92 HeritageQuestMagazine.com

AtHome&Abroad

Just as there are proper ways to holda fork, sip wine, or cut with a knife,there is an appropriate approach toecclesiastical resources of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. While abarbaric, starved-like assault mightaccidentally yield results, a well struc-tured and disciplined consumptionwill avoid the indigestion of amisleading and erroneous pedigree.

In the previous two issues weexplored determining the correctplace name, identifying the location ofreligious jurisdiction for differentdenominational commitments in thecommunity, and how to identifyexisting records and where they mightbe housed. This issue takes on aslightly different aura as the do’s and

don’ts of researching actual churchrecords is examined. Several considera-tions are presented, and their impor-tance is illustrated by an authentic casestudy. Extend that pinky, gently swirlyour glass, and take notes!

by E. Wade Hone

The

Buffet COURSE 3: Researching Ecclesiastical Resources

Austro-Hungary

Photo courtesy of E

. Wade H

one.

could read and write there were fewestablished rules for the writtenword in contrast with today’ssociety. An individual could havegiven his, or her, name to threedifferent people in the same room atthe same time, and each recipientmight have written it down in a verydistinct and contrasting manner,

FEBRUARY 2004 93

recorder, one may also find: occupa-tions, ages at the time of marriage,parents’ names for the bride andgroom, previous spouse’s name(s),ages at the time of death, maritalstatus (e.g. widower, spinster, etc.),cause(s) of death, residence incontrast to the place of occurrence,witnesses/godparents, the officiator,and more.

Spelling? What Spelling?One of the most basic lessons ofhistorical or genealogical researchis to drop all preconceived notionsof spelling and focus instead onpronunciation. Spelling, for themost part, is a trait of the twentieth-century. Even among those who

IngredientsWhat church records will look likeand what their ingredients are is asvaried as the individual clerks andscribes could possibly cook up.Even a single ecclesiastical locationlacked consistence from decade todecade. Though each has intricatequirks to manage during research,all contain fundamentally similarinformation. Church records ofmost denominations will usuallyprovide at least the following:• Names of child and parents• Birth and/or christening dates• Names of bride and groom• Engagement/banns and/or

marriage dates• Name of the deceased• Death and/or burial dates

Depending on the era and the

Photo courtesy of James A. Derheim, European Focus, Inc.

A field with the village of Osek, Czech Republic in the background.

94 HeritageQuestMagazine.com

based on what they heard and theirown previous experiences.

One may have writtenZimmerman, while another recordedthe name as Cimerman; one mayhave spelled the name as Catharine,another as Kathrina; Burkhart

might be found as Burkhardt,Burkett, Burgart, and literally morethan another dozen spellings, allindicating the same name. Iremember a journal once gave theimmigrant grandmother’s surnameas “Nadge” and the unsuspectingfamily had repeatedly overlookedthe ancestral entries of Nagy in theactual church registers, both beingpronounced Nahdge. These exam-ples seem basic enough whenresearching English languagecensus indexes or other similarresources, but they quickly take onadvanced characteristics whenworking with foreign research.

Because of linguistic variancesfrom country to country, and evenwithin the same set of records for asingle location over time, it is crit-ical to at least learn the pronuncia-tion basics for the languages andlocations being worked with. If theancestor was Shuler, it must be recog-nized that S in Hungarian provides aSh sound, and the name might then befound as Suler. Perhaps elsewhere itwill be found as Sjuler, the latter’s j

being pronounced as a y. Learn thatCula (Czech), Csula (Hungarian), andChula (Anglicized) are all the same.Another recollection was an immi-grant’s origins being listed as “Catch

Kemmate” meaning Kecskemét inHungary. Both are identicallypronounced.

