PHStat2 Users Guide

PHStat2Version 2.7

Users Guide

Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall, a division of Pearson Education.

Table of Contents

Introduction........................................................................................................................4What is PHStat2?...........................................................................................................4What PHStat2 is not......................................................................................................4How PHStat2 Presents Its Results...............................................................................5Preparing Data for Analysis.........................................................................................5

PHStat2 Commands..........................................................................................................6Data Preparation Menu................................................................................................6

Stack Data....................................................................................................................6UnStack Data...............................................................................................................7

Descriptive Statistics Menu...........................................................................................7Box-and-Whisker Plot.................................................................................................7Dot Scale Diagram.......................................................................................................8Frequency Distribution................................................................................................8Histogram & Polygons................................................................................................9Stem-and-Leaf Display..............................................................................................10One-Way Tables & Charts.........................................................................................11Two-Way Tables & Charts........................................................................................12

Decision-Making Menu...............................................................................................12Covariance and Portfolio Analysis............................................................................12Expected Monetary Value.........................................................................................13Expected Opportunity Loss.......................................................................................13Opportunity Loss.......................................................................................................14

Probability & Prob. Distributions Menu...................................................................14Simple & Joint Probabilities......................................................................................14Normal.......................................................................................................................14Normal Probability Plot.............................................................................................15Binomial Probabilities...............................................................................................15Exponential................................................................................................................16Hypergeometric.........................................................................................................17Poisson.......................................................................................................................17

Sampling Menu............................................................................................................18Random Sample Generation......................................................................................18Sampling Distributions Simulation............................................................................18

Confidence Intervals Menu.........................................................................................19Estimate for the Mean, sigma known.....................................................................19Estimate for the Mean, sigma unknown.................................................................19Estimate for the Population Variance........................................................................20Estimate for the Proportion........................................................................................21Estimate for the Population Total..............................................................................21Estimate for the Total Difference..............................................................................22

Sample Size Menu........................................................................................................22Determination for the Mean.......................................................................................22Determination for the Proportion...............................................................................23

One-Sample Tests Menu.............................................................................................24Z Test for the Mean, sigma known............................................................................24

PHStat2 User’s Guide.

t Test for the Mean, sigma unknown.........................................................................24Chi-Square Test for the Variance..............................................................................25Z Test for the Proportion...........................................................................................26

Two-Sample Tests Menu.............................................................................................27t Test for Differences in Two Means.........................................................................27Z Test for Differences in Two Means........................................................................27F Test for Differences in Two Variances..................................................................28Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test..........................................................................................29Chi-Square Test for the Differences In Two Proportions..........................................30Z Test for Differences in Two Proportions................................................................31McNemar Test...........................................................................................................31

Multiple-Sample Tests.................................................................................................32Chi-Square Test.........................................................................................................32Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test..........................................................................................33Levene Test................................................................................................................33Tukey-Kramer Procedure..........................................................................................33

Control Charts Menu..................................................................................................34p Chart.......................................................................................................................34R and XBar Chart......................................................................................................34

Regression Menu..........................................................................................................35Simple Linear Regression..........................................................................................35Multiple Regression...................................................................................................36Best Subsets...............................................................................................................37Stepwise Regression..................................................................................................38

Utilities Menu...............................................................................................................38Fix Up Chart..............................................................................................................38Remove Worksheet Cell Tints...................................................................................39

About PHStat…...........................................................................................................39Help for PHStat.............................................................................................................39

IntroductionThis guide describes all PHStat2 commands, in order of their appearance in the

PHStat menu in Microsoft Excel. For each command, this guide explains how to select

the command, provides a summary of what the command does, and presents a sample

dialog box.

For more detailed information about a PHStat2 command, open the PHStat2 help file

(PHStatHelp.hlp) directly on the Windows desktop or by clicking the Help button in the

dialog box for the command. (You can also choose Help for PHStat for the PHStat

menu, as is explained in the beginning of the PHStat2 Commands section.)

