Photosynthesis: Where it all begins!
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Transcript of Photosynthesis: Where it all begins!
Photosynthesis: Where it all begins!
AP Biology
Us versus Them
• Autotrophs make their own food (self-nourishing)
• Photoautotrophs use sunlight as the energy source
• Heterotrophs must feed on autotrophs, one another, or waste
Photosynthesis
• Is the main pathway by which carbon and energy enter the web of life.
• Where do we find carbon in living things?
An overview
12 H2O + 6 CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O Sunlight
Two divisions: Light dependent reactions, which yields ATP and H+
Light independent reactions, which uses the products of the light dependent reactions to make glucose
An Overview• Takes place in the chloroplasts• Two outer membranes surrounding a mostly fluid
interior called the stroma• Another folded membrane is stacked in the stroma. • The stacks of thylakoid discs are grana (granum)
Double membrane
Thylakoids
Stroma
Light Dependent Reactions
• Sunlight splits water molecules
• Oxygen diffuses away• Its electrons flow
through electron transfer chains
• This forms ATP• Coenzyme NADP
picks up the electrons and hydrogen
light reactions
During photosynthesis, CO2 will be reduced (gain electrons) to form glucose. The electrons needed to reduce CO2 are temporarily carried by NADPH.
Light | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
light
ATP NADPH
Light Dependent Reactions
H2O O2
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
light reactionslight
Recall that hydrogen atoms can be used to carry electrons. NADPH gets its electrons from water. The oxygen is not used.
ATP NADPH
One Needs the Other
light-independent reactions(Calvin cycle)
C6H12O6
C02
Return
The reduction of CO2 to glucose occurs in the light-independent reactions.
Light | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
H2O O2
light reactionslight
ATP NADPH
Light Independent Reactions
• Occur in the stroma
• Does not require light
• ATP gives up energy
• Coenzyme NADPH gives up electrons and hydrogen
• CO2 is dismantled for its C and O atoms
• Glucose is made
ADP
NADP+
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
light-independent reactions(Calvin cycle)
C6H12O6
C02
H2O O2
light reactions
ATP NADPH
light
Not Really Glucose
• Glucose is quickly changed to sucrose, cellulose, or starch
Properties of Light• Light travels in waves• The distance between two crests is a
wavelength• The shorter the wavelength, the higher the
energy• All wavelengths combined appear as white
Red
Blue
Wavelength
700 nm
470 nm
Light travels in waves. The color of light is determined by its wavelength. The red light shown below has a wavelength of 700 nm.
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystems | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |Return
Notice that blue light has a shorter wavelength.
7Light | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible light is only a part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
10-5 10-3 1 103 106 1 m 103 m
nanometers
Visible light
Gammarays X-rays UV Infrared Microwaves Radio waves
Photons
• The energy of light has a particle-like quality
• Energy, when absorbed, can be measured as packets called photons
• Each photon has a fixed amount of energy
Pigments • Absorb wavelengths of light• Most absorb only certain wavelengths• Reflect back or transmit the others• Chlorophyll looks green because it does
NOT absorb green wavelengths
abso
rptio
n
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
Wavelength400 500 600 700
This graph shows the color of light absorbed by three different kinds of photosynthetic pigments. Notice that they do not absorb light that is in the green to yellow range.
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystems | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |Return
Accessory Pigments
• Carotenoids• Phycobilin
– Phycoerythrin
– Phycocyanin
• Anthocyanins
Light Dependent Reactions
A Closer Look
Produces ATP and NADPH
Photosystems
• In the thylakoid membrane, pigments are organized in clusters called photosystems
• Photons of light are absorbed by pigment, and the pigment’s electrons get “excited.”
Excited Electrons
• When electrons of an atom absorb energy, they move to a higher energy level
• Energy entering a pigment destabilizes the arrangement of electrons. (They jump around)
11Light | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
Photosynthetic Pigments
Photon
Plants have pigment molecules that contain atoms that become energized when they are struck by photons of light.Energized electrons move further from the nucleus.
Light behaves as if it is composed of units or packets called photons.
Excited Electrons
• The excited electrons quickly return to a lower energy level, stabilizes, and some energy is released in the form of light or heat.
(fluorescence.)• In photosynthesis, this releasing energy gets passed on
to another pigment in a random “walk” Some is lost as heat. The remaining energy matches to a wavelength that the photosystem’s reaction center can trap.
