VND. These costs only include waste collection and transport to the disposal site; i.e. capital and operating costs for a sanitary landfill are not included. Included in the above estimate are all costs for purchasing new compactor trucks, bins and pushcarts, as well as the maintenance of these, safety equipment for workers and fuel for the vehicles. Administration costs are not included. There are naturally means to reduce these costs: The most obvious is to minimise salary costs by

reducing the necessary staff to a minimum. Contracting out the operation of pushcarts to

individuals could be one way to reduce costs. At present a pushcarts only completes one

collection route per day. In towns a waste collection worker can normally complete two collection

routes with a pushcart per day. This means that each worker in towns could be issued with two

pushcarts or that the garbage truck come to empty the pushcart twice during the day. Either way,

the number of collection workers in towns will be halved, furthermore, if the pushcart is emptied

twice per day, only half the number of pushcarts is needed. Finally, the trucks only operate

around 8 hours per day in these estimations, and significant gains could be made if the trucks

operated for longer periods every day. In some countries, for example Denmark, the garbage

truck are generally operated in two shifts per day (i.e. 16 hours per day) to reduce costs as much

as possible.

3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection

Decision No. 23/2008/QĐ-UNBD Binh Dinh regulates that all organisations, households and individuals who used waste service system have to pay fees as follows: - Households in the towns or sub-towns of the other districts (except for Quy Nhon City) located

along main roads (asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; while households located along main village roads (not asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month. Households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month;

- Households in communes of other districts located along main roads, highways have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month while households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month;

- Food selling households in districts have to pay 25,000 VND/household/month; - Other business households in districts have to pay 20,000 VND/household/month; - In the market, shop owners have to pay 10,000-20,000 VND/shop/month depending on

amount of waste generated; - Offices have to pay 45,000 VND/office/month; and - Markets, hospitals and enterprises have to pay 60,000 VND/m3 of domestic solid waste that is

generated and collected. The full amount of collected fees must be used to cover the costs of waste collection, transportation, treatment and fee collection activities.


45

Full cost recovery for the waste collection system means that total cost for financing and operating a waste collection system should have to be covered through fees to be paid by the waste producers. The waste collection system is divided into a primary collection system that covers the activities from the waste generation sources such as households, markets, hospitals, etc. to the transfer points; and the secondary collection system from transfer points to the landfill or composting plant.

On average every household will have five persons. If applying the fee regulated in Decision No. 23/2008/QĐ-UBND as follows:

- In the town and sub-towns, 30% of all serviced households have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; 20% have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 50% have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; and

- In the communes, 30% of households have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 70% have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month.

Cost recovery from household fee as estimated in Table 3.27 (with assumption that 100% of serviced household pay collection fee) is insufficient to compensate 2/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in Phu My District11. It is possible to compensate 58-91% (from 2012 to 2025) of the cost for operating the secondary collection system (to transport collected wastes to the landfill) or about 38-50% (from 2012 to 2025) of the cost for operating the primary collection system. Thus, it is obviously that in order to compensate the operational cost of the waste collection system, household fee must be higher than the present regulated fee.

Table 3.27 Cost recovery for waste collection system

Year Total cost for operating

waste collection

system (x 1000

VND/year)

Total cost for operating primary waste collection system (x 1000

VND/year)

Total cost for operating

secondary waste collection system

(x 1000 VND/year)

Number of serviced households

Cost recovery

from household

fee (x 1000

VND/year) Sub-

towns

Communes

2012 3.280.780 1.831.180 1.449.600 2,318 3,906 487,916

2013 3.380.349 1.930.749 1.449.600 2,459 4,953 574,956

2014 3.760.950 2.311.350 1.449.600 2,487 7,568 762,666

2015 3.685.558 2.235.958 1.449.600 2,516 8,203 810,228

2016 3.718.804 2.269.204 1.449.600 2,546 8,298 819,627

2017 3.731.573 2.281.973 1.449.600 2,605 8,394 831,858

2018 3.618.600 2.169.000 1.449.600 2,823 8,491 858,674

2019 4.415.446 2.482.646 1.932.800 3,047 10,540 1,024,069

2020 4.577.196 2.644.396 1.932.800 3,082 12,472 1,164,113

2021 4.554.723 2.621.923 1.932.800 3,118 12,617 1,177,617

2022 4.595.074 2.662.274 1.932.800 3,154 12,763 1,191,277

2023 4.858.310 2.925.510 1.932.800 3,154 14,547 1,317,527

2024 4.917.447 2.984.647 1.932.800 3,390 14,715 1,350,996

2025 5.611.863 3.195.863 2.416.000 3,631 16,890 1,526,931

11 The remaining 1/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in An Nhon District will be covered by the fee collection

from shops, offices, hospitals, markets, industrial zones, etc.


46

The District has to consider one of the three following options: - Option 1: Apply household fee indicated in Decision No. 23/2008/QD-UBND as mentioned

above. + Advantage: because this option is based on Decision of the Province, so there is no

explanation requirement. + Disadvantage: if applied this collection fee for households, cost recovery from household

fee can only compensate 58-91% of the operational cost of secondary collection system. That mean the District has to find budget to operate primary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance).

- Option 2: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the cost for operating the primary waste collection system (Table 3.28) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 11,400 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 8,200 VND/household/month in 2025.

+ Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1. A slightly increase in the fee seems to be feasible to convince households to pay for waste collection. In this case, the District has to find budget to operate secondary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance).

+ Disadvantage: new fee should be approved by the Province.

- Option 3: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the total operational cost of waste collection system (Table 3.28) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 18,800 VND/household/month in 2012 and decreasing to 12,750 VND/household/month in 2025.

+ Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1 and 2. In this case, the District has to find budget only for waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance).

+ Disadvantage: (1) new fee should be approved by the Province; (2) it would be more difficult to convince households to pay fee compared to the option 2.

Table 3.28 Recommended household fee (VND/household/month)

Year New household fee recommended – option 2

New household fee recommended – option 3

2012 11,352 18,802

2013 10,461 16,715

2014 10,189 17,104

2015 9,367 15,854

2016 9,448 15,862

2017 9,440 15,763

2018 8,809 14,955

2019 8,861 13,979

2020 8,275 12,746

2021 8,183 12,602

2022 8,219 12,588

2023 8,442 13,680


47

2024 8,334 13,455

2025 8,231 12,749

Household fee could be reduced year by year in the future as the number of serviced household is increased. This is also an important point for the District to consider in setting action plan for improving solid waste management of the District in the coming years.

3.6. Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising

This section describes the requirements capacity development and awareness raising programme from 2012 through 2025. A section is included covering the costs of these recommended activities. The programme is structured around the building of Environmental Communication Teams at all levels within the District whilst funds are available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project. From 2015, when only the more limited local budgets are available to fund these activities, the operations will be maintained due to the skills acquired during the initial years.

3.6.1. Background

The Environment Protection Agency under the provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment is in charge of environmental communication activity in Binh Dinh Province. Regarding the administrative management, EPA delegates most of its environment management activities to the districts. District DONRE represents the district in managing and implementing environmental management and communication activities at the commune and town level. However, these activities are generally limited to meetings on around special events (e.g. Earth Day) and therefore do not fully meet the goals of increasing community awareness for the following reasons:

The budget for this activity is usually low, although every District has 1% of their yearly budget allocated for the environmental protection activities; this is called the “Environment Life-work budget.” However, most of this budget is used for waste collection and treatment activities.

The human resources available for implementing the environmental communication activities are limited. Most of the human resources come from the District Office of Natural Resources and Environmental, as well as from Environmental and Land officers from wards and communes

These officers have limited knowledge of environmental communication and waste management; this especially applies to officers at the commune level.

3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district

A District Solid Waste Management (DSWM) Board and working groups will be established (see implementation/action plan, section 2.1: “Establish a district solid waste management board”). This board will be responsible for all aspects of the implementation of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. Under the DSWM board several working groups will be formed. Each working group focuses on the management of a specific area of the district SWM (e.g. industrial waste, health care waste, agricultural waste, collection & transport of domestic waste, organic waste treatment at source, landfill construction, etc.). The DSWM board coordinates and supervises the working groups. The management of a specific SWM area may cover several activities, such as awareness raising for a specific target group (for instance, the working group “industrial waste management” organises awareness raising for the target population “industrial enterprises”), funding of all


48

activities and fee collection, specific waste collection / transport / treatment (for instance, the working group “industrial waste management” is responsible for ensuring industrial waste is separated, reused, recycled, collected, transported and/or treated according to the law and regulations). WSSP together with the province will support the work of the DSWM board as well as the working groups through its capacity development actions from mid 2011 until mid 2014. In the first phase (mid 2011 – 2012) support will be given to the start up and first tasks of these newly established board and working groups, through on-the-job-guidance from SWM experts. Especially for the working groups, guidance will be given to situation analyses, stakeholder analyses and process analyses, which will be the basis for further informed planning and budgeting in the specific SWM area of each working group. In a second phase (2013 – mid 2014) the capacity development actions are continued coaching (but less intensive) of the change process as described in the DSWMPs, and based on what has been achieved in 2011. Furthermore, technical trainings will also be provided for the specific needs that have come up in the working groups.

3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014

Under the management of the PPMU, the EPA of the Binh Dinh DONRE is contracted (hired) to carry out an Awareness Raising Programme (ARP) that includes a pilot phase in 2011. Further collaboration with EPA for the extension phase from 2012 to 2014 will be considered based on the achievement level of the pilot phase in 2011. The target group of this component include the community people and the pupils in primary and secondary schools. The awareness raising is planned in great detail in the ARP document of pilot phase, which includes the awareness raising programme for the Hoai Nhon District. Here the plan recommends that:

The awareness raising should be carried out in most of the areas where the SWM system is already or will be established.

The members of the communication group should be complemented by members of the waste collection group, so that these can cooperate in the communication activities regarding solid waste management at the community level.

Beside the general objective of the ARP, the specific objectives should be more concrete such as:

o Increasing the number of household involving the waste collection service i.e. from 10% to 50%.

o Increasing the number of household paying for the waste collection service based on the baseline when programme started.

o Reducing the frequency of illegal waste disposal and illegal dumpsite within communities.

o As the treatment of organic waste at source is an important part of the waste management plan, the methods for progressive organic treatment at source must be part of the focus for the training course for the Environmental Communication Teams. The methods should be simple and inexpensive.

o Increase the number of private clinics involved in the healthcare waste collection service.

o Increase the volume of organic waste that is treated at source.

The action plan of each Environmental Communication Team should be prepared at grass-root level. Each community has to identify their needs based on the community approach such as community rapid appraisal, community action plan with a participatory


49

approach. Visual tools such as “mapping community problems” and “problem tree” should be used.

Other than the monitoring and evaluating system designed by Provincial and District level, each Communication Team needs to have results of this monitoring and evaluating program to adjust their action plan every year.

3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives

To mitigate the shortages of funding and skilled staff at the District level within environmental communication, and to make full use of the resources available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project up to the year 2014, the strategy on capacity development and communication for the period to the year 2025 is based on the following considerations:

To establish key Environmental Communication Teams within towns, communes and schools rapidly. These teams will be trained in environmental communication principles and solid waste management in order to be able to organise and implement these activities, with the goal that they must be able to organise solid waste management activities within their own town, ward or commune.

The key groups will be trained with sufficient knowledge on environmental communication and sustainable solid waste management, solutions to reduce waste at dumpsite, skills on organising and implementing the environmental communication activity at community level.

The towns, communes and schools should formulate and implement their individual communication plans on waste issues with the aim of meeting the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan.

The improvement of the solid waste management services within the district, towns and communes will be monitored on a quarterly, semester or yearly basis as appropriate. Here precise indicators will be used to compare the actual progress with the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan, such as the percentage of households receiving waste collection service, the percentage of households that are paying waste collection fees, and the percentage of households that are treating organic waste at home.

During the period 2012-2014, the budget resource will rely on the Water Supply and Sanitation Project’s budget. The focus will be on capacity development for core teams. For the period from 2015 the focus will be on maintaining the existing activities, hence lowering the financial requirements. Here the resource from Environment Life-work budget should be able to cover the necessary project activities.


50

3.6.5. Organisation and Implementation Structure

To ensure the autonomy and self-motivation of the Environmental Communication Teams, the recommended organisational structure is as follows: The resources and functions should as follows:

Unit Responsibilities Members

1 Environmental Communication Core team at district level

- In charge of overall management and coordinate the environmental communication activity at district level.