You should also review the PHStat2 readme file on the PHStat2 CD for technical

requirements and security considerations of this software and consider visiting the

PHStat2 version 2.7 web page on PHStat Web site (www.prenhall.com/phstat) for any

late-breaking information about the software or for further technical assistance.

What is PHStat2?PHStat2 is software that makes operating Microsoft Excel as distraction-free as possible.

As a student studying statistics, you can focus solely on mastering statistics now and not

worry about having to become an expert user of Excel at the same time. When combined

with the Data Analysis ToolPak add-in included with Microsoft Excel, just about all

statistical methods taught in an introductory statistics course can be illustrated in

Microsoft Excel.

What PHStat2 is notPHStat2 is not designed as a commercial statistical package and should not be used as a

replacement for packages such as SAS or SPSS. Because PHStat2 emphasizes learning,

PHStat2 tries to use the methods of calculation that a learner could easily follow and

would find presented in a textbook that discusses manual calculation. In other cases,

PHStat2 uses pre-existing Microsoft Excel methods to produce results that are too

complex to manually calculate or present to the learner. These choices will occasionally

produce results that are not as precise as those produced by commercial packages that

rely on methods of calculation which are fine-tuned to the limitations of computing

technology. While these differences are not significant for most sets of data, real-world


data sets with unusual numerical properties or with extreme values could produce

significant anomalies when used with PHStat2 and Microsoft Excel.

How PHStat2 Presents Its ResultsPHStat2 produces new worksheets and chart sheets inserted into the currently active

workbook. Cells containing important values and results are highlighted by a light yellow

tint and boldface text. These cells and the cells that hold intermediate calculations are

usually only minimally numerically formatted. For some procedures, the values in these

cells will have an excessive number of seemingly significant digits and you may want to

change the numeric formatting for such cells for presentation purposes.

Worksheets that contain cells tinted in light turquoise are designed to be interactive

and you can change the numeric values of those cells to produce different results without

reselecting the PHStat2 command

Preparing Data for AnalysisPlace your data for analysis by PHStat2 in columns. If you are selecting only part of a

column if a pre-existing worksheet, copy that partial column range to a blank column or

worksheet. Generally, you should place your data starting in row 1, using the row 1 cell

for a heading label, if desired (this is recommended). No cells inside a column range

should be left blank.

Due to the limitations of Microsoft Excel, select the worksheet (make it the currently

active sheet) containing the data to be analyzed before selecting the PHStat2 procedure

that will use the data in order to proper operation. If you forget to do this, you may

encounter an error message that refers to an unexpected error or an error in handling a

cell range, although PHStat2 procedures that do not use the Data Analysis ToolPak are

more forgiving of this than others.

For procedures that require two or more cell ranges, such as all of the regression

procedures, make sure that all your cell ranges are from the same worksheet.


PHStat2 CommandsWhen properly installed, PHStat2 displays the PHStat

menu that is shown at right either as part of the Microsoft

Excel menu bar (Excel 97-2003) or as part of the Add-Ins

tab (Excel 2007). Use the Help for PHStat choice at the

bottom of the menu to display the PHStat2 help system

inside Microsoft Excel. Use the About PHStat choice to

determine the actual version of your software (this will be

useful when using the PHStat2 web site or seeking

technical assistance.)

All other menu choices lead to a submenu that

contains commands associated with the choice. The rest

of this section of the user’s guide presents those

(submenu) commands in order of appearance in the

menu.

Data Preparation Menu

Stack Data

Takes group data that has been arranged in columns and stacks it into two new columns,

the first one of which contains the group labels, on a new worksheet. The Unstacked

Data Cell Range must be a consecutive multiple-column cell range arranged one column

per group.

Use: Select PHStat Data Preparation Stack Data.


UnStack Data

Takes grouped data that has been placed in two columns, one of which contains group

labels, and unstacks it into a series of columns, one for each group, on a new worksheet.

The Grouping Variable Cell Range must be single column cell range containing the

group labels and the Stacked Data Cell Range must be a single-column cell range

containing the data.

