Phonology
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Transcript of Phonology
ENGLISH PHONOLOGYENGLISH PHONOLOGY
English DepartmentFaculty of Teaching Training and
EducationDenpasar Mahasaraswati University
Semester: IV
By
I Ketut Wardana, S.pd., M.Hum
Course out lineCourse out lineIntroduction
The Production of Speech Sound1. Articulators (place of articulators)2. English vowels and consonants short and long
vowels3. English Diphthongs and Trip thongs.4. Manners of articulation5. The Phoneme (segment, allophones,
Phonological pattern)6. Symbols and transcription7. Middle test
1. Phonemic and phonetic transcription2. Phonological rules3. The structure of English syllable.4. Stress in simple words (the nature of
stress, Level of stress)5. Weak forms6. Intonation7. Final Test
Phonetics deals with description of the sound either by analyzing their acoustical property or by studying the precise way
LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICSMajor components of language: FORM FUNCTION MEANING
LINGUISTIC FIELD OF STUDY1.Phonetics is concerned with the
sounds of languages, 2.phonology with the way sounds are
used in individual languages, 3.morphology with the structure of
words, 4.syntax with the structure of phrases
and sentences,5.semantics with the study of meaning
PHONETICSPHONETICSPhonetics is the field of language study
concerned with the physical properties of sounds, Three subfields.
1.Articulatory phonetics explores how the human vocal apparatus produces sounds.
2Acoustic phonetics studies the sound waves produced by the human vocal apparatus.
3Auditory phonetics examines how speech sounds are perceived by the human ear.
Phonetics deals with the description of sound either by analyzing their acoustical properties or by studying the precise of production
Phonology, in contrast, is concerned not with the physical properties of sounds, but rather with how they function in a particular language.
ArticulatorArticulator
Human speech is the process of passing air through the mouth to produce specific sounds. Here is a half-face diagram of the basic speech organs.
The typical process of The typical process of producing speechproducing speech
1. Forcing out of the lungs through the glottis (the opening in the vocal cords)
2. Shaping the jaw bone, mouth and lips to conduct the air flow.
3. Positioning the tongue to alter the air flow.
4. The final step is a sound pressure wave leaving the lips.
2 Stationary Stationary parts include the teeth, the alveolar arch behind them, the hard palate, and the softer velum behind it.
Sounds made by touching two articulators—for example, the bilabial p, which requires both lips—
those made by an articulator and a stationary part of the vocal apparatus are named from the organs that make the juncture, which is called the point of articulation.
PLACE OF ARTICULATIONPLACE OF ARTICULATION
Broad categories a oh human Broad categories a oh human speechspeechVowels are the sounds in
production of which the airstream is allowed to go through the speech organ without meeting any obstacle
ConsonantThe sound produced by the
creation of an obstacle that impedes the progress of the air stream through the speech tract
PHONOLOGICAL RULESPHONOLOGICAL RULESFormal notation is required to note the
phonological rules. This notation must be adequate to express types of process that is occurred in any language and generalization.
Phonological process takes place if:1. There is one or more segment influenced2. The affected segments will undergo a formation
(alteration)3. The alteration generally occurs in certain
environment
NotationNotation
Formal notation for the phonological process of a segment
1. The affected segment appears on the left side of the arrow
2. The alteration appears on right side of the arrow3. The environment is presented by a slash
Example: [+ nasal] [+syllabic] / -# Listen /lI∫n/
Phonological ProcessPhonological Process
Phonological Process occurs when morphemes are gathered to form words, the segment s of the morphemes which are
nearby become in line and occurs alteration.
