Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts

8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts

1/21

Mean Teacher

OH! THATS ME!

JUST KIDDING :D


2/21

2

ARTICULATORS AND

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS

1. Speech sounds

2. Articulation3. Airstream mechanism

4. Phonetics

5. Vocal tract

6. Articulators and places of articulation

7. Vowels vs. Consonants


3/21

3

1. SPEECH SOUNDS

The sounds of speech, or speech sounds,

are vocal sounds which are organized to

communicate information.

In other words, a speech sound is

any of the set of distinctive soundsof a given language.


4/21

4

The formation of individual speech sounds is

called articulation.

2. ARTICULATION


5/21

5

Theproduction of any speech sound (or any sound at all)

involves the movement of an airstream. Most speech soundsare produced by pushing lung air out of the body through

the mouth and sometimes through the nose.

Since lung air is used, these sounds are called pulmonic

(belonging/related to the lung) sounds; since the air is

pushed out, they are call egressive (e-: out; gress: go).

The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are

thus produced bypulmonic egressive airstream mechanisms.

All the sounds in English are produced in this manner.[Fromklin and Rodman, 1993:186-187]

3. AIRSTREAM MECHANISIM


6/21

6

4. PHONETICS

The study of speech sounds is called phonetics.[Fromklin and Rodman, 1993:232]

Thestudy of how sounds are produced and howthe position of the mouth can be changed to

produce different sounds is called phonetics.[Avery & Ehrlich, 1995:11]


7/21

7

The vocal tract: the air passages

involved in the production ofspeech sounds, including:

The nasal cavity: the air

passage within and behind thenose.

The oral cavity: the air passage

within the mouth.

5. THE VOCAL TRACT

The pharynx: the air

passage extending from

the larynx up to the back

of the mouth.


8/21

8

- Ar ticulators: the movable parts of the mouth,

including the bottom lip, the bottom teeth, the

tongue, and the jaw.

6. ARTICULATORS AND

PLACES OF ARTICULATION

In the production of speech sounds,

when the articulators approach theupper unmovable parts of the mouth,

they will produce different sounds.


9/21

9

Places of articulation:

the unmovable parts of

the mouthinvolved in

the articulation of

speech sounds.

Figure 1 shows thearticulators and places

of articulation in the

human body.

6. ARTICULATORS AND



10/21

10

6.1. The upper lipand the lower lip6.2. The upper teethand the lower teeth

6.3. The tongue(figure 2):

- a very important articulator.- can be moved to different

places and have different

shapes.

- theoretically divided intodifferent parts: the tongue

ti p, the tongue blade, the

tongue front, the tongue

backand the root

6. ARTICULATORS AND



11/2111

6.4. The alveolar ridgeis between the top front teeth

and the hard palate.

6.5. The palate:

- The hard palate: the front part of the roof of themouth.

6. ARTICULATORS AND



12/2112

6.5. The palate:

- The soft palate(velum): the muscular flap at theback of the mouth that can be raised to press against

the back wall of the pharynx and shut off the nasal

cavity, preventing air from going out through the

nose.- - The point at the end of the soft palate is called

uvula.

6. ARTICULATORS AND PLACES OF ARTICULATION


13/2113

The tipand the bladelie under the alveolar

ridge, the frontlies under the hard palateand

the backlies under the soft palate.

6. ARTICULATORS AND



14/2114

6.6. The Larynx(The

voice-box)

The larynxsmain structure

is made of cartilage,including two large ones:

- thyroidcartilage

(above, larger)

- cricoidscartilage(below, smaller).

These are hollow and are

attached to the top of the

trachea(the wind-pipe).

6. ARTICULATORS AND



15/2115

At the front, they are joined

together and fixed to the inside

of the thyroid cartilage. At the

back, they are attached to a pair

of small cartilages called the

arytenoids cartilagesso that if

the arytenoids cartilages move,

the vocal cords move too.

6. ARTICULATORS AND


6.7. The vocal cords(vocal folds/vocal bands):

- two small bands of elastic tissue inside the larynx

- look like two flat strips of rubber, lying opposite each

other across the air passage.


16/21

Figure 5 shows the cross section of larynx.

16

6.8. The glottis

- The space/opening between the vocal cords.

6. ARTICULATORS AND



17/2117

6.8. The glottis:

- Easily recognized in four states:Open: resulting in voicelessconsonants. Vocal cords are wide apart.

Narrowed: resulting in voicelessglottalfricative/h/, produced by the

friction right at the narrowed glottis when airflow passes through it.

6. ARTICULATORS AND


Closed or nearly closed: the edges ofthe vocal folds touch or nearly touch

together, air passing through the glottis

causes vibration, resulting in voiced

sounds.

Tightly closed: resulting in theglottalstop/?/, produced by the rapid

closing of the glottis, strapping the

airflow from the lungs behind it,

followed by a sudden release of the airas the lottis is o ened.


18/2118

6.9. Thejawsare sometimes called articulators

because we certainly move the lower jaw a lot in

speaking. But the jaws are not articulators in the

same ways as the others, because they cannotthemselves make contactwith other

articulators.

6. ARTICULATORS AND



19/2119

Figure 7 shows all

the articulators and

places of

articulation

introduced in this

lesson.

6. ARTICULATORS AND



20/2120

1. The way they are produced(phonetically):

+ In the production of vowels, the air flows

continuously from the larynx to the lips;

there is no obstruction and no narrowing

that could cause audible friction.+ In the production of consonants, the

airflow from the lungs is obstructed or

interfered at some place in the vocal tract.

7. VOWELS VS. CONSONANTS

Vowels and consonants can be distinguishedthanks to the two following criteria.


21/21

- Their distribution in English(phonologically):

Consonants usually occupy the initialposition inEnglish words and are frequently followedby

vowels.

7. VOWELS VS. CONSONANTS

But its not easy to decide. For example, the/j/ in yet, the /w/ in wet and the /h/ in

hay do not obstruct the airflow more than

some vowels do.

However, they are typicallyconsonantalinEnglishthey usually occur in the initial

position and are always followed by vowels.

=> Phonetically, they are like vowels;

phonologically they function as consonants

Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts

Documents

Transcript of Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts