Photovoltaic Fundamental and Application -...

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APPENDIX I

SOURCE CODE OF EMBEDDED PROGRAM

To measure solar cell characteristics at various atmospheric conditions

#include<18f452.h> // preprocessor directive that select the chip

#device *=16 ADC=10

#fuses HS,NOWDT,PUT,NOPROTECT,NOLVP // preprocessor directive that defines fuses for

the chip

#use delay(clock=20000000) // preprocessor directive that specifies the clock

speed

#use rs232 (baud=9600,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7) // preprocessor directive that includes the rs232

libraries

#include<sht71.h> // driver file for SHT71 temperature & humidity

sensor

#define ack=1

#include <lcd.h> // header file for LCD 16x2

char line10[]={"V: "};

char line18[]={"I: "};

char line20[]={"T:"};

char line2A[]={"RH:"};

int adc_data();

long int d,d1;

float temp0,Temp,temp1;

float voltage,Current;

long int adc_val=0;

long int adc_val1=0;

long int adc_val2=0;

void adc_channel(int ch);

//**** The main function of the program***//

void main() //main function

{

float restemp, truehumid,truehumid1; // local variable declaration

int16 restemp2; // local variable declaration

initial(); // initialization of LCD panel

data_write(line10); // V: is displayed at first column of first row of

LCD

single_command(0x89); // set the cursor at 10th column of LCD

data_write(line18); // I: is displayed at 10th column of first row of

LCD

single_command(0xc0); // set the cursor at first column of second row of

LCD

data_write(line20); // T: is at first column of second row of LCD

single_command(0xC8); // set the cursor at 9th column of second row of

LCD

data_write(line2A); // RH: is displayed at 9th column of second row

of LCD

sht_init(); // SHT71 is initialized

while(1) // continue perform operation

{

adc_channel(0);

adc_val=read_adc();

//single_command(0x82);

delay_ms(10);

conversion(adc_val);

temp0=(float)adc_val*0.004882;

d=temp0*1000;

delay_ms(10);

conversion1(d);

delay_ms(100);

adc_channel(1); // call the function adc_channel(x) for channel 1

adc_val=read_adc(); // read analog channel 1 of ADC

single_command(0x82); // set the cursor of LCD at 3rd column of first

row

delay_ms(10); // delay for 10ms

conversion(adc_val); // convert BCD values to ASCII for LCD

display

temp=(float)adc_val*0.004882; // convert adc value into float by multiplying

step size

temp=temp/2.5;

d=temp*1000; // make the float value into four digit

delay_ms(100);

conversion1(d); // conversion of float value to ASCII


adc_channel(4); // initialize the AN4 i.e 5th ADC channel

adc_val2=read_adc(); // read the specified channel

single_command(0x8B); // set the cursor at 12th column of second row of

LCD


temp1=(float)adc_val2*0.004882; // multiply the step size value to get actual float

value

temp1=temp1*.5128; // multiply 0.5128 to get actual current value

d1=temp1*1000; // conversion of float to BCD

conversion1(d1); // conversion of 4 digit BCD to ASCII

sht_rd (restemp, truehumid); // read the value of temperature and humidity

single_command(0xC2); // set the cursor at 3rd column of second row of

LCD

restemp2=restemp*100; // get the value in 3 digit

conversion2(restemp2); // convert the value into ASCII

delay_ms(1000); //delay 500 ms between reading to

prevent self heating of sensor

single_command(0xCB); // set the cursor in 12th column of 2nd row of

LCD

truehumid1=truehumid*100; // get the humidity value in three digit

conversion2(truehumid1); //

printf(“\n\r Radiation: %4.3f V:%4.3fV I: %4.3fmA T: %3.1f oC RH: %3.1f “,temp0, temp,

temp1, restemp,truehumid);

}

}

//*** Function to initialize inbuilt analog to digi tal convertor (ADC) ***//

void adc_channel(int ch) // channel number is called

{

setup_adc( ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL ); // ADC uses internal clock

SETUP_ADC_PORTS(AN0_AN1_AN2_AN4_VSS_VREF); // initialization of ADC,

reference voltage is used

set_adc_channel(ch); // set specified channel in ADC


}

//**** The driver program for SHT71 temperature & h umidity sensor***//

#define sht_data_pin PIN_C1 // set the port E1 pin as a data pin of SHT71

sensor

#define sht_clk_pin PIN_C0 // set the port E2 pin as a clock pin of SHT71

sensor

//***** Function to alert SHT71 ***** //

void comstart (void)

{

output_bit(sht_data_pin,1); // data high

output_bit(sht_clk_pin, 0); // clk low

delay_us(1);

output_bit(sht_clk_pin, 1); // clk high

delay_us(1);

output_bit(sht_data_pin, 0); // data low

delay_us(1);


delay_us(2);


delay_us(1);


delay_us(1);


}

//***** Function to write byte on the sensibus and checks the acknowledge*****//

int1 comwrite (int8 iobyte)