The alteration can be predicted based on some conditions
1. the position in a word 2. Phonological quality 3. prosodic features, stressed or
unstressed vowel
Categories of Phonological Categories of Phonological ProcessProcess1. Assimilation2. Syllable structure3. Weakening and strengthening 4. Neutralization
Assimilation Assimilation This process takes places if:1. Segments become identical 2. A segment obtains specific features from the
neighboring3. A segment adapts other segment baki → gapi (Ind. loyang)
butↄ → dupↄ (Ind. raksasa)guci → juki (Ind. guci)buku → gupu (Ind. buku)
b → p / # - ………………………………………….(a)g → k / # - ………………………………………….(b)k → g / – # ………………………………………… (c)t → d / – # ………………………………………… (d)c → j / – # ………………………………………… (e)
Syllable structureSyllable structure
1. influence the distribution of consonants and vowel in a word relatively
2. A segment can be omitted [φ] pants /pans/ /t/ [φ] /c- c know /nәu/ /k/ [φ] / - [n]
3 A segment can be interfered [φ] impossible /impos ә bl/ [φ] [m] / -
[p]
4. Two segments can be united into a segment
5. Mutated t o p p o t[+ kons]1 [+ sil]1+ [+kons]2 → 3 2 1
l i v e e v i l[+ kons]1 [+ sil]1+ [+kons]2 + [+ sil]2 → 3 2 1
4
6. Changing from the tense to lax vowel
[aI] [I] [aI] [I] divine divinityderive derivativereside residualchild childrenrevise revisiondecide decision drive drivenProvide provisionDefine definition
[i] [[i] [ėė]]Serene serenitySupreme supremacyRedeem redemptionMeter metricDiscreet discretionIntervene interventionConvene conventionPenal penaltyObsceneobscenity
[e[eII]] [ [ae]ae] Sane sanity Insane insanity Explain explanatory Mania maniac Urbane urbanity Humane humanity Angel angelic Fable fabulous State static[au] [A]Profound profundityAbound abundanceSouth southern
Strong and weak formStrong and weak form
Citation formThe form in which a word is pronounced in
isolation
Different forms of pronunciationStrong formIt occurs when the word is stressedWeak formIt occurs when the word is in unstressed
position
Strong and weak Some common English Strong and weak Some common English wordswords
Word strong form weak form example of week form
a ei ә a cup [ә ‘kΛp] and ænd әnd, nd, әn you and me [ju әn mi] as aez әz as good as [zs gud әz] at aet әt at home [әt h әum] can kæn k әn I can go [ai k әn g әu] H
as hæz hәz, әz z he’s left [hiz left] must mΛst mәst, mәz ms I must sell [ai ms sel] she ∫I ∫Ι did she go [did ∫Ι gәu] to tu tә to be or not to be Would wud wәd, әd it would do [it әd du]
intonationintonationPitch is changing continuously
Intonation of sentence is the pattern of pitch changes that occurs
A tone group the part of sentence over which a particular pattern extends
The father gave money to her fatherTonic syllable A single syllable that stands out ; it carries the
major pitch changes
It may occur earlier if some words requires It may occur earlier if some words requires emphasisemphasis
2 He wanted to go to Germany on Monday
There are two or more tone groups within a sentence3.
She sat by the ‘ window reading a ‘letter
4 Split sentence into three separate tone group
The girl gave the money to her father
5. The topic sentence is less likely to receive the tonic accent than the comment
Water is a liquid
Water is liquid
6. Tonic syllable is rising in a question requiring the answer yes or no
. Do you want some ‘cofee?
7. [+ falling] and [+rising] can occur earlier
Do you take cream in your coffee?
8. [+falling] in final stressed syllable ..question that begins with wh……
Where did you put the paper?
9[+ rising] often occurs in the middle of a sentence
The man who took the coffee was my father
10. a list of items is often given a similar way
I want some apples, oranges, and peaches
11. Do you want some coffee or not
12.Conveying doubt
His name is peter?
13 Polite Question
His name is peter?
Expressing doubt
I ‘think ‘so
Yes Falling = the answer is yes
Yes high = did you say ‘yes?
Yes low= please go on I’m listening
Yes falling –rising = I’m doubtful Yes rising- falling = I’m certain
Function of IntonationFunction of IntonationTo express emotions and attitudes (attitudinal
function of intonation)
To produce the effect of prominence on syllables to be perceived as stressed (The accentual function of intonation)
To recognize the grammar and syntactic structure of what is being said by using the information (grammatical function of intonation)
To be taken as new information (discourse function of intonation
STRESSSTRESSA stressed syllable is produced by
pushing more air out of the lungs in one syllable relative to others.
A stressed syllable has greater respiratory energy then neighboring unstressed syllables
Stress can always be defined is terms of something a speaker does in one part of an utterance relative to another
Syntactic relationship between parts of words
noun - Verb relationan ‘insult to in’sult‘overflow to over ‘flowan ‘increase to in ‘crease
compound noun Phrasesa ‘walkout to ‘walk ’outa ‘puton to ‘put ‘ona ‘pushover to ‘push ‘over
a ‘hot dog a ‘hot ‘dog
Grammatical structure of words