Philosophical & Sociological Foundation of Education

8/11/2019 Philosophical & Sociological Foundation of Education

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education 1

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Biyani's Think Tank

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Philosophical & Sociological Foundationof Education

M. Ed.

Shyam Sundar Kumawat

Deptt. of Education

Biyani Girls B.Ed. College, Jaipur


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Published by :

Think Tanks

Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti

Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,

Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)

Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007

E-mail : [email protected]

Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

First Edition : 2009

Leaser Type Setted by :

Biyani College Printing Department

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any

mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that

neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind

arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.


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Preface

I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the students. Thebook has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the fundamental

concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the Teach Yourself style. It is

based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable

based on scientific approach.

Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and

inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the authorshall be obliged.

I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman& Dr. Sanjay Biyani, Director

(Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider and also

have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an active role

in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.

I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational

institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book. The

reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned

address.

Author


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Syllabus

Section-A

Philosophical Foundations of Education

1. The Meaning & nature of Philosophy: Use of Philosophy, Branches of Philosophy;metaphysics, epistemalogy, and axiology and their implications for education;philosophical redirection of educational research in recent times.

2. Indian Philosophical Foundations of Education-Characteristics of Indian Philosophy;Education as conceived in vadic times; Nature of the learner goals of life, theory ofknowledge and teh ethical values as advocated in the following philosophies:BuddhismJainismNyayaVedanta (Upanishad, Geeta and Advaita Vedanta only) Samkhya. Teacher studentrelationship as mainfest in Bhagwatgeeta and Upnishads.Quranic monism and monotheism and its influence in education

3. Western Philosphical Foundations of Education-A short introduction to major

Western Philosophical Naturalism: Its metaphysics and epistomogy: aims ofeducation, educative process, freedom and discipline in education according toNaturalism

Indealism : Its Metaphysics and theories of knowledge: the nature of the learner,aims of education, teacher pupil relationship, of educaation, freedom and disciplinevalues in education and theories of Knowledge, Realism : Its Metaphysics and thelearner, freedom and discipline. Realism: Its Metaphysics and theories of Knowledge:aims of education, nature of the learner and educative process according to Realism.Pragmatism: Its methaphysics anf theories of knowledge; the nature of the learner,

aims of education, teacher pupil relationship, method of education and curriculumaccording Exictenalism to Pragmatism.

4. Contemporary philosophical thought and education Humanism Existentalism


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Section BSociological Foundation of Education

1. Concept, meaning, scope and Functions of Socilogy of Edu. Education as a SocialSub-system.

i.

Concept of Social systemii. Specific characteristics of education as a special sub-system

iii. Education and its relationship with other special sub-system i.e. Family,Caste and State.

2. Education as a social process:i. Theories of socialization.

ii. Process of acculturaration and socialisation.iii. Role of family, Cste, and state in preservation transmission and enrichment

of culture.iv. The concept of culture. Cultural lag, conflict,

v.

Unity and diversity in India, making compsite culture. Role of education.vi. Concept of Social stratification & Factors & affecting3. (a) Change and Education:

i. Concepts of change and planned change.ii. Process of Planned change.

iii. Functions and qualities of change agent.iv. Social Mobility, Modernization and Education.v. Impact of science and technology on society & education.

(b) Social structure & Edcation-Conflict and Crisis within Indian Social Structure.

4.

Social dimension of Education

i. Approaches to religious and moral education Humanistic and spiritualapproaches.

ii. Socialistic democratic state of Indian society and education.iii. Existing educational disparities, nature and causes equalisation of education

opportunities.iv. Radical thought attenations in education, Deschooling, Concep and consepnces.

Futurelogy of Education.

Sessional Work:

1. Two term papers2. Three abstract of recent articless related to the subject published in journals


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Content

S.No Name of Chapter Page Number1 Philisophical Foundations of

Education

2 Sociological Foundation ofEducation

3

4


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Section A

Philosophical Foundations of Education

izu &1 fQykWlQh dk eq[; rRo gS&v-) Kku ehekalk c-) rRo ehekalkl-) ewY; ehekalk n-) mijksDr lHkh

(n)izu &2 rRo ehekalk dk lEcU/k gS&

v-) Kku ls c-) ewY;ksa ls

l-) lR; ls n-) fpUru ls(l)

izu &3 fk{kk dsvf/kdakk mn~ns; fn;s&v-) rRo ehekalk c-) Kku ehekalkl-) ewY; ehekalk n-) rdZ ehekalk

