Phosphorus Requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L...

International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), pp. 022-033, 2015

Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsras

ISSN: 2345-6795; ©2015; Author(s) retain the copyright of this article

http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsras-2015-p0022-0033

22

Full Length Research Paper

Phosphorus Requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek in Selected Soils

of South Eastern Nigeria using Sorption Isotherms

Florence Umoh1, Dennis Edem2*, Edna Akpan3

1Department of Soil Science and Meteorology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P. M. B. 7257, Umuahia,

Nigeria 2Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Mgt, University of Uyo, Nigeria 3Department of Soil Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Received 22 November 2014; Accepted 23 January 2015

Abstract. The phosphorus requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) in soils derived from Ikom, basalt (BS), Akamkpa,

basement complex (BC) and Umudike, Coastal Plain sands (CPS) in South-Eastern Nigeria were estimated using the P-

Sorption Isotherms. Soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm depth and the processed method used involved equilibrating 3 g of

soil in 30 ml of 0.01m CaCl2 containing 0,5,10,20 and 25 μgg-1 P at room temperature for 5 days. From the P sorption curves,

the standard P requirement for the three soils was calibrated and phosphorus requirement of the soils for optimum growth and

yield of Mungbean were found to be very low. Different phosphorus levels were calibrated from the sorption isotherm curves

and used in fertilizing mungbean in a split-plot potted experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with three

replications. The soil types occupied the main plots while the P levels were assigned to the subplots. A significant response of

the mungbean to the applied phosphorus in terms of modulation and grain yield at 5% probability level was observed. Solution

concentration of 0.4 μgg-1 in Ikom gave the best nodulation, while Umudike gave the optimum grain yield. The mungbean

performed best in Ikom with yield of 9.16 g per plant and least in Akamkpa with a yield of 0.53 g per plant. The use of P–

isotherm technique for P fertilizer determination is therefore recommended for efficient P fertilization practice in soils of

Southern Eastern Nigeria.

Keywords: fertilizer, grain yield, mungbean, phosphorus, soil types, sorption

1. INTRODUCTION

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element for

plant growth (Abdullahi and Uyovbisere, 2011). It

plays a major role in energy transfer, stimulation of

early growth and development, fruiting and seed

formation (Osodeke 2005; Agbede, 2009).

Phosphorus has been identified as one of the most

limiting nutrient elements in crop production in

tropical soils (Osodeke, 2000). The problem with P

fertilization in these soils is its high fixation, thereby

making applied P unavailable to crops. High P

fixation has been reported in these soils (Henry and

Smith, 2002). Sorption Isotherm is used to describe

the relationship between the amount of P sorbed and P

remaining in solution (Osodeke, 2005). It also

predicts the amount of fertilizer P required by crops.

According to Warren (1992), immediate source of P

taken up by plants is that in the soil solution which is

itself supplied from the soil, rather than by direct

transfer of P from the solid phase of the soils to the

roots.

A simple empirical approach was suggested by

Beckwith (1965) that enough fertilizer P should be

added to raise the concentration of phosphate in

solution to an initial value adequate for maximum

yield in a field experiment. Thus the fertilizer P

requirement is the amount of fertilizer needed to give

a standard and adequate concentration of P in solution

(Warren, 1992). This will cater for the differences

between soils in their capacity to adsorb phosphate

and is referred to as standard P requirement of soil.

Mungbean is grown widely in Southeast Asia,

Africa, South America and Australia (Agugo, 2003).

It belongs to the legume family of plants and is

closely related to cowpea. It is a warm-season crop,

requiring about 80-150 days to maturity. Mungbean is

widely used as human food, green manure and forage

for livestock. It also serves for medicinal purpose

(Hujjie et al., 2003; Agugo, 2003). Legumes require

relatively high Information on phosphorus

mailto:[email protected]

Umoh et al.