{

int8 I, mask = 0x80;

int1 ack;

delay_us(4);

for(i=0; i<8; i++) // shift bit for masking

{


if((iobyte & mask) > 0)

output_bit(sht_data_pin,1); // data high if MSB high

else

output_bit(sht_data_pin, 0); // data low if MSB low

delay_us(1);


delay_us(1);

mask = mask >> 1; // shift to next bit

}

output_bit(sht_clk_pin, 0); // Shift in ack, clk low

delay_us(1);

ack = input(sht_data_pin); // get ack bit


delay_us(1);


return(ack);

}

//**** Function to read data from SHT71 and gives an acknowledge in case of ACK=1

*****//

int16 comread (void)

{

int8 I;

int16 iobyte;

const int16 mask0 = 0x0000;

const int16 mask1 = 0x0001;

for(i=0; i<8; i++) // shift in MSB data

{

iobyte = iobyte << 1;


delay_us(1);

if (input(sht_data_pin))

iobyte |= mask1; // shift in data bit

else

iobyte |= mask0;

output_bit(sht_clk_pin, 0); //clk low

delay_us(1);

}

//send ack 0 bit

output_bit(sht_data_pin, 0); // data low

delay_us(1);


delay_us(2);


delay_us(1);


// shift in LSB data

for(i=0; i<8; i++)

{

iobyte = iobyte << 1;


delay_us(1);

if (input(sht_data_pin))

iobyte |= mask1; // shift in data bit

else

iobyte |= mask0;


delay_us(1);

}

//send ack 1 bit


delay_us(1);


delay_us(2);


return(iobyte);

}

//***** Function to wait for SHT71 reading *****//

void comwait (void)

{

int16 sht_delay;



delay_us(1);

for(sht_delay=0; sht_delay<30000; sht_delay++) // wait for max 300ms

{

if (!input(sht_data_pin))

break; // if sht_data_pin low, SHT71 ready

delay_us(10);

}

}

//***** Function to reset SHT71 communication ***** //

void comreset (void)

{

int8 I;



delay_us(2);

for(i=0; i<9; i++)

{

output_bit(sht_clk_pin, 1); // toggle clk 9 times

delay_us(2);

output_bit(sht_clk_pin, 0);

delay_us(2);

}

comstart();

}

//***** Function to soft reset SHT71 ***** //

void sht_soft_reset (void)

{

comreset(); // SHT71 communication reset

comwrite(0x1e); // send SHT71 reset command

delay_ms(15); // pause 15 ms

}

//***** Function to measure SHT71 temperature ***** //

int16 measuretemp (void)

{

int1 ack;

int16 iobyte;

comstart(); // alert SHT71

ack = comwrite(0x03); // send measure temp command and

read ack status

if(ack == 1) return;

comwait(); //wait for SHT71 measurement to

complete

iobyte = comread(); //read SHT71 temp data

return(iobyte);

}

//***** Function to measure SHT71 RH ***** //

int16 measurehumid (void)

{

int1 ack;

int16 iobyte;

comstart(); // alert SHT71

ack = comwrite(0x05); // send measure RH command and read

ack status

if(ack == 1) return;

comwait(); //wait for SHT71 measurement to

complete

iobyte = comread(); //read SHT71 temp data

return(iobyte);

}

//***** Function to calculate SHT71 temp & RH ***** //

void calculate_data (int16 temp, int16 humid, float & tc, float &rhlin, float & rhtrue)

{

float truehumid1, rh;

tc = ((float) temp * 0.01) – 40.1; //calculate temperature reading

rh = (float) humid;

rhlin=(-8.0468+0.0367*rh)+(-1.5955E-6)*rh*rh; //calculate Real RH reading

//rhlin=((tc – 25.0) * (0.01 + (0.00008 * rh))) + rhlin;

//rhlin = (rh * 0.0405) – (rh * rh * 0.0000028) – 4.0-5.8;

rhtrue = ((tc – 25.0) * (0.01 + (0.00008 * rh))) + rhlin; //calculate True RH reading

}

//***** Function to measure & calculate SHT71 temp & RH *****//

void sht_rd (float & temp, float & truehumid)

{

int16 restemp, reshumid,restemp1;

float realhumid;

restemp = 0; truehumid = 0;

restemp = measuretemp(); // measure temp

reshumid = measurehumid(); // measure RH

calculate_data (restemp, reshumid, temp, realhumid, truehumid); //calculate temp & RH

}

//***** Function to initialize SHT71 on power-up ** ***//

void sht_init (void)

{

comreset(); // reset SHT71

delay_ms(20); // delay for power-up

}

//**** The LCD function to display measured values to LCD ***//

LCD.h // header file of LCD

unsigned char command1[5]={0x38,0x01,0x06,0x0c,0x80};

int I;

void initial();

void data_write(unsigned char arr[]);

void single_command(unsigned char val);

void single_data(unsigned char d1);

void conversion1(long int m);

void conversion(long int m);

void initial()