(c)izu &4 dkUV rRo ekurk gS &

v-) vkRek dks c-) fopkj dksl-) rdZcqf) dks n-) mijksDr LkHkh dks

(l)izu &5 vknkZokn dh Kkuehekalk esa iz/kkurk gS &

v-) Kku i{k dh c-) Hkko i{k dhl-) f;k i{k dh n-) mijksDr LkHkh dks

(c)izu &6 vknkZokn usfk{kk dksizHkkfor fd;k &

v-) fk{k.k fof/k;ksa c-) fk{k.k mn~ns;ksal-) ikB~;e dks n-) vuqkklu dks

(c)izu &7 ^,ehy^ iqLrd dh jpuk dh &

v-) gjcVZ LisUlj us c-) csdu usl-) :lks us n-) Qkscsy us

(l)izu &8 kfUll csdu dk ;ksxnku gSa&

v-) vkxeu fk{k.k fof/k c-) fuxeu fk{k.k fof/kl-) mijksDr nksuksa n-) mijksDr dksbZ ugha

(v)


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izu &9 ^cqjkbZ;k lekt lsvkrh gSa dFku fn;k &v-) gjcVZ us c-) kafcy usl-) :lks n-) tkWu ykWd us

(l)izu &10 ;FkkFkZoknh lR; ekursgSa&

v-) inkFkZ c-) txrl-) cqf) n-) mijksDr LkHkh

(n)izu &11 iz;kstuokn dsizorZd gSa&

v-) tku Mhoh c-) fofy;e tsEll-) fdyiSfVd n-) mijksDr dksbZ ugha

(c)izu &12 iz;kstuokn lR; ekurk gSa&

v-) inkFkZ c-) izdfr

l-) vuqHko n-) vkRek(l)

izu &13 ^^O;fDr dh vkUrfjdrk gh ;FkkFkZ;k lR; gS ^ ;g dFku gS&v-) dk.V dk c-) fddZxknZ dkl-) T;kaiky lk=Z n-) nsdkrZ dk

(c)izu &14 xhrk dh ekSfydrk gSa&

v-) fu"dke deZ c-) fLFkrizK%l-) nksuksgh n-) mijksDr dksbZ ugha

(l)izu &15 lka[; &nkZu dsizorZd gS&

v-) iratfy c-) dfiyl-) xkSre n-) d.kkn

(c)izu&16 ;ksx nkZu ds ewy rRo gS &

v-) izd`fr c-) iq:"kl-) bZoj n-) mijksDr lHkh

(n)izu &17 U;k; nkZu ds izorZd gS&

v-) egf"kZd.kkn c-) dfiy _f"kl-) egf"kZxkSre n-) jkekuqtkpk;Z

(l)izu &18 v}Sr &nkZu dsizorZd gS&

v-) kdajkpk;Z c-) jkekuqtkpk;Zl-) cknjk;.k n-) egf"kZ dfiy

(v)


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izu &19 tSu fk{kk dh fof/k gS&v-) vUr% izKk fof/k c-) dSoY; fof/kl-) fuf/k;klu fof/k n-) mijksDr lHkh

(n)izu &20 ckS) minsk dk lkj gS&

v-) eqfDr cks/k c-) nq%[k fujks/kl-) fuokZ.k dh voLFkk n-) mijksDr lHkh

(n)i'u 21 nkZu dk vFk Li V dhft, \

Define the meaning of Philosophy ?

mRrj%& nkZu dk vFkZ &fdlh Hkh foKku dks le>usdsfy, mlesavFkZ dh foospuk fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksals gksuhpkfg, vr% t:jh gSfd nkZu dsvFkZ dksfofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksals le>uk pkfg,A1- nkZu dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ & nkZu 'kCn Hkkjrh; izkphu Hkk"kk laLd`r ls fudyk gSA

^nkZu^ 'kCn laLd`r dh ^nk^ /kkrq ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS ns[kuk A vkXayHkk"kk esa fQyklkWQh 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftldk fuekZ.k nks 'kCnkslsfeydj cuk gS] fQyksl $lksfQ;k fQyksl dk vFkZgS izse ;k vuqjkx] lksfQ;kdk vFkZ gS Kku A bl izdkj iqjs 'kCn dk vFkZ gqvk Kku dk izse vFkokKkukuqjkxA

2- nkZu dk fofk"V vFkZ& nkZu ,slh tfVy leL;kvksadk dfBu vuqkkflr rFkklko/kkuh ds lkFk fd;k gqvk foys"k.k gSftldk ekuo usdHkh vuqHko fd;k gksA

