Photosynthesis. Getting Energy Autotrophs- make their own energy (usually from the sun) Ex. plants...
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![Page 1: Photosynthesis. Getting Energy Autotrophs- make their own energy (usually from the sun) Ex. plants Heterotrophs- get energy from other organisms Ex. animals,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032709/56649ed05503460f94bddd7a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Photosynthesis
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Getting Energy• Autotrophs- make their own energy (usually
from the sun) Ex. plants
• Heterotrophs- get energy from other organisms
Ex. animals, funguses
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Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis- using energy from the sun to create
glucose. Plants use glucose to make ATP and Sugars• Reactants- Carbon Dioxide, Sunlight, Water• Products – Oxygen Glucose
• Sun + 6 CO2+ 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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Reactants:
Fig. 10-4
6 CO2
Products:
12 H2O
6 O26 H2OC6H12O6
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Chloroplasts• Found in the mesophyll (interior tissue) of leafs• Thylakoids -(located inside chloroplasts) help capture
sunlight for plants. They are arranged in stacks called grana.
• Stroma - region of fluid filled space outside the thylakoids
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Chlorophyll• Chlorophyll – the pigment in chloroplasts.• Pigments are substances that absorb visible light
(different pigments absorb different light)• Chlorophyll transmitts green light, absorbs all others.*• There are other pigments such as Chlorophyll B and
carotenoids present in plants.
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• Spectrophotometer - measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths of light
• sends light through pigments and measures amount of light transmitted
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Spectrophotometer
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• absorption spectrum - is a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength
• The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll suggests that violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Absorption Spectrum
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Action Spectrum• action spectrum – tells you which wavelength of light
actually drives photosynthesis the best.
• Engelmann made an action spectrum using algae and bacteria. (the more 02 the algae released, the more the bacteria grew)
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What’s light got to do with it?• Chloroplasts use light photons to help take
electrons from water.
• The electrons are then added to CO2 to make glucose.
• (A Redox Reaction)
• Sun + 6 CO2+ 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
e-e-
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Reduction/Oxidation (Redox) Reaction• Reduction – to gain electrons• Oxidation – to loose electrons.
• Photosynthesis is a redox process in which H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced
• OIL RIG or LEO GER
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Light Reaction (the “photo” part)• Light reaction requires sunlight
– In thylakoid– Happens in the light– Water is oxidized– Produces NADPH & ATP
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Photosystem• The thylakoid membranes contain photosystems • photosystem – pigment molecules attached to proteins
(light harvesting complex) that funnels light energy into a reaction center where electrons are transferred.
• Light comes in electrons come out.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Photosystem II (PII)• Light first enters photosystem II (discovered 2nd)• The light excites chlorophyll molecules, who excited
other chlorophyll molecules by passing on photons.
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Splitting Water• Meanwhile, water is split into Hydrogen and Oxygen
by enzymes. (so don’t forget to water your plants!)• The Oxygen is released as waste (good for us)• The Hydrogen is kept
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P680• P680 (likes 680nm light) – a special chlorophyll
molecule in photosystem II that takes electrons from the hydrogen that came from the split water. (it really likes electrons)
• The water has been oxidized
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Primary Electron Acceptor • Remember the photons being passed by the
chlorophyll? • They get sent to P680.
P680 gets so exited that it
loses the electrons it received
from water.• Primary Electron Acceptor – a
molecule in the reaction center that
receives electrons from P680.
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Electron Transport Chain• Linear Flow - The primary electron acceptor sends the
electrons down the electron transport chain to Photosystem I (discovered 1st).
• On the way down, movement of the electrons is used to make ATP.
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ATP Production • As electrons move, they cause the Hydrogens
(protons) from water to move out of the membrane into the thylakoid space.
• As hydrogens build up in the thylakoid space they are forced back through the membrane through ATP synthase into the stroma.
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ATP Synthase • ATP synthase – enzyme that makes ATP as
hydrogens pass through.
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Photosystem I (PI)• Meanwhile the electrons from the ETC have reached
photosystem I. (similar to photosystem II)• P700 in photosystem I is going to receive electrons
coming from the ETC. (the electrons are not coming from water this time.)
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Photosystem I cont’d• Light excites chlorophyll molecules in PI who excite
other chlorophyll molecules by passing on photons.• The photons get sent to P700 who gets so excited that
it loses the electrons it got from the ETC.
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Cyclic Flow• The primary electron acceptor receives the electrons
from P700 .• The primary acceptor can then send the electrons
back to the top of the ETC so they call come down again and make more ATP. This is cyclic flow.
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NADPH• The primary acceptor in PI can also send the electrons
to an electron carrier called NADP+.• Once NADP+ gets electrons to carry (gets reduced) it
becomes NADPH.
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Moving On• The NADPH will take electrons to the stroma to
begin the second cycle. ATP will also go to the stroma to help.*
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Calvin Cycle (the “synthesis” part)• Calvin cycle ~ AKA Light-Independent reaction
– In stroma– Happens in both light & dark– CO2 is Reduced– Uses ATP and NADPH from Light Reaction– Produces Glucose
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• Carbon fixation- Incorporating Carbon dioxide
• A 5 carbon sugar named RuBP awaits CO2
• An enzyme named rubisco adds one CO2 to RuBP to make a 6 carbon sugar. (this happens three times)
• The 6 carbon sugar then splits into two 3 carbon molecules
phase 1 Carbon Fixation
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phase 2 Reduction• Reduction – adding electrons • ATP is used to add a
phosphate to the 3
carbon molecules
(makes the molecule
unstable)• NADPH then reduces
the 3 carbon molecule,
replacing the newly added
phosphate with electrons.• 3 carbon molecule
is now called G3P.
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phase 3 Regeneration• Regeneration – replacing RuBP• 1 Molecule of G3P is sent out to make glucose
(2 G3P’s make 1 glucose)• 5 Molecules of G3P are
used to make RuBP
(remember this all happens
3 times)*
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Fig. 10-UN2
Regeneration ofCO2 acceptor
1 G3P (3C)
Reduction
Carbon fixation
3 CO2
CalvinCycle
6 3C
5 3C
3 5C
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Fig. 10-UN4
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C3 Plants• C3 Plants – (most plants)initial fixation of CO2, via
rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound
• On hot, dry days, plants close stomata, which conserves H2O but also limits intake of CO2
• So some plants use strategies besides C3.
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C4 Plants• C4 plants –counteract hot dry days by fixing CO2 into
four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells.• It requires the enzyme PEP carboxylase because it
can fix CO2 even when there isn’t much of it.
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C4 Cont’d• The four-carbon compounds are send to bundle-
sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle.
• Increases CO2 for the calvin cycle when stomata are closed to save water.
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CAM Plants• Cam plants use CAM to fix CO2 into 4 carbon
molecules.• To do this, CAM plants open their stomata at night
• Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from the 4 carbon molecules and used in the Calvin cycle
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You should now be able to:
1. Describe the structure of a chloroplast
2. Describe the relationship between an action spectrum and an absorption spectrum
3. Trace the movement of electrons in linear electron flow
4. Trace the movement of electrons in cyclic electron flow
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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5. Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle
6. Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations that cope with hot dry conditions.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings