Lecture 3Phonetics and

phonology: Speech Sounds and Their

SystemsWu Heping

http://wuhpnet.googlepages.com/linguisticshttp://groups.google.com/group/linguistics_nwnu

natural sounds

speech sounds

no systematic meaning

a code system.

Definition of Phonetics

Phonetics is the science of speech sounds, which aims to provide the set of features or properties that can be used to describe and distinguish all the sounds used in human language.

Three stages in speech chain

The production of the message The transmission of the message The reception of the message

Articulatory phoneticsAcoustic phoneticsAuditory phonetics

The principal cavities or resonators:

-the pharyngeal cavity -the oral cavity -the nasal cavity (-the labial cavity)

The vocal tract: - the long tubular struct

ure formed by the first three cavities.

The Speech Organs

Pharynx Oral Cavity Nasal Cavity Uvula Tongue (tip/blade/front

/ middle/back/root) Hard Palate Soft Palate (Velum) Alveolar Ridge (teeth-rid

ge) Teeth (upper &lower) Lips (upper &lower) Epiglottis

Diagram of the speech organs

The process of producing speech

The air breathed in → lungs → the air pressed out → mouth cavity ↗windpipe (trachea) → larynx → pharynx →

↘ nasal cavity

Read the following twister

I take it you already know Of tough and bough and cough and dough? Others may stumble but not you On hiccough, thorough, lough and through. Well done! And now you wish, perhaps, To learn of less familiar traps?

I take it you already know Of tough and bough and cough and dough? 坚韧 大树枝 咳嗽 生面团 Others may stumble but not you On hiccough, thorough, lough and through. 打嗝 彻底的 湖；海湾 通过 Well done! And now you wish, perhaps, To learn of less familiar traps?

I take it you already know Of tough and bough and cough and dough? [tΛf] [bau] [kɔf] [dəʊ] Others may stumble but not you On hiccough, thorough, lough and through. ['h kɪ Λp] ['ѲΛrə] [lɔk] [Ѳru:] Well done! And now you wish, perhaps, To learn of less familiar traps?

Definition of Consonants &Vowels

Consonants: the sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air- stream at some point of the vocal tract .

Vowels: the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.

Consonants

The place of articulation

the manner of articulation.

(2)Place of Articulation

When describing the place of articulation, what we usually consider is the place within the vocal tract where the articulators form a stricture.

The place of articulation

Bilabial 双唇音 e.g. [p], [m]. Labio-dental 唇齿音 e.g. [f]. Dental 齿音 e.g.[ð] Alveolar 齿龈音 e.g. [t] Palatal 腭音 e.g..[j]. Palato-alveolar 腭龈音 e.g. [ʃ] Velar 软腭音 e.g. [k]. Glottal 声门音，喉音 e.g. [h] Retroflex 卷舌音 . Uvular, 小舌音 Pharyngeal 咽音

The manner of articulation.

Plosive 爆破音 e.g. [p],[d]. It belongs to a broader category called “stop” （塞音：包括吸塞音（ suction stop ）和挤压塞音 (pressure stop) ）

Nasal 鼻音 e.g. [m]. Affricate, 塞擦音 e.g. [tʃ]. Liquid 流音 e.g. [l], [r]. [l] Fricative 擦音 e.g. [f], [z]. （ Some fricatives

are also called sibilants （丝音） e.g. [s], [ʃ] ） Glide 滑音 e.g. [h], [w].

Give the IPA symbol for each of the consonants described below

1) voiced bilabial plosive 2) voiceless alveolar plosive 3) voiceless dental fricative 4) voiced bilabial nasal 5) voiceless labio-dental fricative

b t

Ѳ

m f

Vowels

A Diagram of English Vowels

monophthong e.g. [u]

diphthong e.g. [au] [uə]

triphthong e.g. [auə]

suprasegmentals

stress pitch tone Intonation

They relate to aspects of pronunciation that go beyond the production of individual segments.

Stress and pitch

[,u:nI'vɜ:sətI ]

Read it!