Phosphorus Requirements of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek in Selected Soils of South Eastern Nigeria using

Sorption Isotherms

23

requirements of Mungbean in the soils of South

Eastern Nigeria is limited. This study was therefore

carried out to provide information on phosphorus

requirements of Mungbean in selected soils of

Southeaster, Nigeria using Sorption Isotherm studies

Map 1: Showing the areas of study in Southeastern Nigeria


24

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Location of the Study Area

Southeastern Nigeria lies between latitude 40 201 and

70 251 N and longitudes 50 251 and 90 511 E

(Odurukwe et al, 1995). The climate is essentially

humid tropical rainforest with an average annual

precipitation of 2163 mm. There are two distinct

seasons, the rainy season (April-October) and dry

season (November-March) (Okorie, 1987).

Temperatures are high, maximum temperature range

from 33 to 350C while minimum temperature ranges

from 28 to 290C. The vegetation is essentially

secondary forest tending towards derived savanna

because of population pressure and repeated annual

bush burning (Okorie and Okpala, 2000). The soils

formed from volcanic ash (basalt) are in a restricted

area around Ikom in Cross River State. The soils are

highly weathered, fertile and are strongly acidic, and a

good number are low in available P. Exchangeable K

is relatively high making the soils sufficient in K

(FPDD, 1990). Whereas, soils formed from the

basement complex found in Akamkpa has low activity

clay (Okunami, 1981). Study area is shown in Map 1.

2.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis

The soil samples for the study were collected from the

three contrasting parent materials of Akamkpa

(Basement Complex), Ikom (Basalt) and Umudike

(Coastal Plain Sands) at 0-15cm depth to represent

each of the parent materials at the different locations.

Bulk soil samples were also collected for pot

experiments. Soil samples were collected from ten

sampling units and bulked, from which sub samples

were obtained. The samples were air-dried and sieved

through 2mm mesh. The physical and chemical

properties of the soils were determined using standard

methods. Particle size analysis was done by the

hydrometer method as described by Klute (1986), pH

was determined in 1:2.5 soil to water ratio and CaCl2

using a glass electrode pH meter. Soil organic carbon

was determined by wet oxidation method as described

by Nelson and Sommers (1996). Total nitrogen in the

soil was determined by macro Kjeldahl Method.

Available P in the soils was extracted by the Bray

No.1 method. Exchangeable acidity was measured by

the IM KCL extraction procedure as described by Udo

et al. (2009). The exchangeable cations in the soils

were extracted using IM NH4OAC. K and Na in the

extracts were measured using flame photometry while

Mg and Ca were determined by atomic absorption

spectrophotometry. Effective cation exchange

capacity (ECEC) was taken as the sum of the

exchangeable cations.

2.3. Sorption Study

The sorption isotherms were determined by

equilibrating 3g of each of the soils in 30ml 0.01M,

CaCl2, containing 0.5.10.15, 20, and 25 μgg-1 P in

50ml centrifuge tubes for five days at room

temperature as described by Fox and Kampralt,

(1970). Three drops of toluene were added to each of

the samples to suppress microbial growth. The

samples were shaken twice daily for 30minutes. At

the end of five days, the suspension was centrifuged at

1600 rpm for 15 minutes and P in the supernatant

solution determined by the Method of Murphy and

Riley (1962). Standard P requirements were then

obtained. The amounts of P adsorbed by the soil were

determined by the change of concentration in the

solution. The isotherm data were interpreted in terms

of Freundlich sorption equation (Log x/m = log a +

nlog c.), where the slopes were obtained by plotting

x/m against log c. (Bache ans William, 1971).

Maximum adsorption and maximum buffering

capacity were calculated and affinity coefficient

obtained.

2.4. Pot Experiment

The pot experiment was sited at Umudike (50 291 N1,

70 331 E). The treatments were arranged in a split plot

experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD)

with three replications. The soil type occupied the

main plot while the P rates were assigned to the sub-

plots.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata) was used as the test

crop in the experiment. Six kilograms of each of the

soil samples were weighed into a 12-litre plastic pot

and moistened to field capacity. Mungbean at the seed

rate of 3 seeds per pot were sown and later thinned

down to one seedling per pot 2 weeks after planting.

The soils were kept moist for 2 weeks within which

the crop was fully established.

Umoh et al.