• The reaction center passes the energy in the form of excited electrons to an electron transport chain
Return
Thylakoidmembrane
A pigment molecule within the antenna absorbs a photon of light energy. The energy from that pigment molecule is passed to neighboring pigment molecules and eventually makes its way to pigment molecule called the reaction center. When the reaction center molecule becomes excited (energized), it loses an electron to an electron acceptor.
Reaction center
Electron acceptor
Light energy
Light | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
Return
Antenna
Reaction center
Electron acceptor
Photosystem
Thylakoidmembrane
The antenna and electron acceptor are called a photosystem.
There are two kinds of photosystems in plants called photosystem I and photosystem II.
Photosystem I is sometimes called P700 and photosystem II is sometimes P680. The 680 and 700 designations refer to the wavelength of light that they absorb best.
Light | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
The Photosystems• P700 is photosystem I, and can be cyclic.
P700 can cycle alone, or can receive electrons from P680 as part of a non-cyclic pathway.
• When it cycles alone, light energy excites electrons, boosting them to a higher energy level, and sending them through an electron transport chain. The end product of the electron transport chain is ATP.
Photosystems
• P680 is photosystem II and is non-cyclic. It receives energy from light, boosting electrons to a higher energy level and sending them through an electron transport chain to P700. The electrons it gives up from the pigments are replaced by the splitting of water (constant supply) p114
Photosystems
• Both electron transport chains use the energy from the “falling” electrons to pump H ions to the inside of the thylakoid membrane, resulting in a concentration gradient
• When H ions move through ATP synthase, the energy is used to attach ADP to P, making ATP, needed for the light indep.
e- acceptor
lightNADPH
NADP+
electrontransportsystem
ATP
H2O 2e- + 2H+ + O
e- acceptor
P680 antennacomplex
P700 antennacomplex
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
This diagram traces the path followed by an electron during the light reactions. The path is indicated by red arrows and letters. The high-energy parts of the pathway are drawn near the top of the diagram.
How ATP is made
• Hydrogen ions from the splitting of water accumulate in the thylakoid membrane.
• Electron transport chains build up even more hydrogen ions in the thylakoid.
• Ions are pumped from the stroma into the thylakoid.
• Sets up a concentration gradient• When they flow into stroma, they are used to form
ATP from ADP and P (ATP synthase enzyme required)
Stroma
LightEnergy Chloroplast
Return
Photosystem II Photosystem I
Light | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
The three blue circles represent the electron transport system. They are proteins embedded within the thylakoid membrane.The first protein receives the electron (and energy) from the electron acceptor.
H+
H+
H+ H+ H+
H+
LightEnergy Chloroplast
As a result of gaining an electron (reduction), the first carrier of the electron transport system gains energy. It uses some of the energy to pump H+ into the thylakoid.
H+
H+
Thylakoids Stroma
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
H+
H+ H+ H+
H+
LightEnergy Chloroplast
The carrier then passes the electron to the next carrier. Because it used some energy to pump H+, it has less energy (reducing capability) to pass to the next H+ pump.
H+
H+
Thylakoids Stroma
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
H+H+ H+ H+
H+
LightEnergy Chloroplast
This carrier uses some of the remainder of the energy to pump more H+ into the thylakoid.
H+
H+
H+
Thylakoids Stroma
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
H+H+ H+ H+
H+
LightEnergy Chloroplast
The electron is passed to the next carrier which also pumps H+.
H+
H+
H+
Thylakoids Stroma
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
H+H+ H+ H+
H+
LightEnergy Chloroplast
The electron transport system functions to create a concentration gradient of H+inside the thylakoid.
H+
H+H+
Thylakoids Stroma
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
H+H+ H+ H+
H+
LightEnergy Chloroplast
H+H+
H+
ATP
ADP + Pi
Thylakoids Stroma
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
The concentration gradient of H+ is used to synthesize ATP.
ATP is produced from ADP and Pi when hydrogen ions pass out of the thylakoid through ATP synthase.
H+H+ H+ H+
H+
LightEnergy Chloroplast
H+H+
H+
Thylakoids Stroma
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
ATP
ADP + Pi
This method of synthesizing ATP by using a H+ gradient in the thylakoid is called photophosphorylation.
This method of making ATP
• Is called the chemiosmotic model for ATP production
• Will also happen in the mitochrondria
• In which place do you think more ATP will be made?
