Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… ·...
Transcript of Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… ·...
![Page 1: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
![Page 2: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
![Page 3: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
What is photosynthesis?
All life on Earth depends on photosynthesis. The process is described by the following word and symbol equations:
These equations are summaries of a complex two-step process that takes place in the chloroplasts of green plants. The end products are not just glucose, but complex organic molecules such as carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids.
carbondioxide + water oxygen + glucose
light energy
6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6
light energy
![Page 4: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Why do plants photosynthesize?
Photosynthesis is an essential biological process. This is because it produces:
energy for processes in the organism
complex organic molecules needed for growth
oxygen, which is then used for respiration.
The oxygen produced is released into the atmosphere and is available for other organisms.
If the plant is eaten, the organic molecules are used to provide energy to organisms higher up the food chain.
There are not just advantages for the plant itself:
![Page 5: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Leaves and photosynthesis
![Page 6: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Structure of the chloroplast
![Page 7: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Plant photosynthetic tissues
![Page 8: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Plant anatomy
![Page 9: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Functions of photosynthetic structures
![Page 10: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
![Page 11: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
In plants there are two types of pigments: chlorophylls and carotenoids. They are coloured because they absorb particular wavelengths of light and reflect others.
A photosynthetic pigment is a coloured biological compound that is present in chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria, and which captures light energy for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll is the pigment that gives plants their green colour by reflecting green light. Carotenoids reflect red, orange or yellow light.
Photosynthetic pigments
![Page 12: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Photosynthetic pigments
![Page 13: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Photosynthetic pigments
![Page 14: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is an important molecule found in all living cells. It readily diffuses around the cell and provides energy for cellular processes.
ATP releases energy in the light-independent reaction when a bond between inorganic phosphate groups is broken, producing ADP and an inorganic phosphate group.
adenine
ribose
3 phosphate groups
ATP is made in the light-dependent reaction in photosynthesis from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi). This requires energy.
![Page 15: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Adding a phosphate molecule is phosphorylation. In this case, light is used as an energy source so the process is called photophosphorylation.
In the light-dependent reaction:
+ ®+ energy
In the light-independent reaction:
The use of water makes this a hydrolysis reaction.
Photophosphorylation and hydrolysis
ADP ATP
+ energy+®H2O ADPATP
![Page 16: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
NADP and NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is a coenzyme involved in the photosynthesis reactions.
The compound is a dinucleotide, containing an adenine base and a nicotinamide base. The nucleotides are joined through their phosphate groups. In addition there is an extra phosphate on the ribose of the adenine-containing nucleotide.
NADP can accept electrons to be reduced to reduced NADP, often called NADPH. NADPH can be oxidized back to NADP, releasing electrons.
nicotinamide
adenine
ribose
![Page 17: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Which molecule?
![Page 18: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
![Page 19: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Location of the reaction
The light-dependent reaction takes place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.
Situated in these membranes are light-harvesting systems called photosystems. There are two types, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). Both have chlorophyll at their centres.
chlorophyll
lightphotosystem
![Page 20: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Light-dependent reaction
![Page 21: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Light-dependent reaction: summaryCyclic photophosphorylation
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
photolysis
![Page 22: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Products of the light-dependent reaction
Products of the light-dependent reaction that pass into the light-independent reaction:
Products of the light-dependent reaction that leave the plant:
Products of the light-dependent reaction that are re-used in another part of the light-dependent reaction:
reduced NADP
ATP
oxygen
H+ ions
electrons
![Page 23: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
How much do you know?
![Page 24: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
![Page 25: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Location of the reaction
The light-independent reaction can also be called the “dark reactions”, or the Calvin Cycle.
The light-independent reaction takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts.
The reaction consists of a cycle of enzyme-controlled processes making complex molecules such as carbohydrates.
stroma
![Page 26: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
The light-independent reaction
![Page 27: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Products of the Calvin cycle
Products of the light-independent reaction that pass back into the light-dependent reaction:
Products of the light-independent reaction that are used in other processes:
NADP
ADP
triose phosphate – used to build complex carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids.
inorganic phosphate
![Page 28: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Making complex molecules
Pairs of TP molecules combine to form hexose sugars, such as glucose, some of which may isomerize to form fructose.
Triose phosphate is a three-carbon sugar that can be used to make a variety of complex biological molecules.
TP can be converted to glycerol and this may be combined with fatty acids to make lipids.
These monosaccharides can combine to form disaccharides such as sucrose, and polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch.
![Page 29: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
How much can you remember?
![Page 30: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Summary of photosynthesis
light- dependent reactions
light- independent
reactions
light
carbohydrates, other complex molecules
![Page 31: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Photosynthesis: true or false?
![Page 32: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
![Page 33: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Glossary
![Page 34: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
What’s the keyword?
![Page 35: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Inputs and outputs to the reactions
![Page 36: Photosynthesis: The Reaction - Groby Bio Page - Homegrobybio.weebly.com/.../2/6/2/3/26235017/… · PPT file · Web view · 2017-06-05light energy. Boardworks A2 Biology . ... The](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5b0cbb957f8b9af65e8c881a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Multiple-choice quiz