PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chapter 8. 8-1: Energy & Life Energy is supplied to some things in the form of...
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Transcript of PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chapter 8. 8-1: Energy & Life Energy is supplied to some things in the form of...
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PHOTOSYNTHESISChapter 8
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8-1: Energy & Life
• Energy is supplied to some things in the form of gasoline or electricity
• Cells need energy too!
• Where do plants gets the energy they need to produce food?
• What is the role of ATP in cellular activities?
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Autotrophs & Heterotrophs
• Living things get their energy from food
• The energy in most food comes from the sun
• Organisms that can make their own food are called autotrophs
• Heterotrophs obtain energy from the food they consume (by eating plants directly, eating animal that ate autotrophs, or by decomposing other organisms)
• All organisms must release the energy stored in sugars and other compounds in order to survive
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Autotrophs use light energy from the sun to produce food. These impalas get their energy by eating grass. In contrast, a leopard gets its energy by eating impalas and other animals.
Impalas and leopards are both heterotrophs.
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Chemical Energy & ATP• Cells use ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) to store and
release energy• ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate
groups• ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) is like ATP, but with
2 phosphates instead of three• The energy is stored with the addition of the third
phosphate• Energy is released by breaking the bonds that holds
the third phosphate – used for active transport, protein synthesis, muscle contraction, etc.
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Chemical Energy & ATP
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ATP Formation
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Using Biochemical Energy• Cells use ATP to move sodium ions (Na+) out of
the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell with sodium-potassium pumps
• ATP is also used to move organelles throughout the cell
• ATP is also used for:– Making proteins & nucleic acids, response to chemical
signals, & even the light in a firefly
• There is very little ATP in a cell, only enough for a few seconds.
• ATP is not useful for long-term storage – glucose can store 90 times more chemical energy
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The Sodium-Potassium pump uses ATP
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8-2: Photosynthesis: An Overview• In the process of photosynthesis, plants use the
energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates (sugars and starches) and oxygen (a waste product)
– What did the experiments of van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz reveal about how plants grow?
– What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?– What is the role of light and chlorophyll in
photosynthesis?
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Investigating Photosynthesis
• When a tiny seedling grows into a tall tree with a mass of several tons, where does the tree’s increase in mass come from?
• Van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz performed experiments to find out
Three additional slides accompany this section
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* Van Helmont’s Experiment
• Van Helmont carefully measured the mass of soil and a small plant
• After 5 years, the mass of the plant increased significantly, but the mass of the soil did not change
• He concluded that the mass of the plant came from the water he added
• This conclusion was partially correct
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* Van Helmont’s Experiment
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* Priestley’s Experiment
• Priestley sealed a candle in a jar and noticed it slowly went out
• This was due to the consumption of all the oxygen
• He noticed that if he placed a sprig of mint in the jar, the candle could be relighted after a few days and would remain lit for a while
• He concluded that the plant was supplying the material that the candle needed to burn (oxygen)
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* Priestley’s Experiment
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* Ingenhousz Experiment
• Ingenhousz experiment showed that Priestley’s experiment would only work if the plant was exposed to light
• Therefore, they showed that light is necessary to produce oxygen
• These (and other) experiments showed that in the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen
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The Photosynthesis Equation
• Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen
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Light and Pigments• In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a molecule in chloroplasts
• Plants gather the energy in light with molecules called pigments
• Chlorophyll absorbs light very well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum
• Plants do not absorb green light very well
• When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy raises the energy levels of the electrons which allows photosynthesis to work
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8-3: The Reactions of Photosynthesis
• Describe the structure of a chloroplast
• What factors may affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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Inside a Chloroplast• In plants and other photosynthetic
eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts contain saclike membranes called thylakoids, which are arranged in stacks called grana
• The two parts of photosynthesis include the light-dependent reactions (in thylakoid membranes) and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) in the stroma (region outside the thylakoid membrane)
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Factors Affecting Photosynthesis• Since water is needed for
photosynthesis, a shortage of water can slow or stop the process
• Photosynthesis works best at temperatures between 0 and 35 degrees C due to enzyme activity
• Increasing light intensity increases photosynthesis