Name EquivalentsAnother important factor whendealing with registers of foreigncultures is the challenge of nameequivalents. It may easily be under-stood that Johannes could repre-

sent the ancestral John, or thatWilhelm denotes William.However, it is often more difficultto recognize that István

(pronounced Isht-vahn) iscompletely interchangeable withStephen or Stephanus. Imre andEmericus refer to the same. Lajos

indicates Louis, and Örsze meansElisabeth or Ersebét, being short

VocabularyIt is essential to learn at least a basicvocabulary in order to be aware ofsuch issues as illegitimacy, stillbornstatus, father recently deceased,relatives as witnesses, etc. TheFamily History Library has wordlists for various languages on theirWeb site at www.familysearch.org. Theselists are specifically geared toward

for Örszebét. Failure to prepare forsuch instances can result inconstant disappointment whenresearching church records. Theanswers may have been exactlywhere the research took place,they were just overlooked.

The equivalency principle alsoapplies to geographic names. Areference in a marriage record tothe groom having been born inBécs, and a separate reference atthe time of death indicating he wasborn in Wein, both correctlydenote the present-day city ofVienna, Austria. As well, Pozsony

and Bratislava are synonymous,though from two different cultures.The list goes on.

genealogical records rather thaneveryday conversation, and are thebest place to start. Other lists arealso plentiful throughout theInternet.

Dictionaries are a must. Whenselecting dictionaries, often timesthe older nineteenth century publi-cations can be the most helpful forterms that may no longer be in prac-tice by modern society. Used book-stores are an excellent source fordictionaries, atlases and gazetteersfor genealogy purposes.

GrammarBe careful when encounteringjournal-entry formats in the regis-ters. While later registers are often

Earlier registers lose their column formats, and the handwriting can beless neat in appearance. Be careful of grammar in these circumstances.

in columns that separate the infor-mation being displayed, earlierrecords can often be written as onewould write in a journal or diary. Inthese cases, it can sometimes bedifficult to distinguish whether theentry states “Johannes, the son ofWenceslas,” or Johannes’ son,Wenceslas.” Obviously, this is morethan just a minor detail.

Clerical ErrorsTo err is . . . well, sometimes quitepredictable. Get to know the parishregisters and habits of theclerk/priest. This comes from thecareful study of more than just yourown ancestry. While every entrydoes not have to be evaluated, anyseasoned professional will tell youthat a broader understanding of theregisters in general significantlyenhances success, and enables adiscernment of errors that couldsuddenly solve a longstandinggenealogical challenge. A perfectexample of a clerical error is remi-nisced in the following:

The ancestor was AnnaGyarmati, born in 1785. Though theother names are not immediatelyrecalled, the scenario was such thatthere was but one Gyarmati house-hold during the era of her birth—e.g. the family of Lorentz Gyarmatiand his wife Rebeka Hoffman. Theirchildren were discovered in theregisters as born in 1779, 1781, 1783,1787 and 1789, with a child conspic-uously absent at about 1785.

Since this was the only Gyarmatifamily having children at the appro-priate time, a second investigation ofthe registers was warranted. No deathcould be found to indicate a stillbornor pre-christening death for the child.Close scrutiny of the registersrevealed an interesting pattern.

Lorentz Gyarmati was the onlyLorentz in the entire parish for overa sixty-year span, except for an

elderly man named Lorentz Balos. Inreviewing the registers, a lone chris-tening entry for Anna, daughter ofLorentz Balos and his wife RebekaHoffman, was recorded on 3 January1785. What made this accountimperative was the name of thewitnesses/godparents: LorentzBalos and Lisbet Somogy. LorentzBalos was found to have marriedLisbet some forty years earlier, andneither was yet deceased. Their ownchildren were matured and havingtheir own progeny by this time.