{

output_low(PIN_E0); // RS pin of LCD

output_low(PIN_E1); // RW pin of LCD

output_low(PIN_E2); // EN pin of LCD

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

{

output_d(command1[i]);

output_high(PIN_E2); // EN pin

delay_ms(10);

output_low(PIN_E2); // EN pin

}

}

void data_write(unsigned char arr[])

{

output_high(PIN_E0); //rs

for(i=0;arr[i]!=’\0’;i++)

{

output_d(arr[i]);

output_high(PIN_E2); //en

delay_ms(10);

output_low(PIN_E2); //en

}

}

void single_command(unsigned char val)

{

output_low(PIN_E0); //rs

output_d(val);

output_high(PIN_E2); //en

delay_ms(10);

output_low(PIN_E2); //en

}

void single_data(unsigned char d1)

{

output_high(PIN_E0);

output_d(d1);

output_high(PIN_E2);

delay_ms(10);

output_low(PIN_E2);

}

//*** Function to get decimal value of binary input ***//

void conversion(long int m)

{

int b,c;

long int a;

b=m/1000;

a=m%1000;

b=a/100;

b=a%100;

c=b/10;

a=b%10;

}

//*** Conversion function for Voltage and current values ***//

void conversion1(long int m)

{

int b,c;

long int a;

b=m/1000;

single_data(b+0x30);

m=m%1000;

b=m/100;

single_data(0x2e);

single_data(b+0x30);

b=m%100;

c=b/10;

single_data(c+0x30);

a=c%10;

single_data(a+0x30);

}

//*** Conversion function for Temperature and Relative humidity values ***//

void conversion2(long int m)

{

int b,c; //initialize variable b & c

b=m/1000; // divide the value and get first digit

single_data(b+0x30); // convert it into ASCII and display to LCD

m=m%1000; // get the remainder of the value

b=m/100; // divide the remainder value and get second

digit

single_data(b+0x30); // covert it into ASCII and display to LCD

single_data(0x2e); // display decimal point (.)

b=m%100; // again get the remainder

c=b/10; // divide to get third digit

single_data(c+0x30); // display third digit to LCD

}

APPENDIX II

DATASHEET OF PIC18F452

APPENDIX III

DATASHEET OF SHT71

APPENDIX IV

DATASHEET OF LIGHTMETER

APPENDIX V

DATASHEET OF PDB-C139

L IST OF PUBLICATION

I. Research Papers Published in International Journals

1. Evaluation of CdSe under varying Humid Environment, P. Vyas, K.

Thakur International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and

Telecommunication Engineering (IJEE), Vol. 43, Issue 10, October 2012,

pp 427-431, Article Id : 10007132, ISSN: 2051-3240, IF (1.002),

Recent Science Publications.

2. Study of the Effect of Radiation on PV Cell Characteristic by Sophisticated

Embedded System. P. Vyas, K. Thakur, T. Chandra and S. Bhushan

International Journal of Engineering Research and Industrial Applications

(IJERIA) , Vol. 5, No. II, May 2012, pp 61-68, ISSN:0974-1518, IF

(0.1526) Ascent publication house Pune, India.

II. Research Papers Published in National Journals

1. Design of Microcontroller based Temperature Monitoring System for

Estimation of Efficiency. P.K.Vyas, Kavita Thakur & A.S . Zadgaonkar

Vision & Quest , Journal of Science , Technology and Management, Vol.

2, No.1 , pp13-15, Jan-June , 2011 . ISSN : 0975-8410.

2. Microcontroller based instrumentation system for study of solar cell,

Prafulla Vyas and Kavita Thakur, Acta Ciencia Indica, Vol. XXXIV P, No.

2, pp 325-327, 2008, ISSN:0253-732x.

III. Research Papers Published in the Proceedings of International

Conferences / Workshops/Seminars/Symposium

1. Lexical Analyzer for Natural Language Processing using Artificial Neural

Network. paper published at Proceeding (Page no. V4-390 to V4-394) of

ICMLC-2011 3rd International Conference on Machine Learning and

Computing (ICMLC 2011) (26-28 Feb 2011) Singapur, IEEE Catalog

Number: CFP1127J-PRT ISBN:978-1-4244-9253-4

IV. Research Papers Published in the Proceedings of National

Conferences/Seminars/Workshops/Symposiums

1. Design of Microcontroller based Temperature Monitoring System for

estimation of Efficiency of PV Cells. P. K. Vyas, Kavita Thakur, A. S.

Zadgaonkar National Conference on Emerging Electronics and Computing

Systems (NCEECS-2010), pp25-27, Mar. 29-April 03, 2010, Devi Ahilya

University, Indore, M.P. India.

2. Design of Embedded System for measuring the effect of Temperature on

PV cell’s Characteristics. P. Vyas, K. Thakur, A. S. Zadgaonkar National

Symposium on Instrumentation (NSI-33), Dec.8-10, 2008, Visakhapatnam,

A.P.

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