The story in Pinyin: shíshì shīshì shīshì, shì shī, shì shí shí shī 。 sh

ì shíshí shì shì shì shī 。 shíshí, shì shí shī shì shì 。 shìshí, shì shīshì shì shì 。

shì shì shì shí shī, shì shí shí shĭ shì, shĭ shì shí shī shìshì 。 shì shí shì shí shī shī, shì shíshì 。 shíshì shī, shì shĭ shì shì shíshì 。 shíshì shì, shì shĭ shì shí shí shī shī 。 shí shí, shĭ shí shì shí shī shī shí shí shí shī shī 。 shì shì shì shì 。

Read again

The story in Chinese characters: 石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。氏时时

适市视狮。十时，适十狮适市。是时，适施氏适市。氏视是十狮，恃十石矢势，使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室。石室湿，氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，氏始试食十狮尸。食时，始识是十狮尸实十石狮尸。试释是事。

A translation from internet(revised)

(Once upon a time,) there was a poetic scholar whose name is Mr. Shi, who took delight in lion. He vowed to eat 10 lions. He frequently traveled to towns to see whether there were lions. One day, at 10 o'clock, 10 lions happened to travel to the town. At the same moment, Mr. Shi arrived at the town too. Mr. Shi saw these 10 lions and killed them by casting ten stones. He then picked up those dead bodies, and transported them back to the stone house. When he arrived at home, he found that his house was wet. He ordered his servants to wipe the stone house. after the stone house was wiped, he tried to eat the lions, only to find out that those lions were actually made of stones, This is my attempt to explain this weird story.

From phonetics to phonology

Phones and phonemes Feature theory Syllabification Phonological processes and phonological

rules

Phones and phoneme pot, spot, slip

We pronounce them differently but we know they are the same sound.

How do we know two sounds are the same or different? Phoneme:

a class of sounds which are identified by a native speaker as the same sound.

The form we ‘think of ‘ sounds and store them in memory Marked as /p/

Allophones: the members of these classes The actual phonetic segments produced by a native speaker Marked as [ph], [po]

How are the phonemes are identified? Minimal pairs and complementary distribution

Distribution of speech sounds

Overlapping Identical environment

/t/and /d/ in time and dime Contrastive overlapping: (minimal pairs)

same phonetic environment, differences in meaning. The differences in sounds lead to distinctions in meanin

g Free variations: same linguistic invironment, no distin

ction in meaning. (allophones) /t/ in Not ready & Britain.

Complementary One sound found in a position where the other(s) can

not occur and vice versa: the distribution of one sound is the complement of the distribution of the other. (allophones)

pit, spit,

1. Is there a minimal pair for the given sounds? If yes, go to 2. If not, go to 5.

2. Do the words in the pair differ in meaning? If yes, go to 3. If not, go to 4.

3. The sounds are contrastive, i.e. separate phonemes.

4. The sounds are allophones in free variation. Describe the phonetic environment in which each sound appears; e.g. list what comes before and after each sound. Do the sounds occur in the same (or similar) environments, or are their environments complementary? If same/similar, go to 6.

5. If complementary, go to 7. 6. The sounds contrast so your best guess is that they're separate phonemes, and you'd expect to find minimal pairs with more data. 7. The sounds represent allophones of a single phoneme.

Phonetic environment

Overlapping complementary

Contrastive

（minimal pair）

Different

phonemes

Free variations

Allophones of the same

phoneme

[l] & [r] in Korean

Are /r/ & /l/ allophones of one or two phonemes? rupi “ruby” mul “water” kiri “road” pal “leg” saram “person” səul “Seoul” irωmi “name” ilkop “seven” ratio “radio” ipalsa “barber”

*[ω] is a back unrounded vowel in Korean.

Do they occur in any minimal pairs? Are they in complementary distribution? In what environment does each occur?

More from Korean

son “hand” šihap “game” sòm “sack” šilsu “mistake” Sosəl “novel” šipsam “thirteen” sεk “color’ šinho “signal” us “upper” maši “delicious”

Are [s] and [š] allophones of the same phoneme or is each an allophone of a separate phoneme? There are no minimal pairs that will help to answer thi

s question. Determine, instead, whether they are in complementary distribution. If they are, state their distribution. If they are not in complementary distribution, state the contrasting environment.

In Czech, there are two alveo-dental stops,[t] and [d], and two palatal stops,[ty] and [dy]. To how many ph

onemes are these four sounds assignable?

1. dej = 'give!'

2. dyedyit = 'to inherit'

3. dyej = 'action'

4. dyelo = 'cannon'

5. kotel = 'kettle'

6. kotye = 'kitten'

7. tedi = 'hence'

8. tele = 'calf (animal)'

9. tyelo = 'body'

10. teta = 'aunt'

11. tikat = 'to be on a first-name basis'

12. titul = 'title'

13. tyikat = 'to tick (clock)'

14.vada = 'flaw'

15.vana = 'bathtub'

16.vata = 'absorbent cotton'

Feature Theory The idea of DISTINCTIVE FEATURES was first develop

ed by Roman Jacobson (1896-1982) in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.