- To approve activity plan and support budget/tools/means/documents for environmental communication activity.

- To orient the precise objectives for

- Leader/Director of the Natural Resource and Environment Office

- District Natural Resource and Environment Office officers.

- District Women’s Union officer

- District Youth Association officer

- District Farming Association

Env. Communication core team

at district level

Env.

Communication

core team at

Towns/communes

level

Env.

Communic

ation team

at

community

level

Env.

Communication

team at school

level

Households Pupils

Market MB

HH Sellers

Waste

collectors

MB

Waste

collectors

EPA

PPMU

(2012 – 2014)

DoCI

Provincial

level

Note: DoCI: Department of Culture and Information (this component will implement at provincial

level)

Direct relationship

Indirect relationship (supporting/ advice/ broadcasting)


51


each area, each period for the environmental communication groups at towns, communes based on the approved (or adjust during the implementation process).

- To organise capacity development for key groups on SWM and communication skill.

- In the period 2012 – 2014 PPMU and EPA will direct support budget as well as techniques. From 2015 – 2025 the groups will be self-management and implement through the Environment Life-work budget of District and the consulting of EPA.

officer. - District Educational Office

staff. - (6 members)

2 Environmental Communication Core Team at Town/commune level

- To participate the capacity development organised by district.

- To cooperate with environmental communication (EC) groups at hamlets/sub-wards/cells) to formulate a yearly action plan on environmental communication and submit to the district for approval.

- To provide documents / communication tools/ budget for EC activities at community

- In the period from 2012 – 2014 will organise training on SWM, communication skills for community EC groups

- To cooperate/ support with community EC groups to implement the EC activity based on the approved action plan.

- To organise quarterly meeting with EC group to review the implementation process based on the supervisory plan and detailed indicators in order to adjust the action plan accordingly

- Leader of PC of towns/communes, in charge of group leader

- Officer who is in charge of Environment activity

- WU staff. - YA staff. - Veteran Association staff. - Farming Association staff - (6 – 7 members)

3 Environmental Communication Core Team at school level

- To participate in the capacity development program organised by the district.

- To cooperate with head teachers/mistress in schools to build a yearly EC and submit to the district for approval.

- To provide documents/ communication tools/ budget for EC

- Representative of school management board.

- Teachers who in charge of the movements

- Teachers at primary school: teaching music and fine arts. Teachers at secondary schools: teaching civics and biology


52


activities in classes. - In the period from 2012 – 2014 will

provide training on SWM, communication skills for head teachers in schools.

- To cooperate with and support teachers in carrying out the EC activity based on the approved action plan.

- To review every quarter with the head teacher on the process of the program based on the action plan and indicators in order to adjust accordingly.

4 Environmental Communication Team at community level

- To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organised by towns/communes.

- To present the ideas/initiatives of the community and to cooperate with the key EC group at towns/communes to build the environmental communication action plan at their hamlet/sub-ward.

- To implement the environmental communication at their hamlet/sub-ward. The main communication will be: organise meeting at cells to discuss with community people on the improvement of the existing SWM at their communities; home visits to mobilise, consulting and explanation on the habit/attitude to improve the existing SWM such as: participate the collection service, payment collection fee dispose the waste in time, sorting waste at home, treatment organic waste at home by simple techniques.

- To record information/data, detail figure with the core group to supervise the implementing process of the environmental communication activities

This is a main force to work with community people in hamlet/sub-ward. Therefore, the members of the team will be flexible. It is depending to the context of each area to invite the ones who has free time and interested in this environmental activity. However, the core members should be based on the existing mass organisation and local authority staff such as:

- Sub-ward management board member.

- Cell leaders. - WU branch - YA. - Farming Association

branch. - Veteran Association

branch. - Volunteers who are

ready to participate into environmental communication activity.

- Waste collection workers at community.

5 Environmental Communication Team at school level

- To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organised by schools.

- To cooperate with core group to

For Primary schools, the team will be included of all teachers (each teacher will in charge of one class). For secondary schools, the team


53


formulate the EC activity for school. - To carry out the EC activity in

classes. The main EC program will be: teaching the pupils on having right attitude/behaviour with the disposal of waste, organise some concrete activities for pupils participate as waste separation at school; treating food wastes, leafs at school by using simple techniques (according to the condition of each school); organise competition for pupils on the knowledge on waste…

- To record the data/information, figures in order to cooperation with the core group to supervise the environmental communication implementation process.

will be included mistresses in order to integrate this subject into their regular meetings or organise extra-curricular activities

3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media

Public media is an important communication channel for the dissemination of information to a large population and an excellent means of attracting people’s attention. Advertising within local media aims to educate people on solid waste issues and get them to change their behaviour in line with the District’s Solid Waste Management Plans. The focus will be on promoting the treatment at source of organic waste, suitable practices for setting out waste for collection and the importance of paying the waste collection fees. The three communication channels that should be used are newspapers, radio and television. For the period 2012 – 2014 it is suggested that the PPMU should sign the contract with EPA to implement these activities; the EPA can then in turn sign separate contracts with some of the following media as appropriate:

Binh Dinh Newspaper.

Binh Dinh television station.

Binh Dinh broadcasting radio station. Topic for the communication should include the following topics:

Introducing the project activities quarterly.

Introducing the organic waste treatment simple technologies such as composting and the black soldier fly larvae.

Practical aspects of the solid waste collection system.

The importance of paying waste collection fees.

Introducing more general aspects of the solid waste management system issue in Binh Dinh.

For the communication through television it is suggested to advertising good behaviour through a few video clips that are alternated as the environmental communication programme will be implemented throughout the year. The changes in clips will keep people watching. Scenes and


54

scripts should be developed for educational purpose but with a great sense of humour. Actors’ practices are representative of the local people’s practices. The EPA should sign the contract with the provincial television company to broadcast the programme at a certain time during the day when it is known that most people will be watching the local TV channel. For example, the broadcasting time can be in the evening after the news programme or during the break in a film. The produced video clips should be copied into DVDs to be distributed to motivators, towns, communes, schools and other civil organisations as supporting IEC material. These video clips can then be shown in meetings, training sessions or workshops at schools and/or for organisations. This gives a chance for a number of people who do not watch television to be approached by the programme. From 2012, the District People’s Committee will submit proposals to the Binh Dinh People’s Committee to assign both TV and radio stations to broadcast news relating to solid waste management as part of their responsibility for raising environment awareness. This component will in practice be formulated for the whole province by public broadcasting system of Binh Dinh province.

3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection

To ensure that the population makes full and correct use of an expanded waste collection system, as well as to ensure that they pay their waste collection fees, a continuous educational programme is required. Such a programme can initially be under the ARP described in section 3.6.3 but after 2014 this must be under the District authorities and financed through the Province and District budgets (or financed through the fees collected for waste management). These awareness programmes must reach all stakeholders, including households, shops, institutions and enterprises. The cornerstones of such the awareness raising programmes will be to:

Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will ensure that awareness is raised throughout the community regarding the new waste collection system, covering how waste should be placed for collection, collection hours, the payment of waste collection fees, the importance of not littering and so forth.

The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the children’s awareness about the importance of handling waste correctly and will help them influence their parents and other family members in making the best possible use of the new waste collection system.

The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general population’s awareness.

3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source

This District Solid Waste Management Plan calls for 15% of the total generated domestic solid waste stream, consisting of organic waste, to be treated at source by the year 2025 in towns and likewise 30% in communes. This will call for technologies such as those described in section 3.4, covering the composting of market waste, the usage of Mesophilic Storage Units for households and commercial black soldier fly larvae production. Ensuring that such methodologies are successfully implemented throughout the District will require an important and continuous awareness raising and educational effort. Initially, it is very important that demonstration projects are implemented under the direction of the District Project Management Group to show that the technologies can be successfully implemented in both towns and communes. Through the


55

demonstration projects, those responsible will learn (by trail and error, as well as through consultants) how these treatment methods can be made to work. This endeavour must include an incessant programme of capacity development and assistance to larger-scale composting or commercial black soldier fly larvae production; as well as a continued support at all administrative levels within the District to implement and uphold the operation of Mesophilic Storage Units. Steps that should be taken to insure the successful implementation and operation of Mesophilic Storage Units include:

Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will provide information and support to households making use of the mesophilic storage units.

The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the children’s interest in the treatment of organic waste at source and give them an understanding and interest in the proposed mesophilic storage units.

The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general population’s awareness.

A second consideration is for towns and communes to establish a small scale composting facilities at their wet market; in this case it is important to:

Choose the appropriate technology with a simple operation and low cost.

Separate recyclable, organic and non-organic wastes at source

That the Market Management Board agrees with this idea and that they provide the land for a composting facility or a location to store the organic waste separately. They can then help organise the scavengers at market into a group; this group is then allowed to work in this area managing the waste and operating the composting facility.

Here the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level can assist the District authorities in setting up the small scale facilities.

Finally, there may be plans for scavengers (or others) to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production; these will require support from the District authorities and the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level to ensure a successful implementation:

Provision of information on how to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production.

A site to place the equipment.

Assistance from the Environmental Communication Team to ensure that organic waste can be collected from households, restaurants, etc.

Support on the sale of the larvae.

3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District

The District will need support in the form of technical expertise to put into operation this Solid Waste Management Plan. It is foreseen that approximately 110 man days of national expertise will be available to the District for the years 2012 to 2014. This expertise can be used to help tender for equipment, to help with demonstration project, for training of District staff and others involved in solid waste management, as well as assisting with completing the new solid waste management system.


56

3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 –

2025

The costs of the above programmes that are described in this section are estimated in this section.


57

Table 3.29 Annual Costs for District Awareness Raising Programme (in 1,000 VND)

Activity total 2011 -

2014

Unit No price

Cost

No price

Cost

No price

Cost

No price

Cost

No price

Cost

1 Technical Expertise Support 2,340,000 1,380,000 1,380,000 5,100,000

Pool of Experts days 50 45,000 2,250,000 30 45,000 1,350,000 30 45,000 1,350,000

Training Materials and Course Costs unit 10 5,000 50,000 6 5,000 30,000 6 5,000 30,000

Demonstration Projects 1 40,000 40,000 - -

2 Capacity building for core team at Dist. level 147,200 162,200 267,200 127,200 703,800 7,200

2.1 Training/ workshop at Dist. level 40,000 40,000 80,000 - 160,000 -

For core team of tow ns/communes Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 2 20,000 40,000 80,000

For core team of school Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 2 20,000 40,000 80,000

2.2 Sharing experience 40,000 40,000 80,000 - 160,000 -

For core team of tow ns/communes Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 2 20,000 40,000 80,000

For core team of school Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 2 20,000 40,000 80,000

2.3 Annual closure workshop 40,000 40,000 40,000 60,000 180,000 -

For core team of tow ns/communes Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 30,000 30,000 90,000

For core team of school Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 30,000 30,000 90,000

2.4 Communication tools unit 4 5,000 20,000 7 5,000 35,000 12 5,000 60,000 12 5,000 60,000 175,000 -

2.5 Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Dist. Core team (6

per.) Per. 6 1,200 7,200 6 1,200 7,200 6 1,200 7,200 6 1,200 7,200 28,800 6 1,200 7,200

3 Implementing Awareness raising at community 113,600 198,800 434,600 434,600 1,181,600 254,600

Formulating annual action plan Time 4 5,000 20,000 7 5,000 35,000 19 5,000 95,000 19 5,000 95,000 245,000 19 5,000 95,000

Supporting community activities (tow ns/ communes) Time 4 15,000 60,000 7 15,000 105,000 12 15,000 180,000 12 15,000 180,000 525,000 Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) tow ns/ communes Core

team (7 per./ tow ns/ communes) Time 4 8,400 33,600 7 8,400 58,800 19 8,400 159,600 19 8,400 159,600 411,600 19 8,400 159,600

4 Implementing Awareness raising at school 84,000 147,000 329,000 329,000 889,000 209,000

Formulating annual action plan Time 4 5,000 20,000 7 5,000 35,000 19 5,000 95,000 19 5,000 95,000 245,000 19 5,000 95,000

Supporting school activities (tow ns/ communes) Time 4 10,000 40,000 7 10,000 70,000 12 10,000 120,000 12 10,000 120,000 350,000

Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Time 4 6,000 24,000 7 6,000 42,000 19 6,000 114,000 19 6,000 114,000 294,000 19 6,000 114,000

Total 344,800 2,848,000 2,410,800 2,270,800 7,874,400 470,800

2014 2015-2025 (Annual Costs)2011 (4 towns/communes) 2012 (3 towns/

communes)

2013 (12 new communes)


58

Table 3.30 Budget Capacity Development for District Solid Waste Management (Euro)

(from excel file "CD actions

2011 - SEM2"

2011 Total

year

Basis for calculation

Establishment of

DSWMGroups & subgroups in

4 districts:

6,200

Define coaching process of

sub-groups:

8,340

Start up coaching processes &

follow up

34,000

Total 48,540

2012 increasing input (HR+budget) from

province/districts is needed

coaching of sub groups

(consultant fees)

48,000 5 working

groups*100EUR/consultant/d*8d/m*12m

coaching process

(meetings/workshops)

10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5

working groups*12m

Total 58,080

2013 increasing input (HR+budget) from

province/districts is needed

continued coaching (less

intensive)

25,200 (1 board+6

workinggroups)*100EUR/consultant/d*3d/

m*12m

possible technical trainings 12,500 technical, project management, leadership,

...