Sorption Isotherms

25

Table 1: Phosphorus Rate (μgg-1) Calibrated from Isotherm Curves and its Equivalent Rates (Kgha-1) in Different Locations Solution P (μgg

-1) Akamkpa Ikom Umudike

(Equivalent P rate)

0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.1 35.1 40.7 26.6

0.2 44.8 45.2 40.6

0.3 54.2 49.6 53.9

0.4 63.2 54.0 66.6

Table 2: The Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Soil Location

Soil Parameters Ikom (BA) Akamkpa (BC) Umudike (CPS)

Sand

Silt g kg-1

Clay

73.4

15.2

11.4

75.4

13.8

10.8

72.8

12.4

14.8

Texture Loamy sand Loamy sand Loamy sand

pH (H20) 5.01 4.53 4.38

pH (Cacl2) 4.40 3.52 3.21

Organic matter (g/kg) 26.0 10.3 18.9

Total N (g/kg) 6.00 1.20 1.70

Available P (mg kg-1) 1.15 4.40 13.0

Mg 2.81 1.60 2.00

Ca cmol kg-1 5.20 6.20 2.80

K 0.37 0.15 0.09

Na 0.06 0.08 0.10

Ex Acidity (cmolkg-1) 0.72 2.08 1.36

ECEC (cmol kg-1) 9.15 10.1 6.35

Base saturation (%) 90.1 79.5 77.6

C/N ratio 15.4 10.7 9.82

BA – Basalt, BC – Basement Complex, , CPS – Coastal Blain Sands

Table 3: Sorption parameters of the Freundlich model for the different soil Freundlich Model

Locations

P sorption

capacity (a) (mg

kg-1

)

P sorption energy (a) (mg

kg-1

)

Maximum buffering

capacity (axn) (mg kg-1

)

Co-efficient of

determination R2 values

Ikom

113

2.11

237

0.94

Akamkpa 65.7 7.05 463 0.93

Umudike 86.6 9.38 812 0.94

The phosphorus rates calibrated from the isotherm

curves at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ppm equivalent to

values shown in Table 1 were applied to the pots at 2

weeks after germination at different levels. The pots

were irrigated on daily basis. Plant height was

measured with a mater rule, as the height from the

base of the crop to the tip of the inflorescence. Leaf

number was measured as all the fully opened leaves

per plant and numbers of seeds per pod were assessed

by counting, while stem diameter was measured with

a vernier caliper. Pod weights per plant and grain

yield per plant were determined with a sensitive

electronic balance (Ikojo et al., 2005, Udoh, et al.,

2009). Nodule number was determined by carefully

uprooting the plants and washing soil from the roots

of the plants and the nodule number counted

(Solomon, 1991).

Data on yield and growth parameters were

analyzed statistically using the method outlined by

Wahua (1999). Regression analysis was also done

using the GenStat (2000) Statistical Programme.


26

Fig. 2: Phosphate sorption isotherms for soils of Akamkpa and Ikom (0-15cm)

Fig. 3: Phosphate Sorption isotherms for soils of Umudike (0-15cm)

Table 4: Effect of Soil Types on Growth and Yield Parameters Location

Soil Types Plant

height

(cm)

Number

of

leaves/p

lant

Stem

diameter

(cm)

Pod

length

(cm)

Number of

pod/pant

Pod

weight

g/plant

Number of

seeds/

plant

Grain

yield

g/plant

Number of

modules/

plant

Akamkpa 9.44 9.00 0.15 1.92 0.53 0.27 2.59 0.19 13.5

Ikom 36.2 27.7 0.62 7.08 19.2 12.1 8.99 8.85 62.4

Umudike 19.6 13.4 0.31 5.37 3.20 1.15 6.56 0.79 2.6.6

Umoh et al.


Sorption Isotherms

27

Table 5: Summary of the Effect of Phosphorus Levels on Growth and Yield Parameters P.

solution

Con.