3- nkZu dk O;kid vFkZ& O;kid vFkZ esankZu] rdZiw.kZ] fof/kiwoZd ,oafed :ils fopkj djus dh dyk gS bl vFkZ esa lalkj dk izR;sd O;fDr tUetkrnkkZfud gSA izR;sd O;fDr dksviusthou dh ;k=k esavusdkusd vuqHko izkIr

gksrs gS og fdlh u fdlh :i esalR; dh [kkst esafujUrj yxk jgrk gSA4- Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj nkZu dk vFkZ & Hkkjrh; fpUru ds vuqlkjijerRo dk lk{kkRdkj ;k vijks{kkuqHko gh nkZu dk vFkZ gS nkZu og gS ftlds}kjk ;FkkFkZrRo dh vuqHkwfr gks^n';rs;FkkFkZ rRoeusu^ euq vkSj ;kKoYD; usvkRenkZu dks lE;d nkZu ekuk gSA os dgrs gS vkRek lk{kkr~ vuqHko djus;ksX; gS vkSj ;g vuqHko Jo.k] euu rFkk fufn/;klu lsizkI; gSA

nkZu dh ifjHkk kk

nkZu dh izeq[k ifjHkk"kk,afuEufyf[kr gS%&

IysVksdsvuqlkj & ^^inkFkZ ;k oLrqvksadh 'kkor~ izd`fr dk Kku izkIr djuk nkZu dsmn~ns; gS ^A

vjLrq dsvuqlkj & ^^ nkZu ,slk foKku gS tks ijerRo ds;FkkZFk dh tkap djrk gSAfQrs usnkZukkL= dksKku dk foKku dgk gSA

gjcVZ LisUlj usvU; fo|kvksads leku nkZu dk eq[; mn~ns; Kku izkfIr dks ekukrFkk foKku dsewyHkwr fl)kUr ;k rkfdZd v/;;u nkZukkL= dksdgkagSA

dkEVs usnkZukkL= dksfoKkuksadk foKku dgk gSA


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nkZu dk fo"k; {ks= %nkZUk dk fo"k; {ks= O;kid gS v/;;u dh lqfo/kk gsrqblsrhu HkkxksaesafoHkkftr fd;kx;k gSA

1 rRo ehekalk 2 Kku ehekalk 3 ewY; ehekalk

i'u 22% nkZu dh vko;drk dksLi V fdft, \

Define the need of philosophy ?

mRrj%& nkZu dh vko;drk fuEu izdkj ls gS1 nkZu vkSj fk{kk dsmn~ns; %& fk{kk thou dksLeqUurk cukus okyh ,d fnO;

psruk gSA thou ds izfr nf"Vdks.k gh nkZu gSA nkZu gh thou ds y{;ksadksfu/kkZfjr djrk gS f'k{kk thou ds y{;ksa ds vuq:i vius ms;ksa dk fuekZ.k

djrh gSA fk{kk dsmn~ns; rkRdkfyd fopkj/kkjkvksalsizHkkfor gksrsjgsgS vkSjgksrs jgsxsaA fk{kk dsfofHkUu mn~ns;ksads:i esa nkZu ewyr% thou dslk/kuksadksfu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

2 nkZu ,oa ikB~;e %& fk{kk e esa ge oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dks iz/kkurk ns ;klakLd`frd fo"k;ksadks blesanLrdkjh dks LFkku fn;k tk; ;k ugha vkfn ckrsagekjh nkkZfud n`f"Vdks.k ls izHkkfor gksxh vk/;kfRed fopkj/kkjk uSfrdkkL=rFkk /keZkkL= dks ikB~;e esa lfEefyr djus ij cy nsrh gS A vknZkoknhnkZu ikB~;e esaekuoh; fopkjksa,oaewY;ksa dksvf/kd egRo nsrk gSA izd`froknhnkkZfud ckyd dsLokHkkfod fodkl ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSA

3 nkZu ,oa fk{k.k fof/k;ka %& ikB~;e dh rjg gh nkZukkL= fk{k.k fof/k dsp;u esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA fofHkUu nkkZfudksausHkh viusnkkZfud fl)kUrksads

vuqdwy fk{k.k fof/k;ksadk izfriknu fd;k gSA vknkZoknh O;k[;ku ,oaizuksRrjfof/k dksmi;qDr le>rsgSarksizd`froknh ckyd dh LorU=rk ij cy nsrsgStcfd iz;kstuoknh f;kfof/k dksmi;qDr le>rs gS Li"V gS fd ftl nkZu usfl)kURkksadk tSlk izfriknu fd;k gSmlesaleFkZdksausmlds vuqdwy gh fk{k.kfof/k;ksadk izfriknu fd;k gSA