The only Lorentz to have evermarried any Rebeka in the parishwas Lorenz Gyarmati and RebekaHoffman, the couple noted havingchildren in the 1780s. As well, themother from the 1785 entry forLorenz Balos also shared the samesurname of Hoffman as the wife ofLorentz Gyarmati. When carefullycomparing the various entries of theparish register, it became evidentthat the clerk had erroneously dupli-cated the surname of the witness orgodparent as the name of the fatherof the child.10 Jul 1779 Rebeka dau of Lorentz Gyarmati and Rebeka Hoffman

16 Oct 1781 Joannes dau of Lorentz Gyarmati and Rebeka Hoffman

7 Mar 1783 Lorentz dau of Lorentz Gyarmati and Rebeka Hoffman

3 Jan 1785 Anna dau of Lorentz Balos and Rebeka Hoffman

28 Aug 1787 Mihaly dau of Lorentz Gyarmati and Rebeka Hoffman

19 May 1789 Sara dau of Lorentz Gyarmati and Rebeka Hoffman

Of course, a thorough investiga-tion of the church records, and aconcerted effort to disprove thetheory, was required in order tosupport the eventual conclusion.Errors can never simply beassumed. The patterns of the regis-ters must be meticulously noted andany altering from those patternsillustrated in order to support theconjecture being developed.

Multiple CandidatesReviewing a family-assembledlineage recently, it was noted thatthe ancestor, a female, who was

born in 1842, was the lone child inthe family unit. Her marriage recordin 1859 indicated her age of seven-teen and, by all appearances, theconnections of ancestry were ratherstraightforward. However, whengathering the rest of the children forthat family, it was noted that anotherchild was given the same namealmost six years later, in 1848.Research in the death registersdiscovered that the proposedancestor had died in 1847. Thisquickly changed the dynamics of theentire pedigree, since the second childof that name was much too young tohave been the woman marrying in1859. The family actually linked to aneighboring community.

Weed out candidates by usingdeath records, residences, ages froma variety of sources, ecclesiasticalaffiliation, witnesses, civil docu-ments, and more. Remember thatrecords recorded later in time willbe more bureaucratically informa-tive than those written earlier.

Search PeriodsWhen researching in church regis-ters, keep in mind there is a differ-ence between the birth date and thechristening date. Pay attention towhich event is being recorded.Additionally, search for marriages atleast five years after the birth of theancestor, if not more. When an age isnot known, begin a search of birthsfifteen years prior to the marriagedate for females, and eighteen yearsprior to the marriage date for males.Females sometimes married quiteyoung, and most males served in themilitary before marrying.

Never stop with the first entryfound. Extend a period of search toinsure all candidates have beenexamined. A great-grandfather mayhave married at twenty-three, ormay have married the ancestor ashis second wife after becoming a

FEBRUARY 2004 95

96 HeritageQuestMagazine.com

widower at the age of forty-four,despite the fact that she was onlytwenty-six at the time. Alwaysconsider potential age differences.

Illegible EntriesWhen an entry is illegible, compareit with the handwriting elsewhere onthe page. As well, if one of thenames is difficult to read, don’tbecome frustrated and don’t waste asignificant amount of time trying todecipher the undecipherable. Findthe same family elsewhere in theregisters when the handwriting mayhave been better. For example: if amother’s name is unreadable, seekthe next child born to the knownfather and compare the mother’sname there. Also, study all entries inthe parish for a better understandingof which surnames and given namesare prominent.

Putting It All into PracticeIn countries where most surnamesare rarely unique and the givennames are few, it is easy to make anumber of scenarios “fit.” However,a process of due diligence, mixedwith an understanding of therecords and the recorders, willgenerally reward labors with not onlya correct and accurately detailedancestry, but also with some fasci-nating historical observations thatadd flesh to the skeletal pedigree andfamily group sheets. The followingcase study is taken from an actualproject, though is presented here inan abridged format. It incorporatesmost research cautions discussedinto a single example.

A marriage record for MatthewVukovich and Katherine Hudik inNew York City indicated thatKatherine was born in Jakabfalu,Hungary, the daughter of JosephHudik and Annie Krivonjak. Thoughthere is a Jakabfalu in present-dayHungary, censuses and the Ellis

Island passenger lists had distinctlynoted her language as Slovak.During the time of these events,present-day Slovakia was part of theKingdom of Hungary, and a check ofthe gazetteers showed a Jakabfalu inSzepes County, (now Jakabany,Slovakia). It was in this latterlocality that research continued.