5 trainings (1 training per working group

area*5 working group areas)

25 participants*5 trainings*100

EUR/p/training

coaching process

(meetings/workshops)


working groups*12m

Total 47,780

2014 input (HR+budget) provided by

province/districts


workinggroups*12m

Total BUDGET (2011 – 2014) 164,480

The above table includes costs for:

experts contracted to coach the districts on the longer term (2 years) with their planning and implementation

allowances to organise meetings of the working groups

study trips

technical trainings for members of the working groups or other people that need training.


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Table 3.31 Total cost for the Public Broadcasting Programme covering four Districts (in 1,000 VND)

As can be seen from the above about 5 billion VND of technical support are foreseen over the years 2012 to 2014, whilst the plan is being implemented. The costs for the awareness raising programme come to approximately 2.8 billion VND for the awareness raising programme plus about 1 billion VND for the public broadcasting programme. Hereafter the annual costs are approximately 470 million VND for the awareness raising and 350 million for the public broadcasting covering all four Districts. The Water Supply and Sanitation project does not have sufficient funds to cover these costs, so participation of the Environment Life-work budget will be required.

3.7. Requirements to the Waste Disposal System

Landfilling is accepted as a legal solution for final disposal of solid waste in Vietnam. This is regulated in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Ministry of Construction from January 18, 2001. The joint circular guides “the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites” together with the Vietnamese Standard TCXD VN 261:2001 – Solid Waste Landfill – Design Standards promulgated by Decision No 35/2001/QD-BXD of the Ministry of Construction on January 26, 2001. Although in the hierarchy of an integrated solid waste management system, the landfill is the last choice due to its significant and negative environmental impacts, it still remains in the long term as an indispensable component of the current SWM practices in Vietnam, as there is a large and rapidly increasing volume of waste has to be disposed of. The district of Phu My within Binh Dinh Province is not an exceptional case, just similar to most of other areas in the country.

3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 – 2025

The quantity of waste for landfill is calculated as follows:

WLandfill = (Wtotal – Wtotal * Rrecycled – Wtotal * Rcomposted) * Rcollection * (1.00 - Rrecycled at LF)

Where: WLandfill : quantity of waste transported to landfill

Wtotal : total quantity of waste generated

Rrecycled: rate of waste sold for recycling

Rcomposted: rate of waste treated/composted at source

Total

2012- 2014

STT Content unit Price No total cost No total cost No total cost No total cost

1 Television station 284,000 284,000 284,000 852,000 284,000

1.1 Television news time 400 10 4,000 10 4,000 10 4,000 12,000 10 4,000

1.2 Video clip production video clip 100,000 1 100,000 1 100,000 1 100,000 300,000 1 100,000

1.3 Video clip broadcast time 2,000 90 180,000 90 180,000 90 180,000 540,000 90 180,000

2 Radion station 9,600 9,600 9,600 28,800 9,600

2.1 Radio news time 400 4 1,600 4 1,600 4 1,600 4,800 4 1,600

2.2Technical article (composting, SWM

sustainability)article 2,000 4 8,000

4 8,000

4 8,000 24,000

4 8,000

3 Newspaper 4,800 4,800 4,800 14,400 4,800

3.1 News page article 400 2 800 2 800 2 800 2,400 2 800

3.2 Technical article (composting) article 2,000 2 4,000 2 4,000 2 4,000 12,000 2 4,000

4 Publishement of DVD unit 5 10,000 50,000 10,000 50,000 10,000 50,000 150,000 10,000 50,000

Total 348,400 10,000 348,400 10,000 348,400 1,045,200 10,000 348,400

Yearly (2015 - 2025)

2012 2013 2014


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Rcollection: rate of collection, in percentage

Rrecycled at LF percentage recycled at the landfill

The assumptions described in section 3.3.2 were employed when calculating the quantity of waste that has to be landfilled every year. Based on these assumptions, the calculations result in the following flows of waste, including the annual quantity of waste going to landfill as shown in table 3.31. Table 3.31 Total amount of waste to landfill 2012 - 2025

Year

Quantity Generated

Percentage

Recycled at source

Quantity Recycled at

source

Remaining after Recycled at source

Percentage

Collected and

Treated at

Landfill

Quantity Collected and

Treated at Landfill

(Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr)

(%) (Kg/day)

(Tonnes/yr)

(Kg/day)

(Tonnes/yr)

(Kg/day) (Tonnes

/yr) (%)

2010 95,066 34,699 11 10,741 3,920 84,325 30,779 12 10,204 3.724

2011 96,169 35,102 11 10,886 3,973 85,283 31,129 12 10,322 3.768

2012 97,285 35,509 11 10,992 4,012 86,293 31,497 20 17,650 6.442

2013 98,413 35,921 20 19,454 7,101 78,959 28,820 24 19,157 6.992

2014 99,555 36,338 25 24,541 8,957 75,014 27,381 31 23,290 8.501

2015 100,709 36,759 30 30,712 11,210 69,997 25,549 33 22,929 8.369

2016 101,878 37,185 30 31,069 11,340 70,809 25,845 33 23,195 8.466

2017 103,059 37,617 30 31,429 11,472 71,630 26,145 33 23,464 8.564

2018 104,255 38,053 34 35,531 12,969 68,724 25,084 33 22,865 8.346

2019 105,464 38,494 34 35,943 13,119 69,521 25,375 39 27,146 9.908

2020 106,688 38,941 39 41,570 15,173 65,118 23,768 44 28,936 10.562

2021 107,925 39,393 39 42,053 15,349 65,872 24,044 44 29,271 10.684

2022 109,177 39,850 39 42,541 15,527 66,636 24,323 44 29,611 10.808

2023 110,444 40,312 39 43,034 15,707 67,410 24,605 48 32,325 11.799

2024 111,725 40,780 39 43,533 15,890 68,192 24,890 49 33,235 12.131

2025 113,021 41,253 39 44,038 16,074 68,983 25,179 54 37,473 13.678

3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill

To build a sanitary landfill for the district is in agreement with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan. The sanitary landfill will be in compliance with current national standards as required, i.e. with an impermeable bottom layer, a drainage system for surface storm water runoff, a leachate collection and treatment system, a landfill gas collection and treatment system, use waste compacting and a regular soil cover, regular environmental monitoring, and so forth. It must be noted that, given a number of uncertainties at present, the cost estimates are all not accurate and must be revised/adjusted in the future prior to implementing the sanitary landfill. The proposed landfill site is 11 kilometres from the centre of Phu My town to the north, off the road to My Tho, belonging to Gia Hoi village of My Phong commune.


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The site for the planned District landfill

The proposed new landfill site close to the Gia Ho village is suitable in term of minimum distance to National and Provincial main areas; to residential areas; to rivers and streams; to groundwater, exploitation works/structures; to airports, seaports and industrial areas.12 The total area reserved for the new sanitary landfill is 30 hectares. The landfill designed by CEEN in 2008 is sized to receive an average of 27.12 tonnes per day of waste. The waste cell will have a waste layer that is 11-12 metres thick. The bottom of the cell consists of a compacted clay layers and a HDPE layer. There is a gas collection system, as well as a leachate collection and treatment system that will discharge water to the surroundings meeting the requirements of the Standard TCVN 7733:2007 ”Effluent standards for leachate of solid waste landfill sites.”. A surface water drainage system is provided around the landfill. The site’s water supply is from drilled wells. The power supply is mainly for lighting. Proposed ancillary facilities include buildings, a weighbridge, a fence, environmental monitoring, a car park, a guard house, etc. The original estimate was made by CEEN in 2008. The cost estimate is based on the 2008 estimate by CEEN in 2008 and has been updated to 2011 costs; it can be found in Annex C, tables C1 and C2. As can be seen, the costs include 739 metre long access road, a weighbridge, a truck wash station, a material stockpile area, an office, guard house, a fence around the entire site and the sanitary landfill cells with their impermeable membrane and leachate collection system. Also included in the costs are the leachate treatment system, the water supply and electric systems and the closure of cells that have been filled with waste. Finally observation wells are included for the monitoring of the environment round the sanitary landfill and a bulldozer to be used daily in the operation of the landfill. Excluded from the costs are the costs of land acquisition; as well as the costs for the closure of the two existing dumpsites. As can be seen from the tables, the total investment costs for the sanitary landfill are 34.5 billion Dong, where the majority of the costs are for the construction of new landfill cells and the cost of machinery. The landfill proposed by CEEN is large enough to accommodate the waste generated by the district in the period 2013 – 2025. The landfill has been subdivided into 50,000 m3 cells; where a cell is closed when it is full. The design by CEEN proposes that all cells are built immediately, so in this scenario there will be empty cells that will remain unused for about 10 years (7 years in case of a shared landfill). This is not a recommended scenario, as the cells that are not used are difficult to preserve and they will be damaged by sunshine, vegetation and precipitation and deteriorate rapidly and therefore become unusable; thus, the initial investment may be lost to a large extend. In fact, the landfill may be planned in one design as was done by CEEN, but they may not be all fully built immediately. Thus, the dimensioning of the planned total area for the landfill site may be large enough to cover the entire planning period (say 15 years), but the construction of landfill

12

TCXDVN 261 : 2001


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cells should be phased, with a new cells built only after the previous cell has been filled up. The size of each cell should not be larger than necessary, so that it will be filled within say about two years; no new additional cells should be built before needed. Therefore, the construction of the landfill cells is split into phases, so that there is an initial investment, subsequent additional investments for the new landfill cells, as well as operating costs for the landfill. The costs are based on the CEEN estimate, where the costs of landfills that are subsequently build, is deducted from the initial cost estimate. The operating costs for the years 2013 through 2025 can be found in Annex C, table C3. Here the main expenses are maintenance costs and the cost of staff. As can be seen in table 3.33, the total operating costs per tonne for the sanitary landfill come to approximately 430,000 VND per tonne. The sanitary landfill staff is foreseen as follows: Table 3.32 Landfill Staffing

3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill

In agreement with the Technical and Financial File of the project “Water Supply and Sanitation Programme In Binh Dinh Province”, chapter 2.2.2.1 Solid Waste Management Plans for the districts, and reviewing the Global strategy on solid waste for Binh Dinh province on page 15, the project should review the PSWMP, in order to make sure it will lead to the definition of a coherent strategy for the Province and the targeted districts. Such a review, based on international standards, must consider grouping some districts around the same landfill, while taking into account costs efficiency, accessibility, transport distance and the target population. Given the financial advantages, it is proposed that Phu My considers sharing a sanitary landfill with other district(s) or parts of them, preferably with parts or all of the three neighbouring districts of Hoai Nhon, Hoai An and An Lao. All the involved districts would benefit a lot, in terms of not only lower construction and operational costs, but also by minimising the negative environmental impacts. This would also allow saving a lot of land within the province, as each single landfill has to follow the requirements for safe distance (at least 300 m to a residential area, applied for small landfills and located not to the windward of residential areas). The costs for a shared landfill are estimated as shown in Annex C, table C4. With a shared landfill, it is foreseen that both the construction and operational costs can be minimised (due to the economy-of-scale principle) and also the overall environmental (negative) impacts will be reduced as a single landfill serves a larger area. Furthermore, this scenario could make certain options more practicable, for example the recovery and re-use of landfill gas to

Staff Category Number

Landfill Manager 1

Waste Controllers / (weighbridge Operators) 2

LTP Operator 1

Chief Mechanic 1

Assistant Mechanics 1

Electrician 1

Machine Operators 2

Cleaners 1

Security Guards 2

Various unskilled workers 5

Total Staff: 17


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make energy is only viable when large quantities of waste are available. The landfill gas recovery can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and lead to a net income through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).13 In practice, the Phu My District is willing to share a sanitary landfill with another District, if this is based on a decision by the PPC. Summary of the Capital and Operating Costs for the Sanitary Landfill The capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill can be found in table 3.33. Table 3.33 Summary of the capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill

Item Unit Sanitary Landfill Shared Landfill

Total tonnage received Tonnes 142,742 328,172

Initial investment costs MVND 24,137 26,414

Additional investment costs MVND 9,222 28,497

Operating costs MVND 23,263 26,637

Average costs per tonne VND/tonne 396,674 248,492

As can be seen in the above table, the overall landfill costs come to about 400,000 VND per tonne of waste received. Significant savings can be made by sharing the costs of building and operating a landfill. The basic infrastructure required is the same, though the operating costs are a little higher in terms of fuel consumption, chemicals for the leachate treatment costs, and so forth. In practice, sharing the landfill with Hoai Nhon District will reduce the costs by approximately 150,000 VND per tonne. This is a significant saving, especially given that this plan calls for around 23 tonnes of waste to be collected daily within the District a few years from now. Final disposal of solid waste by landfilling, if and where needed, will have to employ environmentally safe sanitary landfills. Taking into account both economic and environmental aspects, it is obvious that sharing a landfill has significant has significant cost advantages. The only challenge for this scenario is the possible resistance of the local residents where the shared landfill is to be located. To make this realistic, the district must design and implement an appropriate IEC and awareness raising programme for both local authorities and residents.