(μgg-1)

Plant

height

(cm)

Number

of

leaves/p

lant

Stem

diameter

(cm)

Pod

length

(cm)

Number of

pod/pant

Pod

weight

g/plant

Number of

seeds/

plant

Grain

yield

g/plant

Number of

modules/

plant

0 21.3 14.1 0.37 4.49 5.87 3.21 5.68 2.15 30.5

0.1 24.6 16.5 0.42 5.23 8.07 4.58 7.16 3.31 20.2

0.2 24.6 16.9 0.39 6.20 10.1 5.25 7.95 3.72 39.0

0.3 27.2 18.0 0.42 5.79 10.0 5.54 7.83 4.02 24.2

0.4 25.5 16.5 0.39 5.63 8.00 4.55 7.25 3.29 44.5

LSD0.05 2.75 2.49 0.06 0.93 2.20 1.05 1.42 0.75 23.5

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

1.000.500.00-0.50-1.00-1.50

Log P in equilibrium conc. ( gg)µ

P-S

orb

ed

(g

g)

-1µ

Fig. 4: Freundlich Sorption for Ikom and Akamkpa (0-15cm)

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1. Soil Properties

The physico-chemical properties of the soils are

shown in Table 2. The soils were acidic in nature

generally light textured (loamy-sand). Texture plays a

dominant role in soil behaviours as its affects water

and nutrient retention as well as suitability of soils as

a rooting medium (Isirimah, 1987).

Soil pH values in CaCl2 were very acidic (3.21-

4.40) and lower than pH measured in water (4.38-

5.01). The soils of Ikom had the highest pH value of

5.01, indicating moderately acid condition which is

tolerable for most arable crops, Umudike was 4.38,

while Akamkpa had pH value of 4.53, indicating

strong acid conditions. These low pH values could

result in poor plant growth, significant yield reduction

and in very severe cases, crop failure (Brady and

Weil, 1999). The available P in the soils varied from

1.15 in Ikom to 13.0 mg kg-1 in Umudike. Ikom and

Akamkpa had P levels lower than the critical level 12-

15mg kg-1 for most crops (Enwezor et al., 1988) while

Umudike had P values above the critical level for crop

production in the southern eastern Nigeria.

The high P values in soil agree with findings of

Udo and Ogunwale (1977) that soils of the coastal

plain are high in available phosphorus and therefore

do not require phosphorus fertilizers, except for starter

effect. Total nitrogen was 6.0 mg kg-1 in Ikom, 1.2 mg

kg-1 in Akamkpa and 1.7 mg kg-1 in Umudike. With

the exception of Ikom the other soils had values lower

than the critical level (2g kg-1) set for crop production

in most soils of south eastern Nigerian (Adeoye and

Agboola, 1984).

Organic matter contents of the soils ranged from

18.9 g kg-1 in Umudike to 26.0g kg-1 in Ikom with a

mean of 18.4 g kg-1. This value falls within the critical

levels (Low: < 20 High: >30 g kg-1) proposed by

Aduayi et al. (2002) for the soils of South Eastern

Nigeria. The order of abundance of exchangeable

bases for the soils is Ca> Mg> K> Na. The

exchangeable Ca2+ ranged from 2.18 to 6.20 cmol kg-

1. All the soils had calcium levels above the critical


28

level of 2 cmol kg-1 (Agboola and Corey, 1982).

Magnesium (Mg2+) is low ranging from 1.60 to 2.81

cmol kg-1 soils. Exchangeable potassium (K) were

0.37 cmol kg-1 in Ikom, 0.15 cmol kg-1 in Akamkpa

and 0.09 cmol kg-1 in Umudike.

Log P in equilibrium conc. ( gg)µ

P-S

orb

ed

(g

g)

-1µ

50

0.70

100

150

200

250

300

0.500.300.10-0.10

0

-0.30-0.50-0.70

Fig. 5: Freundlich Phosphate Sorption for soils of Umudike (0-15cm)

A

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.13 0.17 0.21 0.24

P rate (g ha-1)

Akamkpa

Yie

ld (

g/p

lan

t)

Fig. 6a: Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) in the Soils of Akamkpa

The level in all the soils except Ikom falls below

the critical K level (0.2 cmol kg-1) for most crops in

these zones (Adeoye and Agboola 1984). This result

agrees with the findings of Enwezor et al. (1990) who

observed that the soils of South Eastern Nigeria are

low in exchangeable Mg, Ca and K. The exchangeable

acidity of the soils ranged between 0.72 to 2.08 cmol

kg-1. The ECEC were low (6.35-10.01 cmol kg-1) in all

the soils with values remaining below 12 cmol kg-1.

The low ECEC values of the soil were indication of

the dominance of low activity clays as indicated by

Udo and Ogunwale (1977).