Light Independent Reactions
A Closer Look: takes the ATP and NADPH from light dependent and
makes glucose
A Cycle• Called the Calvin-
Benson cycle.• ATP drives the
reactions• NADPH delivers
hydrogen and electrons
• CO2 provides the carbon
Photophosphorylation
• Is a specific type of Chemiosmosis
• Chemiosmotic theory refers to the method of building up H+ concentration gradient to make ATP.
RuBPCarboxylase(rubisco)
6 C-C-C-C-C
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
CO2 Fixation
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
CO2 fixation refers to bonding CO2 to an organic molecule to make a larger molecule.
Each CO2 is bonded to ribulose biphosphate (RuBP).
C5 + CO2 C6
The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (rubisco).
C3 Photosynthesis
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
Each of these 6-carbon compounds splits to form two 3-carbon compounds called phosphoglycerate.
PGARuBP
RuBPCarboxylase(rubisco)
6 C-C-C-C-C
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
The two molecules of PGA are reduced to form PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde).
PGA
PGAL
RuBP
RuBPCarboxylase(rubisco)
12 C-C-C
6 C-C-C-C-C
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
PGA
PGAL
RuBP
RuBPCarboxylase(rubisco)
12 C-C-C
6 C-C-C-C-C
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
12 ATP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
12 ADP + P
PGA
PGAL
Glucose
RuBP
RuBPCarboxylase(rubisco)
12 C-C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C
6 C-C-C-C-C
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
10 C-C-C
6 ADP + P
6 ATP
12 ATP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
12 ADP + P
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
Two of the PGAL are used to form glucose phosphate, then glucose.
PGA
PGAL
Glucose
RuBP
RuBPCarboxylase(rubisco)
12 C-C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C
6 C-C-C-C-C
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
10 C-C-C
6 ADP + P
6 ATP
12 ATP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
12 ADP + P
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
The remaining 10 PGAL are rearranged to form 6 RuBP.
PGA
PGAL
Glucose
RuBP
RuBPCarboxylase(rubisco)
12 C-C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C
6 C-C-C-C-C
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
10 C-C-C
6 ADP + P
6 ATP
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
12 ATP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
12 ADP + P
This process requires energy in the form of ATP.
ADP
NADP+
C6H12O6
C02
H2O O2
Light reactions
ATP NADPH
light
PGA
PGAL
Glucose
RuBP
RuBPCarboxylase(rubisco)
12 C-C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C
6 C-C-C-C-C
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
10 C-C-C 12 ATP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
12 ADP + P
6 ADP + P6 ATP
Light | Pigments | Chloroplast | Overview | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review | Return
H+H+ H+ H+
H+
Thylakoids Stroma
LightEnergy Chloroplast
H+H+
H+
ATP
ADP + Pi
NADP+ + H+
NADPH
H2O 2e- + 2H+ + ½ O2
ReturnLight | Pigments | Overview | Chloroplast | Photosystem II | Electron Transport System | Photosystem I | Calvin Cycle | Photorespiration | C4 plants | Review |
Light-independentreactions
Cyclic vs Non-cyclic
• Cyclic electron flow involves the P700 photosystem only
• Electrons are boosted in energy, passed thru an electron transport chain, producing ATP, and returned to the P700 photosystem
Cyclic vs Non-cyclic
• Noncyclic: electrons in P680 are boosted in energy, go thru the electron transport chain, producing ATP. The electrons still carry some energy, they move on to P700 and go through a second ETC, producing ATP AND NADPH
Electrons do not return to the P680. NADP is the final electron acceptor.
Non-cyclic
C3, CF4, and CAM Plants
• Stomata (openings for gas and water exchange) close in dry weather to conserve water
• But this means that CO2 in and O2 out is also stopped
C3, CF4, and CAM Plants
Halts the light independent reactions, but the light dependent reactions continue
O2 builds up and triggers an alternate pathway called photorespiration
Inefficient backdoor way to make small amounts of glucose
• This is what happens to most plants (C3.)
• Diagram on page 117
C4 plants have a better answer
• O2 also builds up here when stomata close, but an additional step keeps the CO2
concentration higher than the O2 concentration, so the inefficient photorespiration is not triggered.
• Involves two different cells
• Diagram page 117
CAM plants
• Like C4 plants, CAM plants use a C4 cycle and the Calvin-Benson cycle.
• But the cycles occur in the same cell, but one during day and the other at night.