3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill

To manage a shared sanitary landfill, it is essential that the landfill operation is supervised by a strong management board that represents the interests of both (or more) Districts. The Landfill Management Board could be either lead by a Vice Chairman from the PPC or co-directed by Vice Chairmen of the involved districts. The Landfill Management Board must ensure that the sanitary landfill is built and operated to the best advantage of all parties. The Landfill Management Board should also include representatives from district sections covering Planning and Investment, Natural Resource and Environment, Agricultural and Rural Development, Urban Management , Public Health Section, as well the Commune PC where the landfill is located and the District waste management company(ies). It is important that the Landfill Management Board ensures that the sanitary landfill is managed in a transparent manner where all expenses are clearly accounted for. Given that the sanitary

13

The CDM option through landfill gas is only an option if organic waste is placed in the landfill. As mentioned

elsewhere, composting activities also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and are also eligible for CDM credits.


64

landfill will have a weighbridge and that all garbage trucks will be weighed upon arrival (and departure is desired) at the landfill, it will be possible to attribute the costs to each involved District based on the quantity of waste delivery to the sanitary landfill. All decisions regarding upgrades and expansion of the landfill should also be approved by the Landfill Management Board.

3.8. Closure of Dumpsites

The existing dumpsites in Phu My should sooner or later be closed in order to avoid polluting the environment and to be in compliance with the national strategy on sustainable development. It is foreseen that over the next 15 years all dumpsites should be eliminated. Assuming (and it seems most likely) that no industrial hazardous waste was received by the dumpsites, they can be closed following the guidelines given in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of January 18, 2001 guiding “the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites" as follows:

- The final cover layer should have a clay content >30%, ensure a standard moisture and properly compacted, with a thickness ≥60 cm. The slope from the edge to the top should gradually increase from 3 to 5%, ensuring good draining, and thereafter:

+ Cover the buffer layer with a 50-60 cm thick layer of sandy soil + Covering with a 20-30 cm thick agricultural soil + Plant grass and trees

- Carry out a monitoring program, including the monitoring of air, water, soil and

ecosystems, labour environment and local residents; health. Once the dumpsite has been closed, the District Office of Natural Resources and Environment should develop a simple monitoring programme to ensure that the final cover layer remains intact.

3.9. Cost Saving by Treating Organic Waste at Source

There are considerable savings to be made by composting the organic faction of waste at source. This District Solid Waste Management Plan has used a model where eventually 30% of the total waste stream is treated through composing (or similar processes) in communes and 15% of the waste stream is treated likewise in towns. In table 3.34 below the total costs are compared to scenarios where there is absolutely no treatment of organic waste at source and one where all organic waste is treated at source. In all three cases, it is assumed that the waste will be deposited in a District sanitary landfill. Table 3.34 Cost comparison for various composting scenarios

Almost 100% of organic waste is

composted

Current scenario (30% in communes

/15% in towns)

No treatment of organic waste at

source

Total Waste to landfill 2013 – 2025 (tonnes)

108,738 133,897 172,374

Total Capital Costs (MVND) 30,408 34,453 34,453

Total Operating Costs (MVND)

22,717 23,253 33,634

Total Costs (MVND) 53,125 57,706 68,087


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As can be seen there are significant savings in the current system, when compared to a system where there is no treatment of organic waste at source. The fact that about 38,000 tonnes less of waste are collected over the period 2013 – 2025, (134,000 tonnes versus 172,000 tonnes) means savings in the order of 10 billion VND. Hence, there are very strong financial incentives to minimise the flow of waste to landfill, as this significantly lowers the costs. Furthermore, waste minimisation benefits the environment.

4. Plan for Management of Industrial Waste till 2025

4.1. Definitions of Industrial/Hazardous Waste

Industrial solid waste is defined in Decree No. 59/2007/NĐ-CP issued by Vietnamese Government as solid waste generated in industrial production, craft villages, business and service activities or other activities is collectively referred to as industrial solid waste. Furthermore, hazardous solid waste is described as solid waste containing substances or compounds that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness, corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics. Industrial waste represents waste generated from activities in manufacturing businesses that utilises raw material and machinery to generate marketable products in their premises. A small percentage of the industrial waste will be “hazardous waste,” these are also discussed below. Industrial waste is generated from manufacturing businesses that use raw material and machinery to generate products within their premises. Typical categories of manufacturing industries can be found below:

Food processing

Beverage manufacturing

Wood-based products

Manufacturing of chemical and chemical products

Manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products

Basic metals

Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances and supplies

Manufacture of transport equipment

Textiles and garments These categories of industries will each generate their particular industrial waste, where the waste characteristics will be dependent on the industrial production process. The wastes are often complex and heterogeneous ranging from inert inorganic waste (such as mineral, electronic and metal waste) to organic waste (such as plastics and foodstuffs). Industrial waste is the waste generated by the industry’s production, as can be items such as mineral, electronic and metal waste, filter cakes, plastics, raw material wastage, off-spec products, floor sweepings, rags, packaging, etc.; so long as these do not fall under the MONRE’s definition of a hazardous waste In addition to the industrial waste generated, the industries will also generate a sizeable amount of general waste. This latter waste is common to all industries and includes packaging, office and canteen waste. Some of this waste (e.g. packaging) is often sold for recycling and the remained of this waste is usually handled as domestic solid waste.


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The term “Hazardous Waste” applies to toxic and hazardous waste. These are defined as wastes containing components that are toxic, radioactive, inflammable, explosive, abrasive, contagious, poisonous or harmful.14 Vietnam’s National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Waste Thresholds (QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT) sets the standard for hazardous waste thresholds and is used to indentify wastes that may be considered hazardous. These technical regulations clearly describe the laboratory method that must be used for analysis of waste to determine whether it is a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste from industrial activities will include waste such as solvents, oils, PCBs, acids and plating baths. Healthcare risk waste is also defined as a hazardous waste (as it is contagious); these are discussed in section 5.

4.2. Current Situation and Plans

There are four Industrial Clusters within the District; a fifth Industrial Cluster is under construction:

The Binh Duong Industrial Cluster covers 100 hectares, of which 40 are in use. There is a titanium factory on the site, as well as wood processing, construction material manufacture and production of coconut fibre. There are 17 factories in total with approximately 2,000 workers. Some companies have signed waste collection contracts with the District garbage collection company.

The 43 hectare Diem Tieu Industrial Cluster holds brick manufacturers, fertilizer production, as well as wood and seafood processing. In addition, there is a large vocational school located within this Industrial Cluster.

The Dai Thanh Industrial Cluster covers an area of 63 hectares and holds packaging production, wood processing and brick kilns.

The 73 hectare My Thanh Industrial Area hold one titanium factory that uses 15 hectares of the available area.

The An Luong Industrial Cluster will eventually cover 50 hectares; this cluster is close to Phu My town and intended for clean industries, mainly within wood and agro-product processing and stone production. The Industrial Cluster has been planned for construction.

At present the general waste from industries is often collected by the local waste management company; this covers waste from canteens, offices and so forth. This general waste is included in the numbers for domestic solid waste in section 3.3.2. The consultant found that the disposal of containers that have held pesticides was a problem throughout the province. Some Districts have built boxes in the fields, with the intention that the farmers should place their pesticide waste in these boxes. This system did not work, as the farmers did not use the boxes and continue to dump the containers on their land. Some Districts are interested in again trying to collect these empty pesticide containers. This is not recommended as long as there is no disposal system for the empty pesticide packaging. If these containers were collected today, the District would have to store these as a hazardous waste, as there is no disposal system for hazardous waste within the region. At a later date, when a hazardous waste treatment facility is built within the region, the collected waste would then have to be shipped for treatment at great cost to the District.15

14

Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 that went into effect on 1 July 2006 15

The treatment fee would likely be in the region of 20,000 VND per kg or more.


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For the empty pesticide containers, the Government of Vietnam should implement a programme in collaboration with the pesticide manufacturers, the importers and the distributers. The programme should ensure that when the farmers are supplied with new pesticides, the supplier will automatically take back empty pesticide packaging. There could be a deposit on the packaging, to ensure all packaging is returned. The pesticide distributers would then organise and implement an awareness programme, so that all farmers know how to store and return their empty pesticide containers.16 Given that the distributers transport full pesticide containers to sell to the farmers, it is easy for them to ensure that empty containers are transported back to their distribution centre or factory. The empty containers can then be reused or sent for treatment as hazardous waste.

4.3. Possibilities for waste prevention and waste minimisation;

Typical main waste composition from industries can include scrap metals, plastics, paper and cardboard and food scraps. Such wastes can be sold or given away for recycling. Industries frequently have large amounts of raw materials that are wasted during the manufacturing process; likewise some industries have a significant percentage of products that do not meet the specifications. Both the wasted raw materials, as well as “off-spec” products are often discarded on-site, as this is an inexpensive solution. Commonly reusing these materials in the production makes good economic sense, as it reduces the company’s costs for raw materials per unit product. Better utilisation of raw materials, as well as other resources such as water, should be encouraged. Some industrial hazardous waste is also recycled at the moment, this includes waste oils and waste lubricants that are currently sold to recyclers and used as a fuel, often in brick kilns. In the longer term; once there is a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility within the region, this practice should be discontinued and the hazardous waste oils and lubricants should be treated at a specialised facility.

4.4. Present and future quantities of Industrial Waste

At present this waste stream is not sufficiently regulated, so there is no readily available data on the number of waste generators, the nature of the wastes, their quantity or where they are currently being disposed. The Provincials Solid Waste Management Plan does state that “The industrial SW collection in the district area has not currently managed, so there has not been any specific figure on the total amount of SW generated in the district.” On the other hand the plan does predict that 8.2 tonnes per day will be generated in 2015 and 11.7 tonnes per day in 2020. Of these waste streams in 2020 17 63% were recycled or reused; 21% is “hazardous” waste; and the remaining 16% are “non-hazardous” waste. Clearly, the 21% must be mostly industrial wastes. Given that there are no current figures for the waste arisings, the predictions for 2015 and 2020 must be associated with a high degree of uncertainty. It is important for the District to obtain a better knowledge of exactly how much and what types of waste are generated by the industrial clusters within the District. It is recommended that a survey be organised to better determine the current situation. Such a survey should investigate all major sources of industrial waste within the District and propose the best possible solutions. The survey should visit all industrial zones and clusters, as well as other major generators of industrial waste. The quantity of waste can then be determined through information from the waste generators, through estimates based on the number of employees

16

Such a programme would normally also take back and treat any obsolete pesticides that the farmer may have stored over time on his premises. 17

The figures for 2015 in the PSWMP do not add up and have therefore been ignored.