The base saturation was however high in all the

soils with values ranging from 77.6 to 90.1%. This

Umoh et al.


Sorption Isotherms

29

result agrees with the findings of Sare and Udo

(1988). The release of nutrients by soils is influenced

by the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio; when the C/N

ratio is below 25, application of low rate of N will

accelerate mineralization (Aduayi et al., 2002;

Breman and Reuler, 2002). The C/N ratio obtained for

these soils ranged from 9.82 to 15.4, indicating net

mineralization.

Fig. 6b: Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) in the Soils of Ikom

Fig. 6c: Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) in the Soils of Umudike

3.2. Sorption Characteristics

The phosphate sorption curves are presented in

Figures 2 and 3. These curves relate the amount of P

sorbed by the soils to the concentration of P in

equilibrium solution. The curves indicated that with

continuous addition of P and higher P concentration in

equilibrium solution, each of the curves tends to

flatten and approach a maximum indicating that the

soil is saturated. These showed that the soils with

respect to their P sorption behaviour differed greatly

(Osodeke, 2005). The Freundlich phosphate sorption

isotherms for the soils are shown in Figures 4 and 5.

In all the soils, more P was adsorbed. The sorption

capacity calculated from the Freundlich plots (Table

3) was 113 µg g-1 in Ikom, 65.7 µg g-1 in Akamkpa

and 86.6 µg g-1 in Umudike. These values disagreed

with the work of Mehdi et al. (2010).

The high P sorption capacity in Ikom soils

indicated the presence of more active sites for P

sorption, which in turn, may be attributed to the type

and amount of clay present. But K, which is related to

the bonding energy of the soil, was high. The values

were 2.11 µg g-1 in Ikom, 7.05 µg g-1 in Akamkpa and

9.38 µg g-1 in Umudike. This indicates that the soil not

only has higher capacity to retain P but also grater

energy of adsorption of P. Udo (1981) and Osodeke

(1992) reported similar results for the zone. The

buffering capacities of the soils are generally high

following the decreasing order: Ikom 237 µgg-1,

Akamkpa 463 µg g-1 and Umudike 812 µg g-1.

The lowest value in Ikom may be attributed to the

high content of organic matter in that soil which

blocks the adsorption sites. Uzoho and Oti (2005)

reported that relatively large organic molecules or

competition of the organic anions with the phosphate


30

ions blocks the adsorption sites. The observation is in

agreement with their findings. The buffering

capacities are affected by soil texture, particularly clay

content, as well as the exchangeable aluminum

content and clay mineralogy (Siemens et al., 2004).

3.3. Effects of Soil Types on Growth and Yield

Parameters

Generally (Table 4), Ikom had the highest plant height

with mean of 36.2cm. The value was falls within the

range reported by (AVRDC, 1994), while Akamkpa

had the least mean of 9.44cm. The values were rather

low when compared with the report of (AVRDC,

1994). The growth and yield parameter for the soil

types were in this order. Ikom>Umudike>Akamkpa.

The variation may be attributed to the inherent fertility

of the parent materials and the degree of soil acidity

(Singh et al., 2000). There was a significant

relationship between the soil types and growth/soil

parameters.

IkomUmudikeAkamkpa

LSD0.05 Location x P Level

LSD0.05 LocationLSD0.05 Location

Fig. 7: Effect of Soil Types and Phosphorus levels on Grain yield (g/plant)

3.4. Effect of Phosphorus Levels on Growth and

Yield Parameter

Table 5 shows the effects of phosphorus levels on

growth and yield parameters. The highest plant height,

number of leaves, stem diameter and number of seeds

per plant were recorded at solution P concentration of

0.3ppm, while the maximum numbers of pods per

plant and pod weight were at the equilibrium solution

concentration of 0.2ppm. The highest number of

nodules was recorded at solution P concentration of

0.4ppm with a mean of 44.5ppm. This indicates that

phosphorus is needed in large quantity for the process

of biological nitrogen fixation as reported by

Sanginga (2000). There was a significant yield

response of mungbean to phosphorus fertilizers.

Similar trend had been reported by other researchers

such as Bala et al. (2003), Osodeke (2005), and Ugese

and Avav, (2005).