Use: Select PHStat Data Preparation Unstack Data.

Descriptive Statistics Menu

Box-and-Whisker Plot

Generates box-and-whisker plots on a new chart sheet from one or more groups of

numerical data. Optionally generates a five-number summary on a separate worksheet.

This command invisibly uses the Chart Wizard to construct a plot from a hidden

worksheet that PHStat2 creates.

Use: Select PHStat Descriptive Statistics Box-and-Whisker Plot.


Dot Scale Diagram

Generates a dot scale diagram as a chart object on a new worksheet that also contains the

numerical data plotted and a summary table of statistics.

Use: Select PHStat Descriptive Statistics Dot Scale Diagram.

Frequency Distribution

Generates a table that contains frequency counts and percentage frequency values on a

new worksheet. When used with a multiple group option, the frequency table for each

group is placed on a separate worksheet.

Use: Select PHStat Descriptive Statistics Frequency Distribution.


Histogram & Polygons

Generates a frequency table and a histogram on a new worksheet and optionally

generates polygons on separate chart sheets. When used with a multiple group option, the

frequency table and histogram for each group is placed on a separate worksheet and the

multiple group data are plotted together on the same polygons.

Because the command invisibly uses the Data Analysis Histogram procedure, the

command uses “bins” and not class groupings to create a frequency table. A bin is a

number that specify the maximum value for a class. Bins are entered as an ordered,

ascending list of values in a contiguous cell range (the Bins Cell Range). A bin range

containing values 0, 10, 20 would correspond to these three classes: all values less than or

equal to 0, values greater than 0 but less than or equal to 10, values greater than 10 but

less than or equal to 20.

Because the first class will be always open-ended towards negative infinity, this class

will never have a true midpoint. Therefore, this command expects that your Midpoints

Cell Range will be one cell smaller than your Bins Cell Range and will assign the first

midpoint to the second class.

Use: Select PHStat Descriptive Statistics Histogram & Polygons.


Stem-and-Leaf Display

Generates a stem-and-leaf display using the rounding method on a new worksheet from a

set of numerical data and optionally generates a summary statistics table on the same

worksheet. Letting PHStat2 autocalculate the stem unit is recommended but if used, the

Set stem unit as value must be a power of ten. Due to the limitations of Microsoft Excel,

this command may produce a plot with inaccurate leaves if the range of the data set is

very large or if many significant digits are needed to convey the largest and smallest

value.

Use: Select PHStat Descriptive Statistics Stem-and-Leaf Display.


One-Way Tables & Charts

Generates a one-way summary table (in the form of a Microsoft Excel PivotTable) on a

new worksheet for a set of categorical data and optionally generates a bar chart, a pie

chart, and a Pareto diagram on separate chart sheets. This command accepts either

unsummarized data (Raw Categorical Data option) or a Table of Frequencies in which

categories have already been tallied.

Use: Select PHStat Descriptive Statistics One-Way Tables & Chart.


Two-Way Tables & Charts

Generates a two-way summary table (in the form of a Microsoft Excel PivotTable) on a

new worksheet for bivariate categorical data and optionally generates a side-by-side bar

chart on a separate chart sheet.

Use: Select PHStat Descriptive Statistics Two-Way Tables & Chart.

Decision-Making Menu

Covariance and Portfolio Analysis

Generates a new worksheet that calculates the covariance of two variables. The new

worksheet contains an empty probabilities & outcomes table into which you enter

probability and outcome data for each variable to complete the analysis. Command

optionally generates a portfolio management analysis of two investments using a weight-

assigned-to-X value that you can change interactively in the worksheet.

Use: Select PHStat Decision-Making Covariance and Portfolio Analysis.


Expected Monetary Value

Generates a new worksheet that calculates expected monetary value from probability and

payoff data for the events associated with a set of alternative courses of action. The new

worksheet contains an empty probabilities & payoffs table into which you enter

probability and payoff data for each combination of event and alternative course of action

to complete the analysis.

