Photography Parreno

7/26/2019 Photography Parreno

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BY:

MARK LAWRENCE PARRENO


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For purpose of criminal investigative

analysis (profiling), it is important to

record much more than those areas in

which acts of violence took place.

Photographs can be instrumental inrecording the victim's lifestyle and

personality; the topography and

socioeconomic conditions surrounding

the crime scene; and much more whichis important to any investigator or

analyst who is unable to visit the crime

scene.


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When photographing violent crime

scenes, the aim should be to record

a maximum of useful information

which will enable the viewer tounderstand where and how the crime

was committed


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The term "crime scene" refers not

only to the immediate locality where

the crime took place, but adjacent

areas where important actsoccurred immediately before or after

the commission of the crime


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Long range, medium range and close-

up photographs should be taken to

enable the viewer to gain a clear

concept of where each object orarea interrelates to another


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Aerial photographs are particularly

important in serial rape or murder

investigations since they

geographically link crime scenestogether.


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Overlapping photographs should be

taken of the exterior of the crime

scene to show its locale in relation

to the rest of the neighborhood


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Place the camera on a tripod or hold

it steady at eye level so the horizon

line is constant for each shot. The

photograph can be cut and pastedtogether to create a panoramic view

of the scene. Also photograph any

crowds which gather at a crime

scene and the license plates of

vehicles parked in the vicinity, since

the killer may still be in the area

observing the investigation.


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The point of entry and exit should be

shown in such a manner that the

marks of force will be shown clearly.

A scale should also be visible but

never place a suspect tool into the

tool mark because it may alter the

evidence.


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When photographing the interiors of

room with a 35mm camera, use a

normal lens (45mm to 55mm) in

stead of a wide angle lens. A wide

angle lens creates distortion,

especially when close up

photographs are taken


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Interior photographs should depict

the conditions of the room, articles

left at the scene, trace evidence

such as cigarette butts, tool marks

and impressions of shoe prints. The

location of fingerprints should be

photographed and in all instances,

some notation should be made in the

photo log or on the photograph

explaining what the photograph is

showing.


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Signs of activity prior to the

occurrence, such as the telephone

receiver off the hook or wires cut,

playing cards orderly stacked or

scattered, TV and lights turned on,

food in cooking stages, coffee cups,

drinking glasses or liquor bottles,

time watch and clock stopped should

be recorded on film


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In general, articles apparently in use

immediately prior to the commission

of the crime or which appear to have

been disturbed from their customary

position should be photographed.


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During a rape investigation, the

purpose of the photographic record

is to record information on signs of

any struggle at the scene where the

attack occurred, or indications of the

victim's effort to resist attack; such

as bruises, black and blue marks,

torn clothing, etc. Bite marks should

be photographed using oblique

lighting, with and without a

measuring device at the crime scene

and also the morgue.


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The videotaping of crime scene has

become common practice in many

jurisdictions, however, it should never

replace still photography. Common

errors committed when videotaping acrime scene include panning the

camera rapidly, poor focusing and

lighting and improper use of the zoom

feature of the cameras. The cameramanshould describe on tape each room and

view of the crime scene and insure that

other investigators and crime scene

technician are silent during the taping.


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In 1981, Sony unveiled the first

consumer camera to use a charge-

coupled devicefor imaging,

eliminating the need for film:

the Sony Mavica. While the Mavica

saved images to disk, the images

were displayed on television, and the

camera was not fully digital.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mavicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mavicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mavicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device


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In 1991, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100,

the first commercially available

digital single lens reflex camera.

Although its high cost precluded

uses other than photojournalismand

professional photography,

commercial digital photographywas

born.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCS_100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCS_100


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Digital imaging uses an

electronic image sensor to record

the image as a set of electronic data

rather than as chemical changes on

film. An important difference

between digital and chemical

photography is that chemical

photography resists photo

manipulation because it

involves film and photographic paper,

while digital imaging is a highly

manipulative medium.


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19th century studio camera standing on

tripod and using plates


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Box camera one of the first

mass-produced pocket

cameras using film, c. 1900


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Compact Kodak folding camera

from 1922


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Leica-II one of the first 135

film cameras, 1932


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Contax S of 1949 the first pentaprism SLR


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Polaroid Colorpack 80 instant

camera, c 1975


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Digital camera Canon Ixus class, c. 2000


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Nikon D1, the first digital SLR used

in journalism and sports

photography, c. 2000


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Smartphone with built-in camera

spreads private images globally, c.

2010


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Develop a Standard Operating

Procedure (SOP), Department Policy,

or General Order on the use of digital

imaging. The SOP should include

when digital imaging is used, chain

of custody, image security, image

enhancement, and release and

availability of digital images. The

SOP should not apply just to digital,

but should also include film-based

and video applications as well.


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Most importantly, preserve the

original digital image. This can be

done a variety of ways including

saving the image file to a hard drive

or recording the image file to a CD.

Some agencies elect to use image

security software.


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Digital images should be preserved

in their original file formats. The

saving of a file in some file formats

subject the image to lossy

compression. If lossy compression is

used critical image information may

be lost and artifacts introduced as a

result of the compression process.


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If images are stored on a computer

workstation or server, and several

individuals would have access to the

image files, make the files read-only

for all but your evidence or photo lab

staff. As an example, detectives

could view any image files but they

would not have rights to delete or

overwrite those files.


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If an image is to be analyzed or

enhanced the new image files

created should be saved as new file

names. The original file must not be

replaced (overwritten) with a new

file.


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1.http://www.iowaiai.org/crime_scene_ph

otography_requirements_of_criminal_inv

estigative_analysis.html

2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograp

hy#Digital_photography

3.http://www.crime-scene-

investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.ht

ml
http://www.iowaiai.org/crime_scene_photography_requirements_of_criminal_investigative_analysis.htmlhttp://www.iowaiai.org/crime_scene_photography_requirements_of_criminal_investigative_analysis.htmlhttp://www.iowaiai.org/crime_scene_photography_requirements_of_criminal_investigative_analysis.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://www.iowaiai.org/crime_scene_photography_requirements_of_criminal_investigative_analysis.htmlhttp://www.iowaiai.org/crime_scene_photography_requirements_of_criminal_investigative_analysis.htmlhttp://www.iowaiai.org/crime_scene_photography_requirements_of_criminal_investigative_analysis.htmlhttp://www.iowaiai.org/crime_scene_photography_requirements_of_criminal_investigative_analysis.htmlhttp://www.iowaiai.org/crime_scene_photography_requirements_of_criminal_investigative_analysis.html


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