Family information suggested theHudiks were Catholic, though therewere two such churches inJakabfalu; a Roman Catholic and aGreek Catholic. Research in theRoman Catholic registers uncoveredseveral Hudak individuals, thoughnone that matched even remotelywith the 1893 birth date of theancestor. The Greek Catholicrecords were also superficially voidof the desired entry during theappropriate time period. However,there were numerous entries for thesurname Chudik, ostensibly distinctin spelling, but perceptively similarin pronunciation, especially notice-able when written in Cyrillic duringcertain periods of the GreekCatholic administration.

had not been found originally,though continued searches showedan entry in 1895. It recorded thatJoseph and Anna had been marriedon 20 October 1892 in Perth Amboy,in America, by Petrus Connolly, aparish priest there. Evidently, thecouple had left for America, marriedwhile briefly there, then returned tosettle in Jakabany. It was not untilan official letter had been receivedthat the union was recorded in thelocal parish registers, and the clerkhad retroactively corrected the birthentry of the ancestral child to reflectthe true status. This, however, wasonly the beginning of the peculiari-ties for this lineage.

Joseph was found to have beenborn on 30 May 1862, and was theson of Stephen Chudik andSusanna Fircsa (pronounced “Fir-cha”). For a period, the registersrecorded a house number, and theresidence at the time of his birthwas “Jakubjan 343.”

The marriage for Joseph’sparents, Stephen Chudik andSusanna Fircsa, was the most diffi-

Katherine’s birth was soon discov-ered on 27 July 1893 as CatharinaChudik, daughter of Joseph Chudik and Anna Krivonyak. She was listedas illegitimate, though this had laterbeen crossed out and corrected, forreasons that were soon to berevealed. A marriage for this couple

cult challenge of the project,mainly due to an unexpected namechange. When the marriagerecords failed to disclose thecorrect couple, an in-depth studyof the birth records was made forother children of Stephen and Susanna.The following was observed:

Birth register showing Catharina Chudik’s altered legitimacy status.

Children of Stephen Chudik and Susanna Fircsa30 May 1862 Joseph *ancestor

21 Aug 1864 Anna

6 Sep 1866 Joannes

28 Jul 1868 Marianna

9 Mar 1871 Catharina

It was also discovered thatSusanna had three illegitimate chil-dren born prior to the ancestralJoseph in 1862.Children of Susanna Fircsa29 Oct 1856 Stephen

3 Sep 1858 Joannes

22 Jun 1860 Joannes

All children, including those thatwere illegitimate, were born atJakubjan 343, indicating thatSusanna lived there before hermarriage to Stephen. These earlier“illegitimate” entries also presenteda shift in linguistics, as they wererecorded in Cyrillic script. While thefather was not recorded for either ofthe last two entries in 1858 and 1860,a notation on the birth record of theeldest in 1856 referred to the fatheras , or StephenChudik/Hudik. Thus, Stephen andSusanna had at least one, if not allthree, children together before otherchildren began to be listed as legiti-mate. This helped narrow down aperiod in which the marriage shouldhave occurred, June 1860-May 1862.

Searching the marriage registersfor a second and third time, therewas still no evidence of StephenChudik as a groom. When the brideswere researched, however, an entrywas noted on 30 July 1860, for aStephen Korchnyak and SusannaFirtsa (still pronounced “Fir-cha”),with Susanna having been residentof Jakubjan 343. This was just barelyone month after the illegitimatebirth of the second Joannes. (Thefirst one had died in infancy.)

Who was Stephen Korchnyak? IfSusanna married him, why did shecontinue to have legitimate childrenby Stephen Chudik? No matter how

Stephen Chudik is pronounced,twisted, or slurred, it remains diffi-cult to compare with StephenKorchnyak. At least until furtherresearch was undertaken.