Use: Select PHStat Decision-Making Expected Monetary Value.

Expected Opportunity Loss

Generates a new worksheet that calculates expected opportunity losses from probability

and opportunity loss data for the events associated with a set of alternative courses of

action. The new worksheet contains an empty probabilities & opportunity losses table

into which you enter probability and opportunity loss data for each combination of event

and alternative course of action to complete the analysis.

Use: Select PHStat Decision-Making Expected Opportunity Loss.


Opportunity Loss

Generates a new worksheet that calculates opportunity losses from payoff data for the

events associated with a set of alternative courses of action. The new worksheet contains

an empty payoff table into which you enter payoff data for each combination of event and

alternative course of action to complete the analysis.

Use: Select PHStat Decision-Making Opportunity Loss.

Probability & Prob. Distributions Menu

Simple & Joint Probabilities

Generates a new worksheet that calculates probabilities from a 2 x 2 cross-classification,

or contingency, table of outcomes. The new worksheet contains an empty table of

outcomes into which you enter data for each event to complete the analysis.

Use: Select PHStat Probability & Prob. Distributions Simple & Joint

Probabilities.

(This command does not use a dialog box.)

Normal

Generates a new worksheet that calculates normal probabilities. The new worksheet uses

the STANDARDIZE, NORMDIST, NORMSINV, and NORMINV Functions to

calculate normal probabilities and related values.

Use: Select PHStat Probability & Prob. Distributions Normal.


Normal Probability Plot

Generates a normal probability plot on a new chart sheet. This command also generates a

worksheet that calculates the Z values for each value plotted.

Use: Select PHStat Probability & Prob. Distributions Normal Probability Plot.

Binomial Probabilities

Generates a table of binomial probabilities on a new worksheet. If you select Cumulative

Probabilities, the binomial table will include additional columns for P(<=X), P(<X),

P(>X), and P(>=X). The new worksheet uses the BINOMDIST Function to calculate

binomial probabilities. Given the limitations of this function, the values in the table

should be considered as fair approximations of the actual probability values.

Use: Select PHStat Probability & Prob. Distributions Binomial.


Exponential

Calculates the exponential probability for values less than or equal to a given X value on

a new worksheet. The new worksheet uses the EXPONDIST Function to calculate the

exponential probability.

Use: Select PHStat Probability & Prob. Distributions Exponential.


Hypergeometric

Generates a table of hypergeometric probabilities on a new worksheet.. If you select

Cumulative Probabilities, the hypergeometric table will include additional columns for

P(<=X), P(<X), P(>X), and P(>=X). The new worksheet uses the HYPGEOMDIST

Function to calculate hypergeometric probabilities.

Use: Select PHStat Probability & Prob. Distributions Hypergeometric.

Poisson

Generates a table of Poisson probabilities for 0 to 20 successes per unit (X) on a new

worksheet. If you select Cumulative Probabilities, the binomial table will include

additional columns for P(<=X), P(<X), P(>X), and P(>=X). The new worksheet the

POISSON Function to calculate Poisson probabilities.

Use: Select PHStat Probability & Prob. Distributions Poisson.


Sampling Menu

Random Sample Generation

Generates a random sample without replacement on a new worksheet.

Use: Select PHStat Sampling Random Sample Generation.

Sampling Distributions Simulation

Generates a simulated sampling distribution of the mean on a new worksheet.

Use: Select PHStat Sampling Sampling Distributions Simulation.


Confidence Intervals Menu

Estimate for the Mean, sigma known

Calculates the confidence interval estimate for the mean when sigma is known on a new

worksheet. The new worksheet uses the NORMSINV and CONFIDENCE Functions to

determine the Z value and calculate the interval half width, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat Confidence Intervals Estimate for the Mean, sigma known.

Estimate for the Mean, sigma unknown

Calculates the confidence interval estimate for the mean when sigma is unknown on a

new worksheet. The new worksheet created uses the TINV Function to determine the

critical value of the t distribution.

Use: Select PHStat Confidence Intervals Estimate for the Mean, sigma

unknown.


