Phonology
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Transcript of Phonology
Phonology
Sound System of a LanguageSound System of a Language
We all have instinctual knowledge of the phonemes of our own language
It allows us to produce sounds that form meaningful utterances (even if they are new)
It allows us to recognize and understand a foreign accent
The study of the structure and systematic patterns of sounds in human language
It allows us to make up new words that “sound right”
It allows us to add appropriate sounds to make plurals, past tense, etc.
It allows us to know what is and what is not a sound in our own language.
Phonemics: narrow study of sounds Ex. [ph] in peak, [p] in speak
Phonetics: broad study of sounds Ex. /p/ in speak and peak
Phonemes Allophones Minimal pairs Distinctive features Syllable structure Phonotactics Morphophonemics
Distinctive or contrastive sound (phonological segment) in the sound system of a language. PHONE ◦ A Phonetic Segment Occurring in Language
PHONEME ◦ A Segment that differentiates meaning
Place of articulationEx. /p/ VS /t/
pop VS top Manner of articulation
Ex. /b/ VS /m/Bob VS mob
VoicingEx. /s/ VS /z/
Sue VS zoo
An Allophone is: A predictable phonetic variant of a
phoneme It is rule-governed An Allophone is Predictable, Nondistinctive
and Redundant
An alternative pronunciation or a variant of a phoneme.
Ex. /p/ - [ph] pen- [p] spy
/t/ - [th] top- [t] stop- [?] bitten- [D] butter
Aspiration in English is another example of a predictable, allophonic rule
Occurs with certain consonants at the beginning of a word (if the syllable is stressed)
Presence/Absence of Aspirated Consonant does not change the meaning of the word
A pair of words that differ by just one phoneme in the same position and have
different meanings.
Ex. sip VS ziptip VS dip
Phonetic properties or features that distinguish phonemes from one another
Syllabic Consonantal Sonorant Obstruent Voiced Continuant Nasal
Lateral Distributed Affricate Labial Round Coronal
High Back Low Round Tense Lax
Study of the sound and phoneme combinations allowed in a given language.
Phonotactic Constraints: the rules that characterize permissible syllable structures in a language.
A phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.
◦ 1) After Consonants like /b/, /g/, /k/, or /p/ another stop is not permitted
◦ 2) If a word begins with /l/ or /r/ Every speaker knows the next letter will be a vowel
◦ 3) If word begins with /c&/ or /j&/ The next letter will be a vowel
◦ 4) No more than three consonants Allowed Even this restricted to the following sequence: /s/ + /p, t, k/ + /r, l, w, y/
VC : on, at, out VCC : ant, oust CV : to, shoe CCV : spy, snow CVC : tin, chap CVCC : part, tenth CCVC : spin, cloud, pride CCCVC : splash, spread, split CCCVCCC : scripts, sprints
pertaining to the alternation or change of one phoneme to another in a particular environment. For example, the change of the phoneme /k/ to /s/ before front vowels, which can be
seen in the words "electric" and "electric-ity", is morphophonemic
A study of a phonemic difference among allomorphs of the same morpheme. It describes
changes in pronunciation modified by neighboring sounds.
Morphophonemic Rule: the rule that assigns the phonetic form, determined by both morphology and phonology
voiceless phonemes + [s]Ex. books, rats, forks
voiced phonemes + [z] Ex. jobs, dogs, pumpkins
tense vowels, or diphthongs + [z] Ex. toes, zoos, boys
[+strident] + [әz]Ex. churches, garages, judges, courses
[In] + vowels or alveolarEx. inexpensive, intolerant
[Im] + labialsEx. impossible, immature
[Iŋ] + velarsEx. incomparable, incomplete