3.5. Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE) in the Soils

Figure 6, shows the phosphorus use efficiency (PUE)

for the three soils studied. The higher the rate of P

application, the lower the PUE for most of the soils.

Similar observations have been reported by several

researchers ( Kogbe and Adediran, 2003; and Uzoho

and Oti, 2005). This shows that the efficiency of P

utilization of mungbean decreased as the P fertilizer

rate increased. The highest P use efficiency occurred

in Umudike (53.9 kg ha-1) and Akamkpa (44.8 kg ha-

1), Ikom (49.6 kg ha-1). Additional application of P

fertilizer beyond this rate reduced the yield. The

relative yield increases were as follows: 2480 kg ha-1

(Ikom) > 328 kg ha-1 (Umudike)> and 133 kg ha-1 in

(Akamkpa). The relatively high grain yields in Ikom

and Akamkpa correspond to phosphorus concentration

of 0.2ppm in equilibrium solution, while the optimum

yields in Umudike (328 kg ha-1) were at 0.3ppm

solution concentration of phosphorus.

3.6. Effect of Soil Types and Phosphorus levels on

Grain yield (g/plant)

Figure 7 shows the effects of soils types and

phosphorus level on grain yield g/pot. Grain yield per

plant varied with all the soil types. The yield was not

significantly different in other location at (P>0.05)

level as shown on figure 5. Generally, grain yields

increased in the order of Ikom>Umudike>Akamkpa.

Yields at zero P rates were however significantly

lower than yield at other P rates, indicating response

of the crop to P application. The optimum mungbean

yield in the soils could be achieved at a P fertilizer

rate of 49.2 kg ha-1 in Ikom, 53.9 kg ha-1 in Umudike

and 44.8 kg ha-1 in Akamkpa. This is equilibrium

solution concentration between 0.2ppm and 0.3ppm.

These rates are in agreement with report of Uzoho and

Umoh et al.


Sorption Isotherms

31

Oti (2005) and are comparable to the maximum rate

of 40 kg ha-1 P proposed for soils of South-eastern

Nigeria by Enwezor (1990) but are lower than the rate

proposed by Aduayi et al (2002), for the same soils.

Osodeke (2005) reported P rate of 125 kg ha-1 in

Umudike to be adequate for cowpea production. The

greater seed weight in Ikom could be as a result of

high organic matter content in the soil (Table 1).

Organic matter tends to suppress phosphate fixation

by adsorbing ions. The lower yield in Akamkpa may

be attributed to the low fertility status of that soil

(FPDD, 1990).

4. CONCLUSION

The study showed that the soils were acidic and light

textured. Most of the soils were low in nutrients. The

standard P requirements for the soils were low. This

study also showed that solution P concentration of 0.3

ppm gave the best grain yield across the locations.

This is equivalent to P rates of 49.6, 53.9 and 54.2 kg

ha-1 P for Ikom, Umudike and Akamkpa respectively

and is therefore recommended for these soils for

mungbean production.

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Sorption Isotherms

33

F.O. Umoh is a PhD student at Michael Okpara University of agriculture Umudike. Holds B.Agric.

MSc (Soil Science) from the University of Uyo and MOUAU, Nigeria. Was born 4th Sept., 1975 and

married to Mr Otobong O. Umoh with 2 kids.

I.D. EDEM: B.Agric. MSc (Soil Science) and PhD (in-view) Soil Physics and Conservation,

University of Ibadan. First Appointed Graduate Assistant in Department of Soil Science and Land

Resources Management, University of Uyo, in Nov., 2004 and now Lecturer Grade 1. Has over 20

peer- reviewed articles in Local and International Journals, member of 7 professional bodies,

Consultant on Soil and Environmental based studies. Reviewer for Soil & Tillage Research, WebPub

Journal of Agricultural Research, Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research and also Editorial board

member, Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, Pakistan. Married with kids.

Dr Mrs E.A. AKPAN: Formally appointed the station manager, IITA. Holds PhD in Crop Science,

Immediate Past Acting Head of Department (Soil Science) now University Guardian Counselor and

Senior lecturer, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akwa Ibom State University,

Obio Akpa, was born on 30th Oct., 1967. Married to Mr Augustine Akpan and is blessed with 5 lovely

children.

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