Estimate for the Population Variance

Calculates the confidence interval estimate for the population variance and standard

deviation on a new worksheet.

Use: Select PHStat Confidence Intervals Estimate for the Population

Variance.


Estimate for the Proportion

Calculates the confidence interval estimate for the population proportion on a new

worksheet. The new worksheet uses the NORMSINV Function to determine the Z value.

Use: Select PHStat Confidence Intervals Estimate for the Proportion.

Estimate for the Population Total

Calculates the confidence interval estimate for the population total on a new worksheet.

The new worksheet uses the TINV Function to determine the critical value from the t

distribution.

Use: Select PHStat Confidence Intervals Estimate for the Population Total.


Estimate for the Total Difference

Calculates the confidence estimate for the total difference on a new worksheet.

Use: Select PHStat Confidence Intervals Estimate for the Total Difference.

Sample Size Menu

Determination for the Mean

Calculates the sample size needed for estimating the population mean on a new

worksheet. The new worksheet uses the NORMSINV Function to determine the Z value


and uses the ROUNDUP function to round the result of the sample size calculation up to

the next integer.

Use: Select PHStat Sample Size Determination for the Mean.

Determination for the Proportion

Calculates the sample size needed for estimating the population proportion on a new

worksheet. The new worksheet uses the NORMSINV Function to determine the Z value

and uses the ROUNDUP function to round the result of the sample size calculation up to

the next integer.

Use: Select PHStat Sample Size Determination for the Proportion.


One-Sample Tests Menu

Z Test for the Mean, sigma known

Performs the Z test of hypothesis for the mean when sigma is known on a new

worksheet.. The new worksheet uses the NORMSINV and NORMSDIST Functions to

determine the critical values and p-values, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat One-Sample Tests Z Test for the Mean, sigma known.

t Test for the Mean, sigma unknown

Performs the t test of hypothesis for the mean when sigma is unknown on a new

worksheet. The new worksheet uses the TINV and TDIST Functions to determine the

critical values and p-values, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat One-Sample Tests t Test for the Mean, sigma unknown.


Chi-Square Test for the Variance

Performs the Chi-Square test for the variance on a new worksheet. The new worksheet

uses the CHIINV and CHIDIST functions to determine the critical values and p-values,

respectively.

Use: Select PHStat One-Sample Tests Chi-Square Test for the Variance.


Z Test for the Proportion

Performs the Z test of hypothesis for the proportion on a new worksheet. The new

worksheet uses the NORMSINV and NORMSDIST functions to determine the critical

values and p-values, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat One-Sample Tests Z Test for the Proportion.


Two-Sample Tests Menu

t Test for Differences in Two Means

Performs the t test of hypothesis for differences between two means on a new worksheet.

The new worksheet uses the TINV and TDIST functions to determine the critical values

and p-values, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat Two-Sample Tests t Test for Differences in Two Means.

Z Test for Differences in Two Means

Performs the Z test of hypothesis for differences between two means on a new worksheet.

The new worksheet uses the NORMSINV and NORMSDIST functions to determine the

critical values and p-values, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat Two-Sample Tests Z Test for Differences in Two Means.


F Test for Differences in Two Variances

Performs the F test of hypothesis for differences between two variances on a new

worksheet. The new worksheet uses the FINV and FDIST functions to determine the

critical values and to calculate the p-value, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat Two-Sample Tests F Test for the Differences in Two

Variances.


Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

Performs the Wilcoxon rank sum test for differences between two medians on a new

worksheet. The new worksheet uses the COUNTIF and SUMIF functions to determine

the sample size and sum of ranks for each population sample and uses the NORMSINV

and NORMSDIST functions to determine the critical values and p-values, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat Two-Sample Tests Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test.


Chi-Square Test for the Differences In Two Proportions

Generates a new worksheet that performs the Chi-square test of hypothesis for

differences between two proportions. The new worksheet contains an empty observed

frequencies table into which you enter the observed frequencies to complete the analysis

and uses the CHIINV and CHIDIST functions to determine the critical values and p-

value, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat Two-Sample Tests Chi-Square Test for Differences in Two

Proportions.