4 nkZu rFkk vuqkklu %& fk{kk ds vU; vaxksadh rjg vuqkklu Hkh nkZu lsizHkkfor gksrk gSA fdlh nsk dh nkkZfud ,oa jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk vuqkkluds Lo:i dksfufpr djrh gSA izd`froknh ckyd ds LokHkkfod fodkl dsfy,fdlh izdkj ds fu;=a.k dh vko;drk ds mi;ksx dksughaekurs A vknkZoknhiz;ksxkRed vuqkklu ij cy nsrsgSatcfd iz;kstuoknh vkRefu;=a.k dsi{kikrh

gSA5 nkZu vkSj fk{kd %& nkkZfud fopkj/kkjkvksaesaifjorZu dslkFk gh fo|ky; esafk{kd dk LFkku cnyrk jgk gSD;ksafd nkZu gh fk{kk esafk{kd ds LFkku dksfu/kkZfjr djrk gSA izd`froknh fopkj/kkjk fk{kd dk LFkku insZdsihNsekurh gStcfd vknkZoknh dsvuqlkj fo|ky; esafk{kd dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gSA

6 nkZu ,oa ikB~;iqLrds %& ikB~;e dh Hkkafr ikB~;iqLrdksa ij Hkh nkZu dkO;kid izHkko iM+rk gSA ikB~;iqLrdsathou dh ekU;rkvksa vknkksZ ,oa fk{kk dsy{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, lkDr lk/ku gSaA ikB~;iqLrdksa ds p;u ,oa fuekZ.k


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iznkZu dk vk/kkj dk dk;Zdjrk gSA ikB~;iqLrdksadspquko dsfy, thou dhekU;rkvksa] vknkksZ ,oa fl)kUrksadks /;ku esaj[kk tkrk gSD;ksa fd blds }kjkthou esaekun.Mksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA

7 nkZu ,oa'kSf{kd izkklu %& fo|ky; esa 'kSf{kd izkklu esa Hkh nkZukkL= dkdkQh izHkko jgrk gS A nkZUk lekt dks ekU;rkvksa rFkk vknkksZ dk foys"k.k

djds mlds fy, ekxZnkZd fl)kUr fufpr djrk gSA fo|ky; dk 'kklufdldsgkFk esagks \ fk{kk ij jkT; dk fu;=a.k gksvFkok ugha\ bu izuksadkmRrj nkZu }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA

i'u 23% Hkkjrh; nkZu dh vkSj fk{kk dh ,frgkfld i BHkwfe dksLi V fdft, \

Explain the Indian philosophy and historical background of education ?

mRrj%& Hkkjrh; fk{kk dk bfrgkl cgqr izkphu gS] izkphu Hkkjr dh fk{kk dsLo:i dko.kZu gesaosnksesa fey tkrk gSA lclsizkphu osn _Xosn gSA blh osn esarRdkyhu fk{kkdsLo:i dk o.kZu gS oSfnd ;qx esafk{kk dksegRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr FkkAoSfnddky esa fk{kk %&oSfnddky esayxHkx 2500 bZ0iw0 ls 500 bZ0iw0 rd ekuk tkrkgSA Hkkjr esavHkh yxHkx 3000 bZ0iw0 esavk, FksA bl dky dh fk{kk dksczkge.kh; fk{kkHkh dgrsgS D;ksafd bl le; dh fk{kk ij czkgE.kksadk vf/kdkj Fkk bl le; xq:vksads}kjk ,d le; esavusd Nk=ksadksfk{kk nh tkrh FkhA ;|fi ml le; fo|ky; ughaFksijUrq bl ckr dsmnkgj.k feyrs gSfd ckydksadk slkewfgd :i ls fk{kk nh tkrhFkhA oSfnd dky esavusd izdkj dh fk{kk laLFkk, FkhA mueslsizeq[k fk{kk laLFkk, blizdkj gS & pj.k ?kfVdk] Vksy] ifj"kn~] xq:dqy] fo|kihB] fofk"V fo|ky;] efUnjegkfo|ky; czkgEk.kh; egkfo|ky; rFkk foofo|ky; oSfnd ;qx esa fk{kk dsk mfprLFkku izkIr Fkk fk{kk eks{k izkIr djusdk lk/ku ekuh tkrh FkhA izkphu Hkkjrh; fk{kk dklclsizeq[k mn~ns; cz dksle>uk FkkA