Major distinctions [consonantal] : distinguish between consonants and vowels [sonorant] distinguishes between what we call OBSTRUENTS

(stops, fricatives and affricates) and SONORANTS (all other consonants and vowels

BINARY FEATURES features are grouped into two categories: one with this feature

and the other without. Binary features have two values or specifications denoted by “ +

 ” and “ – ” so voiced obstruents are marked [+voiced] and voiceless obstru

ents are marked [–voiced].

Major class features

[consonantal]: produced with major obstruction in the oral cavity

[vocalic]: vowels and syllabic liquids. [sonorant]: all and only the singables: vowels, gli

des, liquids, and nasals

obstruents vowels glides liquids nasals

[consonental]

+ - - + +

[Vocalic] - + - - -

[sonarant] - + + + +

examples [p b z θ] [i a] [j w] [l r] [m n]

Laryngeal features

These features represent laryngeal states [voice] [spread glottis] This feature distinguishes una

spirated from aspirated consonants.[+SG]: aspirated consonants

Place features

[labial] [rounded] [coronal]: any sound articulated with the tongue ti

p or blade raised [anterior]: any sound articulated in front of the alv

eopalatal region [strident]: the noisy fricatives and affricates

labials Dentals/

alveolars

alveopalatals Palatals/velars

[anterior] + + - -

[coronal] - + - -

examples [p b m] [t d s z n l r ] [∫, t∫] [k g ]

Dorsal features

Features represent placement of the body of the tongue [High] [Low] [back] [tense]: The tense-lax distinction

Manner features [+/- continuant] Free or nearly free airflow thro

ugh the oral cavity: Vowels Fricatives Glides liquids.

[+/- nasal]: any sound made with the velum lowered.

[+/- lateral] All and only varieties of [l] are [+lateral].

[+/- delayed release] This feature distinguishes stops from affricates. Affricate are designated [+dr].

Psychological reality of features Evidence that features is not only required by the way sounds are conveni

ently described but also enters directly into the knowledge that speakers have of their language English plural suffix

[s] lips, lists, maniacs, telegraphs [z] clubs, herds, colleagues, holes, gears [iz] places, porches, cabbages,

The choice of suffix is governed by the last sound in the word. [iz] if noun eds with [s z sh ch etc], otherwise [s] if ends with [p t k f etc], otherwise [z]

Members of each group share features that distinguish the group from all other sounds in the language. Translated into fature notation, the rule for the English plural suffix reads as follows:

[iz] if noun eds with [+coronal, +strident], otherwise [s] if ends with [+stiff vocal cords, -voice], otherwise [z]

Phonological processes and rules

Phonemic representation will become phonetic form in order for it to be articulated. This process is rule-governed.

/p/ becomes [ph] when it follows the voicess alveolar fricative [s]

A B/X___Y, where A: underlying phonemic representation B: phonetic form X, Y: conditioning environment ___ : the position of the segment undergoing the rule : becomes

Assimilation processes The spreading of phonetic features either i

n the anticipation or in the perseveration of articulatory processes. English alveolar nasals becomes bilabial nas

als before a labial stop. As in /input/--[imput]

+nasal +nasal +consonental -labial +labial / _____ +labial

Segment deletion and addition processes

Delete a /g/ when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. sign signature designdesignation resign resignation

-nasal

+velar φ / _____ +nasal

+voice +alveolar

Feature addition

a segment has a non-distinctive feature voiceless stops becomes aspirated at the

beginning of a syllable before a stressed vowel.

Dissimilation

Rules in which a segment becomes less similar to another segment. Sixth—sikst fifth--fift

Syllable and syllabification

Syllable is a phonological unit composed of a nucleus and its associated non-syllabic segments. A complete desciption of the internal structure of a sy

llable (σ)requires four subsyllabic units: The nuclueus(N) : syllable’s only obligatory member

A vocalic segment that forms the core of a syllable. The coda (C): those segments following the nucleus in the s

ame syllableThe rhyme (R): is made up the nucleus and coda. The onset (O): is made up of those segments that precede a

rhyme in the same syllable.

Procedures of establishing a syllable

Since the syllabic nucleus is the only obligatory constituent of a syllable, it is constructed first.

σ σ

R R

N N

i n p u t

Procedures--2

Onset before codas ： the longest sequence of consonants to the left of each nucleus.

σ σ

R R

N O N

i n p u t

Procedure--3

Any remaining consonants to the right of each nuclueus form the coda and are linked to a C above them.

σ σ

R R

N C O N C

i n p u t

Procedure—4

Syllables that make up a single form branch out from the representation wd.

Wd

σ σ

R R

N C O N C

i n p u t

English syllable structure

Please do the following

sprint applaud improvise decline explain applecart