Z Test for Differences in Two Proportions

Performs the Z test of hypothesis for differences between two proportions on a new

worksheet. The new worksheet uses the NORMSINV and NORMSDIST functions to

determine the critical values and to calculate the p-value, respectively.

Use: Select PHStat Two-Sample Tests Z Test for the Difference in Two

Proportions.

McNemar Test

Generates a new worksheet that performs the McNemar test of hypothesis for differences

between two proportions (related samples). The worksheet generated contains an empty

observed frequencies table into which you enter the observed frequencies to complete the

analysis.

Use: Select PHStat Two-Sample Tests McNemar Test.


Multiple-Sample Tests

Chi-Square Test

Generates a new worksheet that performs the Chi-square test of hypothesis for

differences in the proportions among multiple independent populations. The new

worksheet contains an empty cross-classification, or contingency, table into which you

the observed frequencies to complete the analysis. The worksheet created uses the

CHIINV and CHIDIST functions to determine the critical values and p-value,

respectively.

Use: Select PHStat Multiple-Sample Tests Chi-Square Test.


Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test

Performs the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test of hypothesis for differences between medians

from multiple independent sample groups on a new worksheet. The new worksheet uses

the CHIINV and CHIDIST functions to determine the critical values and p-values,

respectively.

Use: Select PHStat Multiple-Sample Tests Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test.

Levene Test

Performs the Levene Test for homogeneity of variance for multiple independent sample

groups on a new worksheet.

Use: Select PHStat Multiple-Sample Tests Levene Test.

Tukey-Kramer Procedure

Generates a new worksheet that performs the Tukey-Kramer procedure to determine

which means from multiple independent groups are significantly different. In the new

worksheet, you enter a Q statistic value to complete the analysis.


Use: Select PHStat Multiple-Sample Tests Tukey-Kramer Procedure.

Control Charts Menu

p Chart

Generates a p chart on a new chart sheet. This commands also generates two worksheets

that contain calculations for the control limits and data for the p chart.

Use: Select PHStat Control Charts p Chart.

R and XBar Chart

Generates an R chart on a new chart sheet and optionally generates an chart on a

separate chart sheet. This command also generates two worksheets that calculations for

the control limits and data for the chart(s).


Use: Select PHStat Control Charts R and XBar Chart.

Regression Menu

Simple Linear Regression

Generates a simple linear regression analysis on a new worksheet. This command

enhances and extends the results generated by the Data Analysis Regression tool and will

generate four additional sheets if all options are selected..

Use: Select PHStat Regression Simple Linear Regression.


Multiple Regression

Generates a simple linear regression analysis on a new worksheet. This command

enhances and extends the results generated by the Data Analysis Regression tool. This

command can generate many additional sheets, depending on the number of X variables

and the options selected.

Use: Select PHStat Regression Multiple Regression.


Best Subsets

Generates a best subsets multiple regression analysis on a new worksheet. This command

also procedure generates additional worksheets, each one containing the results of one of

the regression analyses considered.

Use: Select PHStat Regression Best Subsets.


Stepwise Regression

Generates a stepwise regression analysis on a new worksheet. This command also

generates a separate worksheet that contains the multiple regression analysis that uses all

of the X variables..

Use: Select PHStat Regression Stepwise Regression.

Utilities Menu

Fix Up Chart

Modifies a chart, eliminating common errors made by Microsoft Excel in generating the

chart.

Use: Select PHStat Utilities Fix Up Chart.



Remove Worksheet Cell Tints

Removes the light turquoise and light yellow cell tints used in worksheets created by

PHStat2.

Use: Select PHStat Utilities Remove Worksheet Cell Tints.


About PHStat…Displays information about the version of PHStat2 begin used.

Help for PHStatDisplays the PHStat2 help system window. Allows easy access to all help topics.

PHStat2 Users Guide

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