oSfnd dky esa fk{kk dh foks"krk,a& oSfnddky esafk{kk dh izeq[k foks"krk,a;kfk{kk dsmn~ns; bl izdkj Fks%&1- eks{k izkIr djukA2- laLd`fr dk laj{k.k3- LoLF; pfj= dk fodkl4- lkekftd dqkyrk dh izkfIr5- O;fDrRo dk fodklizkphu dky esa xq: &fk"; dk lEcU/kizkphu dky esaxq:&fk"; dk lEcU/k firk&iq= dh Hkkafr FkkA dqN _f"k;ksausvkpk;ZdksNk= dk ekul firk ekuk gSA xq: Nk=ksadksKku iznku djrk Fkk ijUrqblls Hkh vkSj

vf/kd egRoiw.kZ og pfj= dk fuekZ.k djuk ekurk Fkk A Nk= fo|k v/;;u djus dsfy, mUgh lEekfur xq:vksa dsikl tkrsFksftudh fo}rk dsdkj.k [;kfr FkhA izkphudky esa fk"; xq: dh ru&eu /ku lslsok djrsFksA xq: vkSj fk"; ds dRrZO; blizdkj dsFks &1- xq: dsdRrZO; & izkphu le; esaxq: dsdRRkZO;&fk{k.k dk;ZdjukA Nk=ksads

Hkkstu vkSj oL= dh O;oLFkk djuk] vko;drk iM+usij mudh fpfdRlk vkSjlsok&lqJq"kk djuk gksrk FkkA xq: Hkh ;ksX; fk{kdksadksmRlkfgr fd;k djrs FksA


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2- fk"; dsdrZO; & izkphu le; esa fk"; ds dRrZO; fHk{kk ekaxuk] ydM+h pquuk]ikq pjkuk] ikuh Hkjuk] v/;;u djuk ,oaxq: dh vkKk dk ikyu djuk gksrkFkkA ml le; Nk= ij fuUnk ughadjrs FksA ;fn dksbZ Nk= ,slk djrsgq,ik;k tkrk Fkk rksmlsnf.Mr fd;k tkrk FkkA xq: viusfk";ksadksfdlh izdkjls dksbZ d"V ugha gksus nsrk Fkk xq: lnSo vius fk";ksa dh mUufr ds fy,

iz;Rukhy jgrk FkkA fk"; Hkh bl ckr dk /;ku j[krsFks fd muesafdlh dk;Zlsxq: dksdksbZd"V u igqaps fk"; xq: dh izR;sd vkKk dk ikyu djrs Fksmudk eq[; dk;Z xq: dh lsok djuk gksrk FkkA

xq: vius fk";ksa dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl djusdkslrr iz;Rukhy jgrk Fkk A og ckydksa esavPNh vknrksadk fuekZ.k djrkFkk xq: viusfk";ksads fy, Hkkstu vkSj oL= dk Hkh izcU/k djrk FkkAvr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd xq: vkSj fk"; ds ikjLifjd lEcU/k Lusg vkSj drZO;

dh Hkkoukvksa ls;qDr gksrs FksA xq: vkSj fk"; nksuksdk gh ,d leku y{; Kku dhizkfIr djuk gksrk FkkA

i'u 24% ckS) nkZu d ie[k fl)kUr D;k g \

vFkok

ckS) nkZu d ie[k rRo D;k&D;k g \

What are the main elements/constituents of Boddh Darshan ?

mRrj%& egkRek cq) ,d uohu /keZdsizorZd gh ughaFksoju~ ,d izeq[k nkZukkL=h HkhFksmUgksusaoSfnd deZdkaMksds fojks/k&Lo:i ,d uohu /keZdk mn~Hko fd;kA xkSre cq)cpiu dk uke fl)kFkZ dk tUe usiky ds rjkbZ {ks= esa fLFkr yqfEcuh ou uked LFkkuij 563 bZ0iw0 esa gqvk FkkA 483 bZ0 iw0 esa80 o"kZ dh vk;q esaxksj[kiqj ftys esa dqkhuxjesamudk nsgkolku fuokZ.k gqvkAckS) nkZu ds izeq[k fl)kUr %& ckS) nkZu ds fl)kUr muesa /keZxzUFk f=fiVd esa

fyf[kr gS bu fl)kUrksadh foospuk fuEuor~dh tk ldrh gS&1- pkj vk;ZlR; & viusxzaFk O;k[;ku esacq) us pkj vk;Z lR;ksadkscrk;k gSa;s

ckS) /keZdh vk/kkjfkyk gSAv & nq%[k & cq) uscrk;k fd thou nq%[k lsifjiw.kZgSA ftlds dkj.k tho

