Prepared by Sampath Kathroju

HOD Civil Dept,Kshatriya College of Engineering

Black and White Aerial Black and White Aerial PhotographsPhotographs

Color Aerial PhotographsColor Aerial Photographs

NIR Aerial PhotographsNIR Aerial Photographs

Photo taken as part of the NAPP mission in color IR at a scale of 1:40,000. (1”=3,333’). This image has been enlarged by x factor.

2. Basic Elements2. Basic Elements ► Fiducial marksFiducial marks► Principle pointPrinciple point► Ground nadirGround nadir► Photographic nadirPhotographic nadir► Isocenter Isocenter

Date of Photography

Principal PointNadir Point

Mission ID

Frame Number

Fiducial Marks

Geometric Errors of Vertical Geometric Errors of Vertical Aerial Photography Aerial Photography

► Optical distortion Optical distortion   - caused by camera problems   - caused by camera problems

► Tilt Tilt - caused by displacement of the focal plane from - caused by displacement of the focal plane from a truly horizontal position by aircraft motion a truly horizontal position by aircraft motion (attitude) (attitude)

   - image areas on the upper side of the tilt depict - image areas on the upper side of the tilt depict ground features in smaller than the normal scale ground features in smaller than the normal scale

    - Roll, Crab, Pitch - Roll, Crab, Pitch

TiltTilt► Roll distortion Roll distortion

 - about its flight axis  - about its flight axis - roll compensation - roll compensation

► Crab distortion Crab distortion  - caused by deflection of aircraft due to  - caused by deflection of aircraft due to crosswind crosswind - corrections: on the plane or by computer - corrections: on the plane or by computer

► Pitch distortion Pitch distortion  - result in local scale change  - result in local scale change  - can be ignored in most analyses  - can be ignored in most analyses

TiltTilt

Relief DisplacementRelief Displacement