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and/or the quantity of product produced. The consultant will then have to determine how the waste is best treated: Some waste will be akin to domestic solid waste, just as there will be large amounts of industrial waste that can be placed in a sanitary landfill (or reused).18 There will be a small percentage of hazardous waste, where a solution will need to be found, given that there is currently no hazardous waste treatment centre within the region. Such a survey, performed by a team of international and national experts, would probably cost around 60,000 Euro, and this price would cover a survey of four Districts within the Province.

4.5. The Management System for Industrial Waste

The basic principle for handling industrial waste, is that the wastes from the industry are properly separated. There will be some general waste from kitchens, offices, and so forth. This will generally be collected by the local garbage company. There will also be some waste from the production or manufacturing process; this can be contaminated raw materials, wastage from the production process and/or off-spec products. Other a sizeable percentage of these materials can be reused (especially if the alternative is to pay to dispose of them). Likewise, some waste can be (and is already) reused, for example wood waste and sawdust from wood manufacturing industries is often reused as a source of energy. Naturally, most industries will have some waste that is not general waste. The industry is expected to ensure that this waste is transported by a licensed transporter to an approved site where it can be treated and disposed of. Much of the manufacturing waste from industries can meet the acceptance criteria of landfills and can therefore be transported to landfills. This requires that the manufacturing waste is not contaminated with hazardous waste (in which case the whole batch of waste will often be considered as hazardous waste). Therefore, industries must have good housekeeping to keep non-hazardous and hazardous waste separate. Finally, there are some wastes that are hazardous wastes and that require special treatment. This applies to materials such as waste solvents, waste oils and spent plating baths. Here the enterprise must follow the requirements of the Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 regarding the handling, storage, transportation and treatment of these materials. If housekeeping is good, the quantity of hazardous waste will be very small for most industries. These wastes must be transported to a hazardous waste treatment facility for final treatment and disposal (unless they are treated (or pre-treated) on-site, as is generally the case with liquid wastes). To properly manage these wastes, thorough training is needed, so that managers and workers within enterprises and industries can correctly handle all the waste that is generated within their premises. This is briefly described in the following section and will be further developed over the coming months.

4.6. Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising

Based on the Awareness Raising Programme that is being implemented by the EPA19, there is one component about awareness raising for enterprises that has to be carried out. This programme is currently in its in pilot phase but will later be implemented on a broader scale.

18

For some of the industrial waste to be placed in a sanitary landfill requires that this waste is kept separate from hazardous waste during the manufacturing process. A frequent “problem” for industrial waste is that large amounts of relatively inert waste that could be reused or placed in a sanitary landfill, is contaminated with a small percentage of hazardous waste, making all the waste hazardous waste that requires very costly treatment. 19

Note that this activity is not part of the project’s awareness raising programme


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The target groups of this component are the enterprise owners and the managers. The topics include knowledge of industrial waste; how to distinguish between various categories of industrial waste; how to separate and store the waste; and how each category of waste should be handled and treated. The selected communication methodology is to organising a managing group to be in charge of this component at the provincial level where the EPA members are the core members together with a member of the Department of Industry and Commerce of Binh Dinh Province. The core members will cooperate with the members of the Division of Natural Resources and Environment of the District and the members of the Industrial Zone Management Board of the district to carry out the communication activities within the district. The managing group will organise the training courses for the district with the participation of the target group. They will also organise the monitoring system to measure the result of the communication activities; the indicators of this system can be based on the EIA indicators but be more simple i.e. it does not need to use specific equipment to measure the environmental parameters, these can just be visual observations. The main indicator of this activity is whether the enterprise owners organise the activities in their enterprise to inform and guide the workers about how to manage industrial waste. The improvements can be monitored on a month by month basis measuring the workers’ habits relating to the handling of industrial waste.

5. Plan for Management of Healthcare Risk Waste

5.1. Definition of Healthcare Risk Waste

There exist various definitions of Healthcare Waste in general and Healthcare Risk Waste in particular. This report, however, employs Vietnamese definitions, which are defined in the Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT promulgated on 30 November 2007 by the Minister of Health, and which are as follows:

Healthcare Waste (HCW) is the material in either solid, liquid or gaseous form, which is discharged from healthcare facilities (HCFs) and which includes both healthcare risk waste and ordinary waste.

Healthcare Risk Waste (HCRW) (also known as special healthcare waste or hazardous healthcare waste) is the waste containing hazardous elements to human health and the environment, such as infectious, toxic, radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive or possessing other hazardous properties, if not disposed of properly

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is the management activities of the waste generation, preliminary handling, collection, transport, storage, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment and disposal of healthcare waste and the control and supervision of implementation.

Healthcare waste reduction is the activities taken in order to minimize the generation of healthcare waste, including reduction of healthcare waste at source, use of products that can be recycled and/or reused, good management and strict control of the practical processes and correct waste segregation.

Reuse is the use of a product several times until the end of life of the product or use of the product for other functions and/or purposes.

Recycling is the reproduction of waste materials into new products

Waste collection at source is the process of segregation, gathering, packing and temporary storage of waste at the site of waste generation in the healthcare facilities.


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Transport of waste is the process by which the waste is transported from the place where it was generated to the sites of preliminary treatment, storage, or disposal.

Preliminary treatment is the process disinfection or sterilisation of potentially infectious waste at the sites of the waste generation, before transportation to a site of storage or disposal.

Treatment and disposal of waste is a technological process which aims to disable the waste in causing its potential hazards to human health and the environment.

According to Vietnamese definitions (Vietnamese Regulation on Healthcare Waste Management promulgated by Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT of the Minister of Health on 30 November 2007), healthcare waste is classified into five groups as follows:

1. Infectious waste 2. Hazardous chemical waste 3. Radioactive waste 4. Pressurised containers 5. Ordinary waste

5.2. Current Situation

The Phu My District Hospital has 140 beds and on average has 170 patients; it has managed its healthcare risk waste since 2000. From that year and until 2005 the hospital’s waste was segregated and placed in colour coded bags; where after the waste was transported to the Hoval incinerator in Quy Nhon. The cost to the hospital for healthcare risk waste segregation and transport was about 20 million VND per year. The Department of Health paid the costs of treating the waste in the Hoval incinerator. From the beginning of 2006 the hospital has used a Bidiphar incinerator paid for through the DOH’s provincial healthcare improvement programme. This incinerator can incinerate 20 kg/batch; the hospital generates 5 to 10 kg per day of healthcare risk waste. The facility also receives small quantities of sharps from the commune healthcare stations within the District and these are also treated by incineration. The hospital segregates the generated waste into general waste (placed in blue bags and collected by the Transportation and Public Works Unit), sharps (placed in cardboard boxes enclosed in a yellow plastic bag) and healthcare risk waste (placed in yellow plastic bags). The healthcare risk waste is transported by hand to the incinerator.

Trolleys equipped for waste separation at the District Hospital

Incinerator and waste water treatment at Phu My District Hospital

The costs of operating the system are approximately 26 million VND per year plus about 14 million VND in supplementary “hazardous” pay for the two workers responsible for healthcare waste management and for operating the waste water treatment system. For any major


71

maintenance or repairs where the hospital has an insufficient budget for the incinerator; the funds will be taken from either the hospital’s general “repair” budget or in costlier cases from the “purchasing” budget. The hospital’s healthcare risk waste management system is sound and well operated. This is the only hospital within the District and also the only facility within the District that can incinerate infectious waste.

5.3. Future Management of HCW

The management of healthcare risk waste within the District was very professional and meets the Vietnamese Ministry of Health requirements. At present only about 20 private clinics are not currently included in the system. A programme of capacity development and awareness raising will be developed in collaboration with the local health authorities to ensure that healthcare risk waste from these private clinics is also properly segregated, safely transported and then incinerated together with the healthcare risk waste from the hospitals.

6. Implementation Plans The implementation of the proposed waste management systems are covered through the draft Action Plan for the District that was issued at the same time as this DSWMP.


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Annex A Tables of Waste Quantities 2010 – 2025


73

Year

2010

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%

Sold to Recyclers (kg/day)

Treated/ Composted at

Source %

Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day)

Balance of Waste (kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 5,510 4,408 15% 661 0% - 3,747 50% 1,873

2 Phu My 0.8 11,456 9,165 15% 1,375 0% - 7,790 70% 5,453

3 My Duc 0.5 7,240 3,620 10% 362 0% - 3,258 0% -

4 My Chau 0.5 8,427 4,213 10% 421 0% - 3,792 0% -

5 My Thang 0.5 10,689 5,344 10% 534 0% - 4,810 5% 240

6 My Loc 0.5 7,313 3,656 10% 366 0% - 3,291 0% -

7 My Loi 0.5 7,370 3,685 10% 368 0% - 3,316 0% -

8 My An 0.5 8,440 4,220 10% 422 0% - 3,798 10% 380

9 My Phong 0.5 8,712 4,356 10% 436 0% - 3,920 10% 392

10 My Trinh 0.5 6,348 3,174 10% 317 0% - 2,857 0% -

11 My Tho 0.5 14,859 7,430 10% 743 0% - 6,687 0% -

12 My Hoa 0.5 8,911 4,456 10% 446 0% - 4,010 0% -

13 My Thanh 0.5 10,528 5,264 10% 526 0% - 4,737 0% -

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 13,899 11,120 15% 1,668 0% - 9,452 10% 945

15 My Quang 0.5 6,783 3,391 10% 339 0% - 3,052 10% 305

16 My Hiep 0.5 13,650 6,825 10% 682 0% - 6,142 10% 614

17 My Tai 0.5 10,422 5,211 10% 521 0% - 4,690 0% -

18 My Cat 0.5 6,636 3,318 10% 332 0% - 2,986 0% -

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,422 2,211 10% 221 0% - 1,990 0% -

TOTAL

171,613 95,066

10,741

- 84,325

10,204


74

Year

2011

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 5,574 4,459 15% 669 0% - 3,790 50% 1,895

2 Phu My 0.8 11,589 9,271 15% 1,391 0% - 7,881 70% 5,516

3 My Duc 0.5 7,324 3,662 10% 366 0% - 3,296 0% -

4 My Chau 0.5 8,524 4,262 10% 426 0% - 3,836 0% -

5 My Thang 0.5 10,813 5,406 10% 541 0% - 4,866 5% 243

6 My Loc 0.5 7,398 3,699 10% 370 0% - 3,329 0% -

7 My Loi 0.5 7,455 3,727 10% 373 0% - 3,355 0% -

8 My An 0.5 8,538 4,269 10% 427 0% - 3,842 10% 384

9 My Phong 0.5 8,813 4,406 10% 441 0% - 3,966 10% 397

10 My Trinh 0.5 6,421 3,211 10% 321 0% - 2,890 0% -

11 My Tho 0.5 15,032 7,516 10% 752 0% - 6,764 0% -

12 My Hoa 0.5 9,015 4,507 10% 451 0% - 4,057 0% -

13 My Thanh 0.5 10,650 5,325 10% 532 0% - 4,792 0% -

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 14,061 11,248 15% 1,687 0% - 9,561 10% 956

15 My Quang 0.5 6,861 3,431 10% 343 0% - 3,088 10% 309

16 My Hiep 0.5 13,808 6,904 10% 690 0% - 6,214 10% 621

17 My Tai 0.5 10,542 5,271 10% 527 0% - 4,744 0% -

18 My Cat 0.5 6,713 3,357 10% 336 0% - 3,021 0% -

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,473 2,236 10% 224 0% - 2,013 0% -

TOTAL

96,169

10,866

- 85,303

10,322


75

Year

2012

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 5,639 4,511 15% 677 0% - 3,834 60% 2,301

2 Phu My 0.8 11,724 9,379 15% 1,407 0% - 7,972 70% 5,580

3 My Duc 0.5 7,409 3,704 10% 370 0% - 3,334 10% 333

4 My Chau 0.5 8,623 4,312 10% 431 0% - 3,880 5% 194

5 My Thang 0.5 10,938 5,469 10% 547 0% - 4,922 5% 246

6 My Loc 0.5 7,483 3,742 10% 374 0% - 3,368 5% 168

7 My Loi 0.5 7,541 3,771 10% 377 0% - 3,394 10% 339

8 My An 0.5 8,637 4,318 10% 432 0% - 3,887 10% 389

9 My Phong 0.5 8,915 4,458 10% 446 0% - 4,012 30% 1,204

10 My Trinh 0.5 6,496 3,248 10% 325 0% - 2,923 30% 877

11 My Tho 0.5 15,206 7,603 10% 760 0% - 6,843 0% -

12 My Hoa 0.5 9,119 4,560 10% 456 0% - 4,104 30% 1,231

13 My Thanh 0.5 10,773 5,387 10% 539 0% - 4,848 0% -

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 14,224 11,379 15% 1,707 0% - 9,672 30% 2,902