tUe ej.k ls NqVdkjk ughafey ikrk Ac & nq%[kksadk mn~xe & ckS) nkZu esanq%[kksadk mn~xe vfo|k vKku ekuk

gSAl & nq%[kksadk fuokj.k & ckS) nkZu dk fookl gS fd ekuo dsnq%[kksa dk

fuokj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS A nq%[kksads fuokj.k ls gh fuokZ.k ;k eks{kizkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

n & nq%[k fuokj.k ekxZ& nq%[kksadk ewy dkj.k r`".kk gSA r".kk dkslewy u"Vdjus dk ekxZ vk"Vkafxd ekxZ gSA ckS) /keZ esa nq%[kks ds fuokj.k gsrqv"Vkax ekxZ ds vuqlj.k dk fo/kku fd;k x;k gSA

2- v"Vkafxd ekxZ & v"Vkax ekxZ dsvuqlj euq"; dksu rksdBksj riL;k o dfBuozr ls 'kjhj dks d"V nsuk pkfg, vkSj u gh lkalkfjd lq[kksa esa yhu jgukpkfg,A blfy, loZ= R;kx djrs gq, fuEukafdr v"Vkax ekxZ dk voyEcu djukpkfg,A


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1 lE;d n`f"V %& pkj vk;ZlR;kssadkslnSo ;kn j[kuk lE;d n`f"V gSA2 lE;d ladYi %& lkalkfjd Hkksx&foykl ,oa lq[kksa dh dkeuk dk

ifjR;kx rFkk vkReifj"dkj gh ladYi dk nwljk ekxZ gSA3 lE;d okd %& lnSo lR; Hkk"k.k ,oa vlR; cksyusdk R;kx lE;d

okd~ dgykrk gSA

4 lE;d dekZUr%& bldk vfHkizk; 'kqHk dk;ZdjuslsgS tks lnkpkj dkvk/kkj gSA

5 lE;d vktho %& thou ;kiu esa bZekunkjh dk O;ogkj rFkk U;k;ksfpr


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14


dk;ksZ dk leqfpr fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k Fkk fk{kk iznku djusgsrqfk{kk dsUnzksds:i esafogkjksadh LFkkiuk dh xbZftuesa fcuk tkfr&Hksn dslHkh dksleku :i lsfk{kk iznkudh tkrh FkhA ckS) ;qx ds izeq[k fk{kk dsUnz Fks & x;k] dqkhuxj] oSkkyh] JkoLrh]ukyUnk] okjk.klh] ikVyhiq= vkfn Afk{kk dsmn~ns; %&

1-

fk{kk dsek/;e lsleLr izdkj dh vKkurk dksnwj fd;k tk;sftllsnq%[kksalsfuo`fr fey ldsA

2- fk{kk ds }kjk ckydksaesa mPp Lrj ij fpUru] euu o rdZdh {kerk dk fodklgksA

3- fk{kk ds ek/;e lsmPp uSfrd o pkfjf=d ewY;ksadksLFkkfir fd;k tk;sA4- fk{kk ds ek/;e lsckydksadksv"Vkafxd ekxZ dh tkudkjh nh tk;sA5- fk{kk ds ek/;e lsegkRek cq) dsminskksa dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A6- fk{kk ds ek/;e lsckyd dkspkj vk;ZlR;ksadsnkZu djok;stkuspkfg,A7- fk{kk dsek/;e lsckydksaesa ekuo ,drk dk vkHkkl djkuk] muesatkafr&ikfr

ds HksnHkkoksa dsizfr fojfDr mRiUu djukA

8-

fk{kk ds ek/;e lsmuesa lkalkfjd oSHko dsizfr rqPNrk dk Hkko mRiUu dj mUgsavk/;kfRed dY;k.k ds iFk ij vxzlj djukA

ikB;e

ckS)dkyhu fk{kk orZeku ;qx dsleku vkSipkfjd fk{kk ughaFkhA f'k{kk ckS) eBksaesa nhtkrh FkhA leLr fk{kk dsUnzksaesavk/;kfRed fk{kk vFkkZr~ fuokZ.k izkfIr dh fk{kkikB~;p;kZ@ikB~;e dh O;oLFkk FkhA

1- /kkfeZd fk{kk& pkj vk;ZlR;] v"Vkafxd ekxZ] tUe&tjk&e`R;q dk cU/ku vkfndh fk{kk

2- HkkSfrd fk{kk & czke.k ,oa{kf=; oxZdsNk=ksadk spkj osn ,oavBkjg fkYiksadh fk{kk nh tkrh FkhA

