• India is an Independent, Sovereign, Republic;• India shall be a Union of erstwhile British Indian territories, Indian States,

and other parts outside British India and Indian States as are willing to be apart of the Union;

• Territories forming the Union shall be autonomous units and exercise all powers and functions of the government and administration, except those assigned to or vested in the Union;

• All powers and authority of sovereign an Independent India and its Constitution shall flow from the people;

• The territorial integrity of the republic and its sovereign rights on land, sea and air shall be maintained according to justice and law of civilized nations; and

• The land would make full and willing contribution to the promotion of the world peace and welfare of mankind.

• All people of India shall be guaranteed and secured social, economic and political justice; equality of status and opportunities before law; and fundamental freedoms

• – of talk, expression, belief, faith, worship, vocation, association and action subject to law and public morality;

• The minorities, backward and tribal areas, depressed and other backward classes, shall be provided adequate safeguards;

• Making of an egalitarian society• State-led social and economic transformation• Democracy from above• Enlightening masses• Protection of the weakest sections

Main / Salient Features of Indian Constitution1. Written and Lengthiest: It is written one and is also the lengthiest in the

world.2. Preamble: At the beginning, there is a Preamble, which is important in

several aspects. It narrates the ideals (Justice, Equality, Individual Dignity, Fraternity and National Unity) and aspirations of the Indian people.

3. Republic: India is a Republic. As a Republic, people have a right to form their own government and to elect the head of the government.

4. Government of the People: It upholds a form of government which is of the people, by the people and for the people. People have the right to elect their own rulers.

5. Fundamental Rights and Duties: It has given SIX Fundamental Rights to the citizens. The government cannot take away any of these rights. When these rights are violated, the Judiciary would come to the rescue of the citizens. In addition to the Fundamental Rights, it has stated TEN + ONE Fundamental Duties to be performed by the citizens.

6. Secularism: As per the principle of secularism, the government must be impartial towards all the religions followed by its citizens. There shall be no ‘State Religion’. At the same time, the government guarantees freedom of faith and worship to all citizens. However, the government has the right to restrict religious freedom when it disturbs public peace, as well as law and order.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary: Under the democratic system, all citizens are equal before the law. There cannot be different sets of laws for the different groups of people. The judiciary is expected to provide justice to all the sections of the society. Therefore, the Judiciary is given adequate powers. The Supreme Court acts as a guardian of the Constitution in place of the Privy Council.

8. Universal Adult Franchise: The system of election of representatives by all the adults of a country is called as Universal Adult Franchise. In India, an adult means one who is above the age of eighteen.

9. Equal Rights to Women: Here, both men and women have been given equal rights. The exploitation of women is considered an offence. Both get equal pay for equal work.

10. Eradication of Untouchability: It has prohibited the practice of untouchability in the country. The practice is deemed a crime and offenders can be punished.

11. A Welfare State: A State which aims at providing social and economic security to all its citizens is known as a Welfare State. Social Security must be provided to the citizens so that they would live a peaceful life. They should have employment and adequate income, food, clothes, shelter and health care. The aged and destitute must get proper protection. It protects the weaker sections from exploitation, and provides equal social, economic and political opportunities to all citizens.

12. It is federal in form but unitary in spirit.13. It is neither too rigid (as some provisions can be amended by a simple

majority) nor flexible (as some provisions require special majority for amendment).

14. The President of the Union is the Constitutional Head, the Council of Ministers or the Union Cabinet is the Real Executive and is responsible to the Lok Sabha.