15 My Quang 0.5 6,941 3,471 10% 347 0% - 3,123 20% 625

16 My Hiep 0.5 13,968 6,984 10% 698 0% - 6,286 20% 1,257

17 My Tai 0.5 10,665 5,332 10% 533 0% - 4,799 5% 240

18 My Cat 0.5 6,791 3,395 10% 340 0% - 3,056 5% 153

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,525 2,262 10% 226 0% - 2,036 0% -

TOTAL

97,285

10,992

- 86,293

17,650


76

Year

2013

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 5,704 4,563 15% 685 5% 228 3,651 70% 2,555

2 Phu My 0.8 11,860 9,488 15% 1,423 5% 474 7,590 70% 5,313

3 My Duc 0.5 7,495 3,747 10% 375 10% 375 2,998 10% 300

4 My Chau 0.5 8,723 4,362 10% 436 10% 436 3,489 10% 349

5 My Thang 0.5 11,065 5,532 10% 553 10% 553 4,426 5% 221

6 My Loc 0.5 7,570 3,785 10% 379 10% 379 3,028 10% 303

7 My Loi 0.5 7,629 3,814 10% 381 10% 381 3,052 20% 610

8 My An 0.5 8,737 4,368 10% 437 10% 437 3,495 0% -

9 My Phong 0.5 9,019 4,509 10% 451 10% 451 3,607 30% 1,082

10 My Trinh 0.5 6,571 3,286 10% 329 10% 329 2,629 30% 789

11 My Tho 0.5 15,383 7,691 10% 769 10% 769 6,153 10% 615

12 My Hoa 0.5 9,225 4,612 10% 461 10% 461 3,690 30% 1,107

13 My Thanh 0.5 10,898 5,449 10% 545 10% 545 4,359 0% -

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 14,389 11,511 15% 1,727 5% 576 9,209 40% 3,684

15 My Quang 0.5 7,022 3,511 10% 351 10% 351 2,809 20% 562

16 My Hiep 0.5 14,130 7,065 10% 707 10% 707 5,652 20% 1,130

17 My Tai 0.5 10,788 5,394 10% 539 10% 539 4,315 5% 216

18 My Cat 0.5 6,870 3,435 10% 343 10% 343 2,748 5% 137

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,577 2,289 10% 229 10% 229 1,831 10% 183

TOTAL

98,413

11,119

8,334 78,730

19,157


77

Year

2014

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 5,770 4,616 15% 692 10% 462 3,462 70% 2,424

2 Phu My 0.8 11,997 9,598 15% 1,440 10% 960 7,198 70% 5,039

3 My Duc 0.5 7,582 3,791 10% 379 15% 569 2,843 10% 284

4 My Chau 0.5 8,824 4,412 10% 441 15% 662 3,309 20% 662

5 My Thang 0.5 11,193 5,597 10% 560 15% 839 4,197 10% 420

6 My Loc 0.5 7,658 3,829 10% 383 15% 574 2,872 20% 574

7 My Loi 0.5 7,717 3,859 10% 386 15% 579 2,894 30% 868

8 My An 0.5 8,838 4,419 10% 442 15% 663 3,314 10% 331

9 My Phong 0.5 9,123 4,562 10% 456 15% 684 3,421 30% 1,026

10 My Trinh 0.5 6,647 3,324 10% 332 15% 499 2,493 30% 748

11 My Tho 0.5 15,561 7,780 10% 778 15% 1,167 5,835 20% 1,167

12 My Hoa 0.5 9,332 4,666 10% 467 15% 700 3,499 30% 1,050

13 My Thanh 0.5 11,025 5,512 10% 551 15% 827 4,134 30% 1,240

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 14,556 11,644 15% 1,747 10% 1,164 8,733 50% 4,367

15 My Quang 0.5 7,103 3,552 10% 355 15% 533 2,664 30% 799

16 My Hiep 0.5 14,294 7,147 10% 715 15% 1,072 5,360 30% 1,608

17 My Tai 0.5 10,914 5,457 10% 546 15% 819 4,093 5% 205

18 My Cat 0.5 6,949 3,475 10% 347 15% 521 2,606 5% 130

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,630 2,315 10% 232 15% 347 1,736 20% 347

TOTAL

99,555

11,248

13,293 74,666

23,290


78

Year

2015

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste Generated

(kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %

Treated/ Composted

at Source (kg/day)


Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 5,837 4,670 18% 841 10% 467 3,362 70% 2,354

2 Phu My 0.8 12,136 9,709 18% 1,748 10% 971 6,991 70% 4,893

3 My Duc 0.5 7,670 3,835 12% 460 20% 767 2,608 10% 261

4 My Chau 0.5 8,927 4,463 12% 536 20% 893 3,035 30% 911

5 My Thang 0.5 11,323 5,662 12% 679 20% 1,132 3,850 10% 385

6 My Loc 0.5 7,747 3,873 12% 465 20% 775 2,634 30% 790

7 My Loi 0.5 7,807 3,903 12% 468 20% 781 2,654 30% 796

8 My An 0.5 8,941 4,470 12% 536 20% 894 3,040 10% 304

9 My Phong 0.5 9,229 4,615 12% 554 20% 923 3,138 30% 941

10 My Trinh 0.5 6,725 3,362 12% 403 20% 672 2,286 10% 229

11 My Tho 0.5 15,741 7,871 12% 944 20% 1,574 5,352 30% 1,606

12 My Hoa 0.5 9,440 4,720 12% 566 20% 944 3,210 30% 963

13 My Thanh 0.5 11,153 5,576 12% 669 20% 1,115 3,792 10% 379

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 14,724 11,780 18% 2,120 10% 1,178 8,481 50% 4,241

15 My Quang 0.5 7,185 3,593 12% 431 20% 719 2,443 40% 977

16 My Hiep 0.5 14,460 7,230 12% 868 20% 1,446 4,916 40% 1,967

17 My Tai 0.5 11,040 5,520 12% 662 20% 1,104 3,754 10% 375

18 My Cat 0.5 7,030 3,515 12% 422 20% 703 2,390 10% 239

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,684 2,342 12% 281 20% 468 1,593 20% 319

TOTAL

100,709

13,655

17,058 69,529

22,929


79

Year

2016

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 5,905 4,724 18% 850 10% 472 3,401 70% 2,381

2 Phu My 0.8 12,277 9,822 18% 1,768 10% 982 7,072 70% 4,950

3 My Duc 0.5 7,759 3,879 12% 466 20% 776 2,638 10% 264

4 My Chau 0.5 9,030 4,515 12% 542 20% 903 3,070 30% 921

5 My Thang 0.5 11,454 5,727 12% 687 20% 1,145 3,894 10% 389

6 My Loc 0.5 7,837 3,918 12% 470 20% 784 2,665 30% 799

7 My Loi 0.5 7,898 3,949 12% 474 20% 790 2,685 30% 806

8 My An 0.5 9,044 4,522 12% 543 20% 904 3,075 10% 308

9 My Phong 0.5 9,336 4,668 12% 560 20% 934 3,174 30% 952

10 My Trinh 0.5 6,803 3,401 12% 408 20% 680 2,313 10% 231

11 My Tho 0.5 15,924 7,962 12% 955 20% 1,592 5,414 30% 1,624

12 My Hoa 0.5 9,550 4,775 12% 573 20% 955 3,247 30% 974

13 My Thanh 0.5 11,282 5,641 12% 677 20% 1,128 3,836 10% 384

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 14,895 11,916 18% 2,145 10% 1,192 8,580 50% 4,290

15 My Quang 0.5 7,269 3,634 12% 436 20% 727 2,471 40% 989

16 My Hiep 0.5 14,628 7,314 12% 878 20% 1,463 4,973 40% 1,989

17 My Tai 0.5 11,168 5,584 12% 670 20% 1,117 3,797 10% 380

18 My Cat 0.5 7,112 3,556 12% 427 20% 711 2,418 10% 242

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,739 2,369 12% 284 20% 474 1,611 20% 322

TOTAL

101,878

13,813

17,255 70,335

23,195


80

Year

2017

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 5,973 4,779 18% 860 10% 478 3,441 70% 2,409

2 Phu My 0.8 12,420 9,936 18% 1,788 10% 994 7,154 70% 5,008

3 My Duc 0.5 7,849 3,924 12% 471 20% 785 2,669 10% 267

4 My Chau 0.5 9,135 4,568 12% 548 20% 914 3,106 30% 932

5 My Thang 0.5 11,587 5,794 12% 695 20% 1,159 3,940 10% 394

6 My Loc 0.5 7,928 3,964 12% 476 20% 793 2,695 30% 809

7 My Loi 0.5 7,989 3,995 12% 479 20% 799 2,716 30% 815

8 My An 0.5 9,149 4,575 12% 549 20% 915 3,111 10% 311

9 My Phong 0.5 9,444 4,722 12% 567 20% 944 3,211 30% 963

10 My Trinh 0.5 6,882 3,441 12% 413 20% 688 2,340 10% 234

11 My Tho 0.5 16,109 8,054 12% 967 20% 1,611 5,477 30% 1,643

12 My Hoa 0.5 9,660 4,830 12% 580 20% 966 3,285 30% 985

13 My Thanh 0.5 11,413 5,706 12% 685 20% 1,141 3,880 10% 388

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 15,068 12,054 18% 2,170 10% 1,205 8,679 50% 4,340

15 My Quang 0.5 7,353 3,677 12% 441 20% 735 2,500 40% 1,000

16 My Hiep 0.5 14,797 7,399 12% 888 20% 1,480 5,031 40% 2,012

17 My Tai 0.5 11,298 5,649 12% 678 20% 1,130 3,841 10% 384

18 My Cat 0.5 7,194 3,597 12% 432 20% 719 2,446 10% 245

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,793 2,397 12% 288 20% 479 1,630 20% 326

TOTAL

103,059

13,973

17,456 71,151

23,464


81

Year

2018

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 6,043 4,834 18% 870 10% 483 3,481 70% 2,436

2 Phu My 0.8 12,564 10,051 18% 1,809 10% 1,005 7,237 70% 5,066

3 My Duc 0.5 7,940 3,970 12% 476 25% 992 2,501 10% 250

4 My Chau 0.5 9,241 4,621 12% 554 25% 1,155 2,911 30% 873

5 My Thang 0.5 11,722 5,861 12% 703 25% 1,465 3,692 10% 369

6 My Loc 0.5 8,020 4,010 12% 481 25% 1,002 2,526 30% 758

7 My Loi 0.5 8,082 4,041 12% 485 25% 1,010 2,546 30% 764

8 My An 0.5 9,256 4,628 12% 555 25% 1,157 2,915 10% 292

9 My Phong 0.5 9,554 4,777 12% 573 25% 1,194 3,009 30% 903

10 My Trinh 0.5 6,961 3,481 12% 418 25% 870 2,193 10% 219

11 My Tho 0.5 16,296 8,148 12% 978 25% 2,037 5,133 30% 1,540

12 My Hoa 0.5 9,773 4,886 12% 586 25% 1,222 3,078 30% 924

13 My Thanh 0.5 11,545 5,773 12% 693 25% 1,443 3,637 10% 364

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 15,243 12,194 18% 2,195 10% 1,219 8,780 50% 4,390

15 My Quang 0.5 7,438 3,719 12% 446 25% 930 2,343 40% 937

16 My Hiep 0.5 14,969 7,484 12% 898 25% 1,871 4,715 40% 1,886

17 My Tai 0.5 11,429 5,714 12% 686 25% 1,429 3,600 10% 360

18 My Cat 0.5 7,278 3,639 12% 437 25% 910 2,292 10% 229

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,849 2,425 12% 291 25% 606 1,527 20% 305

TOTAL

104,255

14,135

21,396 68,118

22,865


82

Year

2019

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 6,113 4,890 18% 880 10% 489 3,521 75% 2,641