3-

O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dk Kku & ;q) dyk] [kxksy] T;ksfr"k ,oa fpfdRlk eq[;fo"k; gksrs FksA

4- ckS) /keZ dk izpkj & ckS)dkyhu fk{kk izpkj&izlkj Hkh ikB~;e dk vfuok;ZfgLlk FkkA

5- lR; ekxZdh [kkst & lR;ekxZ dh [kkst gsrq vk"Vkafxd ekxZdh fk{kk nh tkrhFkhA ftlds }kjk fk"; esa lE;d ok.kh] lE;d deZ ] lE;d thou] lE;dO;k;ke vkfn dh fk{kk lkFk gh ckS) fogkjksa ,oa eBksaesa flykbZ] Hkou fuekZ.k]vk;qosZn] T;ksfr"k] m|ksx rFkk vU; HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dh Hkh fk{kk nh tkrh FkhA

fk{k.k fof/k;k %& ckS)dkyhu fk{kk O;oLFkk esafuEukafdr fk{k.k fof/k;ksadk iz;ksx fd;ktkrk Fkk&

1 O;k[;ku fof/k 2 okrkZyki fof/k 3 okn&fookn fof/k4 ekSf[kd fof/k 5 Hkze.k fof/k

ckS)dky esa v/;kid ,oafk"; dse/; lEcU/k vR;Ur e/kqj o fudV dsFksA xq: viusfk";ksads izfr firk rqY; O;ogkj djrk FkkA rFkk fk"; Hkh xq: dksiw.kZ lEeku nsrs FksAosxq: dh lsok djrsFksA rFkk mudsvuq:i leqfpr :i lsdRrZO; ikyu ij /;ku nsrsFksA v/;kid vius fk";ksa dks fuokZ.k izkfIr ds ;ksX; cukus ds fy, muds O;fDrRo dsiw.kZfodkl ij cy nsrsFksA fk";ksadksnl fu;eksadk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z Fkk A ;snl


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fu;e Fks & czp;Z] vafglk] vifjxzg] lR;] /keZ esa J)k] e/;kUrj Hkkstu dk fu"ks/k]fodkl ls fojfDr] lqxfU/kr nzO;ks dk fu"ks/k] lq[kizn 'kS ;k rFkk vklu dk ifjR;kx RkFkkLo.kZ ,oapkanh vkfn ewY;oku oLrqvksadk vLohdkj djukA

i'u 26 tSu nkZu dk 'kSf{kd ;ksxnku Li"V fdft, A

Specify the main educational contribution of Jain darshan?

mRrj tSu 'kCn ^ftu^ lscuk gSftu dk vFkZ gS t;fr bfr ftu% vFkkZr tksdeZ:ih 'k=qvksaij fot; izkIr dj ysrk gS og ftu gS vkSj dkykUrj esa ftu /keZ ds vuq;k;h tSudgykusyxstks vkRek deZ:ih 'k=qvksa vFkkZr~ eu] ek;k] yksHk] eksg] vagdkj] ks/k]jkx&}s"k vkfn ij fot; izkIr dj iap egkozr ,oa f=jRu dk ikyu dj mPPk djuSfrdrk izkIr dk jkx}s"k vkfn lseqDr gkstkrk gSA og ftu gS ftu tSu rhFkZadjksadki;kZ;okph Hkh gSA

fk{kk dsmn~n; %&

1- fk{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksaesanwljksds fopkjks o n`f"Vdks.k dk vknj djusdh Hkkoukdk fodkl djukA

2-

fk{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksaesalgukhyrk o lfg".kqrk dsxq.kksadk fodkl djukA3- fk{kk dk mn~ns; fo|kfFkZ;ksadks mnkj fpr okyk cukuk rkfd og viusladqfpr

fopkjksalsapk mB ldsA4- fo|kfFkZ;ksaesaiztkrkaf=d xq.kksadk fodkl djukA5- fk{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksadksbl ;ksX; cukkuk fd osvafglk] lR; vLrs;] la;e ,oa

vko;drk lsvf/kd laxzg u djusldslEcU/k esaikap ozrksdsegRo dksle>srFkk bu ozrksdksviusO;kogkfjd thou esaviuk,aA

tSu nkZu ,oa ikB~;etSu nkZu dsvuqlkj ikB~;p;kZ ikB~;e dkseq[;r% nksHkkxksaesafoHkDr djrk gSA 1

HkkSfrd fo"k;ksadk Kku 2 vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksadk Kku