The marriage record listed theparents of both groom and bride. Itrecorded Stephen as the son ofMichael Korchnyak (deceased) andCatharina Malina. He was thirty-three years old, making him born in1827, and was of Jakubjan 413. Afourth time through an extensiveperiod of the registers showed thatthis was the only person to have ever

at times interchanged. Stephen hadelected to (was directed to or, forwhatever reason, did) change hisname back to Chudik by 1862,though was even referenced asChudik in 1856, despite being bornin 1827 and marrying in 1860 underthe name of Korchnyak. Part-timeChudik, part-time Korchnyak. Onlywith three generations of potentialancestry uncovered was this recon-ciliation of two separate surnamesable to be made.

This case study also illustratedthe need to research all siblings/chil-

FEBRUARY 2004 97

Registers may have a variety of languages within the same church book. This GreekCatholic register was recorded in the Cyrillic script for specific periods of time.

married the ancestral Susanna, andresearch continued to try and furthersort out the confusion.

The birth record for StephenKorchnyak was uncovered, and hisbirth date shown as 2 September1827. He was the son of MichaelKorchnyak and Catharina Malina,just as the marriage record had indi-cated. However, it was critical tosomehow show Stephen Korchnyakas Stephen Chudik in order to vali-date the hypothesis being devel-oped. This key piece of evidencewas finally found when it was notedthat Michael Chudik, not MichaelKorchnyak, married Catharina Malina.

In retrospect, it became obviousthat the Korchnyak name was usedby Michael Chudik and his childrenfrom about 1810 to1855, though was

dren, not just the direct ancestor.Patterns, and sometimes the veryabsence of patterns, can raise a flagand beg for further attention.Researchers need to be receptive toobservations that can illustrateerrors or intentional redirects. Neverbe afraid to develop obscure theo-ries. After all, the very essence ofgenealogy is to develop a hypothesis,then prove or disprove it with the useof documents. Be overly diligent, notselective, in your efforts.

Despite being in a foreignlanguage, church records can oft beresearched without special linguisticskills, at least on an elementarylevel. An open and creative mindwill usually separate success fromfailure. It’s truly not what we eat,but how we eat it that matters most.

CTeφaH Xy K

98 HeritageQuestMagazine.com

Church records are found in allshapes and sizes, in multiplelanguages, with a wide range ofinformation from era to era. From ascant given name with no date,place, or surname, to the detailedresidence and notations of eventsthat may have taken place onanother continent, church recordsform the staple of our easternEuropean research diet. Though theymay appear at times as a potluckensemble, void of uniformity, theystill manage to give us much of whatwe hunger for—just not always ingourmet fashion. Eat heartily! ■

Still ahead for the Austro-Hungary Buffet:civil sources such as censuses, tax lists,military records, land leases, etc.; things toconsider if you’re wanting to travel to theformer Austro-Hungarian regions; and U.S.sources for determining more preciseplaces of origin.

E. Wade Hone is currently establishing theEurogins Research and EducationFoundation, devoted to European andforeign language research, and the promo-tion of European history, geography, andcultural tolerance, in addition to otheracademic objectives. He recently concludeda thirteen-year tenure as senior partner ofHeritage Consulting and Services in SaltLake City, and has been professionallyinvolved in history and genealogy since1984. His educational background is inworld history and linguistics. He is anational speaker and the author of Land

and Property Research in the United

States and has also produced numerousmultimedia presentations on a variety ofgenealogical subjects. He lives in the SaltLake valley and spends portions of mostyears in the former Austro-Hungary regionsdoing research, inventory and preservationwork to compliment that which can be donefrom the Family History Library in SaltLake City. He can be reached via email atwadeh@eurogins.org or through the Web site ofwww.eurogins.org.

German Genealogical ResearchIn this 253 page guidebook, Dr. Schweitzer draws from his personalexperience in researching German sources for locating ancestors.This is an introduction to historical German areas, Germans toAmerica, Bridging the Atlantic, Types of German records, andGerman record repositories. A most helpful section under “GermanLanguage” includes descriptions of German words and terminologiesrelated to genealogy, an introduction to German print and script, dates,names, and Latin terminology - an important part of understandingGerman records. The German records on microfilm available throughthe Family History Library are also discussed in detail.

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