2 Phu My 0.8 12,709 10,168 18% 1,830 10% 1,017 7,321 75% 5,490

3 My Duc 0.5 8,032 4,016 12% 482 25% 1,004 2,530 20% 506

4 My Chau 0.5 9,348 4,674 12% 561 25% 1,169 2,945 35% 1,031

5 My Thang 0.5 11,858 5,929 12% 711 25% 1,482 3,735 15% 560

6 My Loc 0.5 8,113 4,056 12% 487 25% 1,014 2,556 35% 894

7 My Loi 0.5 8,176 4,088 12% 491 25% 1,022 2,575 35% 901

8 My An 0.5 9,363 4,681 12% 562 25% 1,170 2,949 15% 442

9 My Phong 0.5 9,665 4,832 12% 580 25% 1,208 3,044 35% 1,066

10 My Trinh 0.5 7,042 3,521 12% 423 25% 880 2,218 15% 333

11 My Tho 0.5 16,485 8,242 12% 989 25% 2,061 5,193 35% 1,817

12 My Hoa 0.5 9,886 4,943 12% 593 25% 1,236 3,114 35% 1,090

13 My Thanh 0.5 11,679 5,840 12% 701 25% 1,460 3,679 15% 552

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 15,420 12,336 18% 2,220 10% 1,234 8,882 60% 5,329

15 My Quang 0.5 7,525 3,762 12% 451 25% 941 2,370 45% 1,067

16 My Hiep 0.5 15,142 7,571 12% 909 25% 1,893 4,770 45% 2,146

17 My Tai 0.5 11,561 5,781 12% 694 25% 1,445 3,642 15% 546

18 My Cat 0.5 7,362 3,681 12% 442 25% 920 2,319 15% 348

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,905 2,453 12% 294 25% 613 1,545 25% 386

TOTAL

105,464

14,299

21,644 68,908

27,146


83

Year

2020

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 6,184 4,947 18% 890 15% 742 3,315 80% 2,652

2 Phu My 0.8 12,857 10,285 18% 1,851 15% 1,543 6,891 80% 5,513

3 My Duc 0.5 8,125 4,063 12% 488 30% 1,219 2,356 20% 471

4 My Chau 0.5 9,457 4,728 12% 567 30% 1,419 2,742 40% 1,097

5 My Thang 0.5 11,995 5,998 12% 720 30% 1,799 3,479 20% 696

6 My Loc 0.5 8,207 4,103 12% 492 30% 1,231 2,380 40% 952

7 My Loi 0.5 8,270 4,135 12% 496 30% 1,241 2,398 40% 959

8 My An 0.5 9,472 4,736 12% 568 30% 1,421 2,747 20% 549

9 My Phong 0.5 9,777 4,888 12% 587 30% 1,467 2,835 40% 1,134

10 My Trinh 0.5 7,124 3,562 12% 427 30% 1,069 2,066 20% 413

11 My Tho 0.5 16,676 8,338 12% 1,001 30% 2,501 4,836 40% 1,934

12 My Hoa 0.5 10,001 5,000 12% 600 30% 1,500 2,900 40% 1,160

13 My Thanh 0.5 11,815 5,907 12% 709 30% 1,772 3,426 20% 685

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 15,599 12,479 18% 2,246 15% 1,872 8,361 70% 5,853

15 My Quang 0.5 7,612 3,806 12% 457 30% 1,142 2,207 50% 1,104

16 My Hiep 0.5 15,318 7,659 12% 919 30% 2,298 4,442 50% 2,221

17 My Tai 0.5 11,695 5,848 12% 702 30% 1,754 3,392 20% 678

18 My Cat 0.5 7,447 3,724 12% 447 30% 1,117 2,160 20% 432

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 4,962 2,481 12% 298 30% 744 1,439 30% 432

TOTAL

106,688

14,465

27,105 64,373

28,936


84

Year

2021

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 6,256 5,004 18% 901 15% 751 3,353 80% 2,682

2 Phu My 0.8 13,006 10,405 18% 1,873 15% 1,561 6,971 80% 5,577

3 My Duc 0.5 8,219 4,110 12% 493 30% 1,233 2,384 20% 477

4 My Chau 0.5 9,566 4,783 12% 574 30% 1,435 2,774 40% 1,110

5 My Thang 0.5 12,134 6,067 12% 728 30% 1,820 3,519 20% 704

6 My Loc 0.5 8,302 4,151 12% 498 30% 1,245 2,408 40% 963

7 My Loi 0.5 8,366 4,183 12% 502 30% 1,255 2,426 40% 970

8 My An 0.5 9,581 4,791 12% 575 30% 1,437 2,779 20% 556

9 My Phong 0.5 9,890 4,945 12% 593 30% 1,484 2,868 40% 1,147

10 My Trinh 0.5 7,206 3,603 12% 432 30% 1,081 2,090 20% 418

11 My Tho 0.5 16,869 8,435 12% 1,012 30% 2,530 4,892 40% 1,957

12 My Hoa 0.5 10,117 5,058 12% 607 30% 1,517 2,934 40% 1,174

13 My Thanh 0.5 11,952 5,976 12% 717 30% 1,793 3,466 20% 693

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 15,779 12,624 18% 2,272 15% 1,894 8,458 70% 5,920

15 My Quang 0.5 7,700 3,850 12% 462 30% 1,155 2,233 50% 1,117

16 My Hiep 0.5 15,496 7,748 12% 930 30% 2,324 4,494 50% 2,247

17 My Tai 0.5 11,831 5,916 12% 710 30% 1,775 3,431 20% 686

18 My Cat 0.5 7,534 3,767 12% 452 30% 1,130 2,185 20% 437

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 5,020 2,510 12% 301 30% 753 1,456 30% 437

TOTAL

107,925

14,633

27,420 65,120

29,271


85

Year

2022

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 6,328 5,062 18% 911 15% 759 3,392 80% 2,713

2 Phu My 0.8 13,157 10,526 18% 1,895 15% 1,579 7,052 80% 5,642

3 My Duc 0.5 8,315 4,157 12% 499 30% 1,247 2,411 20% 482

4 My Chau 0.5 9,677 4,839 12% 581 30% 1,452 2,806 40% 1,123

5 My Thang 0.5 12,275 6,138 12% 737 30% 1,841 3,560 20% 712

6 My Loc 0.5 8,398 4,199 12% 504 30% 1,260 2,436 40% 974

7 My Loi 0.5 8,463 4,232 12% 508 30% 1,270 2,454 40% 982

8 My An 0.5 9,693 4,846 12% 582 30% 1,454 2,811 20% 562

9 My Phong 0.5 10,005 5,003 12% 600 30% 1,501 2,901 40% 1,161

10 My Trinh 0.5 7,290 3,645 12% 437 30% 1,094 2,114 20% 423

11 My Tho 0.5 17,065 8,533 12% 1,024 30% 2,560 4,949 40% 1,980

12 My Hoa 0.5 10,234 5,117 12% 614 30% 1,535 2,968 40% 1,187

13 My Thanh 0.5 12,090 6,045 12% 725 30% 1,814 3,506 20% 701

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 15,963 12,770 18% 2,299 15% 1,916 8,556 70% 5,989

15 My Quang 0.5 7,790 3,895 12% 467 30% 1,168 2,259 50% 1,129

16 My Hiep 0.5 15,676 7,838 12% 941 30% 2,351 4,546 50% 2,273

17 My Tai 0.5 11,968 5,984 12% 718 30% 1,795 3,471 20% 694

18 My Cat 0.5 7,621 3,811 12% 457 30% 1,143 2,210 20% 442

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 5,078 2,539 12% 305 30% 762 1,473 30% 442

TOTAL

109,177

14,803

27,738 65,875

29,611


86

Year

2023

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 6,401 5,121 18% 922 15% 768 3,431 80% 2,745

2 Phu My 0.8 13,309 10,648 18% 1,917 15% 1,597 7,134 80% 5,707

3 My Duc 0.5 8,411 4,206 12% 505 30% 1,262 2,439 25% 610

4 My Chau 0.5 9,790 4,895 12% 587 30% 1,468 2,839 45% 1,278

5 My Thang 0.5 12,417 6,209 12% 745 30% 1,863 3,601 25% 900

6 My Loc 0.5 8,496 4,248 12% 510 30% 1,274 2,464 45% 1,109

7 My Loi 0.5 8,562 4,281 12% 514 30% 1,284 2,483 45% 1,117

8 My An 0.5 9,805 4,902 12% 588 30% 1,471 2,843 25% 711

9 My Phong 0.5 10,121 5,061 12% 607 30% 1,518 2,935 45% 1,321

10 My Trinh 0.5 7,375 3,687 12% 442 30% 1,106 2,139 25% 535

11 My Tho 0.5 17,263 8,631 12% 1,036 30% 2,589 5,006 45% 2,253

12 My Hoa 0.5 10,353 5,176 12% 621 30% 1,553 3,002 45% 1,351

13 My Thanh 0.5 12,231 6,115 12% 734 30% 1,835 3,547 25% 887

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 16,148 12,918 18% 2,325 15% 1,938 8,655 70% 6,059

15 My Quang 0.5 7,880 3,940 12% 473 30% 1,182 2,285 55% 1,257

16 My Hiep 0.5 15,857 7,929 12% 951 30% 2,379 4,599 55% 2,529

17 My Tai 0.5 12,107 6,054 12% 726 30% 1,816 3,511 25% 878

18 My Cat 0.5 7,710 3,855 12% 463 30% 1,156 2,236 25% 559

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 5,137 2,568 12% 308 30% 771 1,490 35% 521

TOTAL

110,444

14,974

28,060 66,639

32,325


87

Year

2024

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 6,476 5,181 18% 933 15% 777 3,471 85% 2,950

2 Phu My 0.8 13,464 10,771 18% 1,939 15% 1,616 7,217 85% 6,134

3 My Duc 0.5 8,509 4,254 12% 511 30% 1,276 2,468 25% 617

4 My Chau 0.5 9,903 4,952 12% 594 30% 1,485 2,872 45% 1,292

5 My Thang 0.5 12,562 6,281 12% 754 30% 1,884 3,643 25% 911

6 My Loc 0.5 8,594 4,297 12% 516 30% 1,289 2,492 45% 1,122

7 My Loi 0.5 8,661 4,330 12% 520 30% 1,299 2,512 45% 1,130

8 My An 0.5 9,919 4,959 12% 595 30% 1,488 2,876 25% 719

9 My Phong 0.5 10,238 5,119 12% 614 30% 1,536 2,969 45% 1,336

10 My Trinh 0.5 7,460 3,730 12% 448 30% 1,119 2,163 25% 541

11 My Tho 0.5 17,463 8,732 12% 1,048 30% 2,619 5,064 45% 2,279

12 My Hoa 0.5 10,473 5,236 12% 628 30% 1,571 3,037 45% 1,367

13 My Thanh 0.5 12,373 6,186 12% 742 30% 1,856 3,588 25% 897

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 16,335 13,068 18% 2,352 15% 1,960 8,756 70% 6,129

15 My Quang 0.5 7,971 3,986 12% 478 30% 1,196 2,312 55% 1,271

16 My Hiep 0.5 16,041 8,021 12% 962 30% 2,406 4,652 55% 2,559

17 My Tai 0.5 12,248 6,124 12% 735 30% 1,837 3,552 25% 888

18 My Cat 0.5 7,799 3,899 12% 468 30% 1,170 2,262 25% 565

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 5,197 2,598 12% 312 30% 779 1,507 35% 527

TOTAL

111,725

15,148

28,385 67,412

33,235


88

Year

2025

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste Generated

(kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



Source %



Rate of collectio

n (%)

Garbage from

collection

(kg/day)

1 Binh Duong 0.8 6,551 5,241 18% 943 15% 786 3,511 90% 3,160

2 Phu My 0.8 13,620 10,896 18% 1,961 15% 1,634 7,300 90% 6,570

3 My Duc 0.5 8,607 4,304 12% 516 30% 1,291 2,496 30% 749

4 My Chau 0.5 10,018 5,009 12% 601 30% 1,503 2,905 50% 1,453

5 My Thang 0.5 12,707 6,354 12% 762 30% 1,906 3,685 30% 1,106

6 My Loc 0.5 8,694 4,347 12% 522 30% 1,304 2,521 50% 1,261

7 My Loi 0.5 8,761 4,381 12% 526 30% 1,314 2,541 50% 1,270

8 My An 0.5 10,034 5,017 12% 602 30% 1,505 2,910 30% 873

9 My Phong 0.5 10,357 5,179 12% 621 30% 1,554 3,004 50% 1,502

10 My Trinh 0.5 7,547 3,773 12% 453 30% 1,132 2,189 30% 657

11 My Tho 0.5 17,666 8,833 12% 1,060 30% 2,650 5,123 50% 2,562

12 My Hoa 0.5 10,594 5,297 12% 636 30% 1,589 3,072 50% 1,536

13 My Thanh 0.5 12,516 6,258 12% 751 30% 1,877 3,630 30% 1,089

14 My Chanh/An Luong 0.8 16,524 13,220 18% 2,380 15% 1,983 8,857 80% 7,086

15 My Quang 0.5 8,064 4,032 12% 484 30% 1,210 2,339 60% 1,403

16 My Hiep 0.5 16,227 8,114 12% 974 30% 2,434 4,706 60% 2,824

17 My Tai 0.5 12,390 6,195 12% 743 30% 1,858 3,593 30% 1,078

18 My Cat 0.5 7,889 3,945 12% 473 30% 1,183 2,288 30% 686

19 My Chanh Tay 0.5 5,257 2,628 12% 315 30% 789 1,524 40% 610

TOTAL

113,021

15,324

28,714 68,194

37,473


89

Annex B Map of District


90


91

Annex C Sanitary Landfill Calculations

Location and scale of each landfill proposed by the districts:

Decision nr.1553/QD-CTUBND dated 21 July 2008 of the Binh Dinh PPC on “approving the construction detailed planning at scale 1/500 for the landfill of Phu My”

Location: in Gia Hoi hamlet, My Phong commune, Phu My district. It is border by:

• Cashew garden to the North • Cashew garden to the South • Lane to the East • Mountain to the West

Scale of construction: 59,798.27 m2 (total area of the landfill)

Table C1: Investment Cost estimate

Work: Sanitary Landfill In Phu My District

Location: My Phong Commune, Phu My District, Binh Dinh Province

Currency: VND

NR COST ITEM TOTAL

1 Construction cost inclusive of tax 26,799,256,000

2 Equipment cost inclusive of tax 10,159,931,000

3 Project management cost 581,292,000

4 Investment consultancy cost 1,592,385,000

5 Other cost 321,110,000

6 Contingency 10% 3,945,397,400

Total 43,399,371,000

Of which: Construction cost without tax 24,121,743,000

Equipment cost without tax 9,236,301,000


92

Table C2 Estimation for the investment costs for the Phu My Sanitary Landfill

No. Item Unit Quantity Unit Price

(VND) Total Amount

(VND)

A Construction cost before tax 24,121,743,000

I Access road 361,033,000

1 Dirt road, width of 3.5m, sod facing on both sides of 1.5m

m 739.00 478,962 353,952,918

2 Sign boards, stacks, transportation safety

LS 1.00 7,080,000 7,080,000

II Bridge scale and car/truck washing bridge, material stockpile area

1,131,901,000

1 Bridge scale, RC foundation m2 13.20 8,108,823 107,036,464

2 Car washing bridge m2 24.20 34,690,904 839,519,877

3 Material stockpile area, concrete of 4x6 crushed stone, thickness of 20cm, on compacted soil

m2 600.00 308,908 185,344,800

III Office, guardhouse, fences 1,816,114,000

1 Site office: Class III, bricked wall, metal sheet roof, metal roof trusses, false ceiling

m2 98.00 4,363,319 427,605,262

2 Guardhouse, area S = (3.6x3.6), bricked wall, RC roof

m2 12.96 6,564,285 85,073,134

3 Car/motorbike parking, metal roof trusses

m2 120.00 4,363,319 523,598,280

4 Gates, wall height of 2m built by bricks

m 100.00 1,505,924 150,592,400

5 B40 net fences, RC piles m 776.00 810,882 629,244,432

IV Landfill cells and Bio-ponds 18,649,004,000

IV.1 Landfill cells 18,443,512,724

1 Excavation, leveling and compaction of landfill cells, soil Class III

m3 154,588.00 17,852 2,759,704,976

2 Construction of cell bottom with impermeable clay, stones, sand

m3 167,505.00 40,605 6,801,540,525

3 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 35,520.00 222,027 7,886,399,040

4 Internal roads: Compacted crushed stone, K=0.95, road width of 6m

m 487.00 772,269 376,095,003

5 Surface drainage ditch: Wet masonry open canal, size of 600x700

m 895.00 692,484 619,773,180

IV.2 Bio-ponds 205,491,558

1 Excavation, leveling and compaction of Bio-ponds, soil Class II

m3 424.00 114,954 48,740,496

2 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 706.00 222,027 156,751,062

V Water supply and electric system 211,540,000

1 Water supply networks of moisten, truck washing, pump station


93

uPVC Pipe Dia. DN50 m 715.00 43,440 31,059,600

HDPE Pipe Dia. DN50 m 715.00 105,876 75,701,340

Water supply pump station m2 4.00 2,061,388 8,245,552

2 Electric system LS 1.00 96,533,604 96,533,604

VI Leachate collection system 1,716,810,000

Installation and back-up 470,685,337

1 4 catchpits 800x800x800 by RC and 1 leachate collecting well by RC, Dia. 1500mm, height of 6m

LS 1.00 34,752,097 34,752,097

2 uPVC pipes, Dia. DN160, perforating of 20% area

m 742.00 653,629 484,992,718

3 uPVC pipes, Dia. DN250, perforating 20% area

m 558.00 1,301,756 726,379,848

VII Monitoring system and gas collection system

235,341,000

1 Observation wells, Dia. 150, depth of 22m

Nos 2.00 96,533,604 193,067,208

2 Gas collection system by uPVC pipes Dia. 150, perforating of 20% area

m 78.20 540,588 42,273,982

B Equipment cost before tax 9,236,301,000

I Water supply system and pump station

100,585,000

1 Pump, capacity Q = 5m3/h, H = 35m

LS 2.00 10,320,000 20,640,000

2 Equipment/machinery in pump station

LS 1.00 3,807,000 3,807,000

3 Water supply well, Q = 4m3/day, H = 25-30m

Nos 1.00 45,683,000 45,683,000

4 Water treatment equipment LS 1.00 30,455,000 30,455,000

II Scale station 761,379,000

Weighbridge LS 1.00 761,379,000 761,379,000

III Car/truck washing station 30,455,000

Car/truck washing equipment LS 1.00 30,455,000 30,455,000

IV Observation wells 91,366,000

Well, uPVC pipes Dia. 150, depth of 22m

Nos 2.00 45,683,000 91,366,000

V Operation equipment/machinery 5,821,655,000

1 Caterpillar bulldozer 100CV, made in USA

Nos 1.00 3,150,000,000 3,150,000,000

2 Dump truck, 2 wheels, 5 tonnes, made in Korea

Nos 1.00 805,800,000 805,800,000

3 Excavator 0.4 – 0.6m3 made in Korea

Nos 1.00 1,713,578,580 1,713,578,580

4 Equipments in workshop LS 1.00 152,276,000 152,276,000

VI Electric equipments 354,691,000

1 Copper wire OVAL, PVC insulator m 1,276.00 27,000 34,452,000

2 Light poles LS 14.00 11,878,000 166,292,000

3 Generator KDE 12STA, diesel engine driven; 9,5 KVA

Nos 1.00 96,747,000 96,747,000


94

4 Transformer 25 KVA LS 1.00 57,200,000 57,200,000

VII Leachate treatment system (Q= 50 m3/day.night)

2,076,170,000

1 Leachate pump Nos 2.00 35,420,000 70,840,000

2 Equipment/machinery for pump station

LS 1.00 5,330,000 5,330,000

3 Leachate treatment system and pump well at the collection well

LS 1.00 2,000,000,000 2,000,000,000

Total construction and equipment cost before tax 33,358,044,000


95

Table C3 Cost estimation for the operating costs for the Phu My Sanitary Landfill.

Nr Item Unit Year

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

I

Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax)

MVND 9,222 14,915 4,611 4,611

1 Daily average of waste

tonnes/day

10.204

10.322

17.650

19.157

23.290

22.929

23.195

23.464

22.865

27.146

28.936

29.271

29.611

32.325

33.235

37.473

2 Density of waste in dumpsite

tonnes/m3

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

3 Daily average volume of waste

m3/day

12.76

12.90

22.06

23.95

29.11

28.66

28.99

29.33

28.58

33.93

36.17

36.59

37.01

40.41

41.54

46.84

4

Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover)

m3

2.58

4.41

4.79

5.82

5.73

5.80

5.87

5.72

6.79

7.23

7.32

7.40

8.08

8.31

9.37

5

Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil)

m3

1.16

1.99

2.16

2.62

2.58

2.61

2.64

2.57

3.05

3.26

3.29

3.33

3.64

3.74

4.22

6 Annual volume of landfill

m3 10,388 11,275 13,708 13,495 13,652 13,810 13,457 15,977 17,031 17,228 17,428 19,025 19,561 22,055

7 Cumulative volume of landfill

m3

11,275

24,983

38,478

52,130

65,940

79,397

95,374

112,405

129,633

147,061

166,086

185,647

207,702

8 Cell construction time

Build cell # 1 and cell

# 2

Build other items

Build

cell # 3

Build cell

# 4

9 Cell closure time

Close

cell # 1

Close cell # 2

Close

cell # 3

Close cell # 4


96

II Operating cost

MVND 1,702 1,714 1,713 1,925 1,714 1,713 1,935 1,729 1,730 1,942 1,739 1,741 1,965

Shifts of bulldozer

Shift/year 54.00 66.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 65.00 77.00 82.00 83.00 84.00 92.00 94.00 107.00

1 Diesel oil MVND 54.00 66.00 65.00 66.00 66.00 65.00 76.00 81.00 82.00 83.00 91.00 93.00 106.00

2 Closure of landfill cells

MVND 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25

3 Maintenance of access road

MVND 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00

4 Maintenance of vehicles

MVND 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00

5 Maintenance of equipment and facility

MVND 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00

6 Electricity MVND 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00

7

Chemicals for leachate treatment plant

MVND 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00

8 Salary for landfill staff

MVND 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00


97

Table C4 Cost estimation for the operating costs when the Phu My Sanitary Landfill is shared with another District.

Nr Item Unit Year

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

I

Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax)

MVND 9,499 16,915 9,499 9,499 9,499

1 Daily average of waste

tonnes/day

28.627

28.874

42.645

46.198

54.444

54.011

54.495

54.983

53.178

60.883

64.707

65.292

65.884

71.795

72.982

80.103

2 Density of waste in dumpsite

tonnes/m3

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

3 Daily average volume of waste

m3/day

35.78

36.09

53.31

57.75

68.06

67.51

68.12

68.73

66.47

76.10

80.88

81.62

82.36

89.74

91.23

100.13

4

Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover)

m3

7.22

10.66

11.55

13.61

13.50

13.62

13.75

13.29

15.22

16.18

16.32

16.47

17.95

18.25

20.03

5

Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil)

m3

3.25

4.80

5.20

6.12

6.08

6.13

6.19

5.98

6.85

7.28

7.35

7.41

8.08

8.21

9.01

6 Annual volume of landfill

m3 25,099 27,190 32,044 31,789 32,074 32,361 31,299 35,833 38,084 38,428 38,777 42,256 42,954 47,146

7 Cumulative volume of landfill

m3

27,190

59,234

91,023

123,097

155,458

186,756

222,590

260,674

299,102

337,879

380,135

423,089

470,235

8 Cell construction time

Build cell # 1 and cell

# 2

Build other items

Build cell # 3 and cell # 4



9 Cell closure time

Close

cell # 1

Close cell # 2

Close cell # 3

Close cell # 4

Close cell # 5

Close cell # 6

Close cell # 7

Close cell # 8


98

II Operating cost

MVND 1,876 2,111 1,898 2,111 2,112 1,896 2,128 1,928 2,140 2,142 1,948 2,162 2,183

Shifts of bulldozer

Shift/year 131.00 155.00 153.00 155.00 157.00 151.00 173.00 184.00 185.00 187.00 204.00 207.00 228.00

1 Diesel oil MVND 130.00 154.00 152.00 154.00 155.00 150.00 171.00 182.00 183.00 185.00 202.00 205.00 226.00

2 Closure of landfill cells

MVND 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25

3 Maintenance of access road

MVND 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00

4 Maintenance of vehicles

MVND 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00

5 Maintenance of equipment and facility

MVND 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00

6 Electricity MVND 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00

7

Chemicals for leachate treatment plant

MVND 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

8 Salary for landfill staff

MVND 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00

Phu My - District Solid Waste Management Plan

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