1 vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksadk v/;;u & tSu nkZu ds vUrxZr vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksadkv/;;u fuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k tkrk gSAv vkxe xzUFk& tSu nkZu esavkxe xzUFkksadk izeq[k LFkku gSa;sxzUFk vkxe

fl)kar dsuke lstkus tkrsgSA vkxe xzUFk fl)karksdkstSu /keZ dsnksuksgh lEiznk; fnxEcj ,oa'osrkEcj leku :i lsLohdkj djrs gSA

c pfj= ,oaizcU/k xzUFk& vkxe xzUFkksdsipkr~pkfjf=d xzUFkksdk LFkkugS pkfjf=d xzUFkks esa rhFkZdaj ,oa eqfu;ksds thou ls lEcfU/kr o.kZufeyrk gSA

mDr xzUFkksadsek/;e ls ckydksaesavafglk ozr ,oadBksj thou;kiu dh Hkkouktkxzr djuk gSA tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj O;fDr ds thou dks mUufrkhy cukus

okyk Kku gh lPpk ;k oS/k Kku gSA2 HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u %&vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk tSu nkZu dsvuqlkj HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk Hkh ikB~;e esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS A rdZkkL=]bfrgkl] O;kdj.k] nkZu] dkO;] ;ksx vkfn dksHkh ikB~;e esalfEefyr fd;kx;k gSA yfyrdyk] okLrqdyk vkSj fkYidyk Hkh ikB~;e vax gSA

tSu nkZu ,oa fk{k.k fof/k;katSu nkZu dsvuqlkj deZ cU/ku dksKku ds ek/;e ls gh dkVk tk ldrk gSA Kku ogryokj gStks deZ :ih cU/ku dks dkVus dh lkeF;Zj[krh gSA Kku dh izkfIr fk{kk }kjk


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16


gh lEHko gSA tSu lkfgR; ds v/;;u ,oa iBu lsfuEufyf[kr fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk ladsrfeyrk gSA1 O;k[;ku fof/k 2 okrkZyki fof/k 3 Lok/;k; fof/k4 ekSf[kd nkZu 5 vuqizs{kk fof/ktSu nkZu ,oaxq: fk"; lEcU/k& xq: fk"; lEcU/k firk&iq=or gksrs Fksvuqkklu

dBksj Fkk vkSj thou la;fer O;rhr djuk iM+rk FkkA eBksadh LoPNrk] lkt&lTtk]lkQ&lQkbZ vkfn dk Hkkj fk"; dsda/kksij jgrk FkkA og xq: dh ru&eu lslsokdjrk FkkA xq: Hkh fk"; dksiq=or Lusg djrk FkkAtSu nkZu dsvuqlkj fk"; dksxq: dsizfr leiZ.k dh Hkkouk j[kuh pkfg, A mlesafouezrk] vkKkdkfjrk vkfn xq.k gksuspkfg,A xq: fk"; lEcU/k e/kqj ,oaikfjokfjd gksrsFksA fo/kks/;;u x.ksk prqFkhZ ds fnu izkjEHk gksrk gSA vkSj fo|k lekfIr ipkr~ fonkbZlekjksg euk;k tkrk Fkka bl izdkj tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj xq: fk"; lEcU/k iw.kZr%ikfjokfjd Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr gksrsFksA

i'u 27% U;k; nku dsvuq lkj 'kSf{kd egRo dh D;k vo/kkj.kk gAWhat is the concept of educational importance according to Nyay Darshan

mRrj U;k; nkZu ds izorZd xkSre gSA U;k; nkZu dksv{kikn gsrq fo|k okn fo|k Hkh dgktkrk gSA U;k; dk vFkZ gS og izf;k ftlds}kjk efLr"d ,d fu"d"kZij igqapsA fdUrqmfpr fu"d"kZ ij igqpauk rksrdZdjuk gSA oLrqr% U;k; nkZu rdZ fo|k dk izfriknudjusokyk nkZu gS blfy, blsrdZkkL= Hkh dgk tkrk gSAU;k; nkZu dk 'kSf{kd egRo & U;k; nkZu dsizkjfEHkd lq= esadgk x;k gS fd 16inkFkksZ dk rRo Kku uh%Js;l ;k eks{k izkfIr dk lk/ku gSA U;k; nkZu dsvUrxZr Kkudsfy, ;ksx lk/ku ekxZ dksvko;d ekuk gSA vkSj ;ksx lk/kuk dsfy, LoLFk 'kjhjrFkk uSfrd vkpj.k dh vko;drk gSA bl izdkj U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj 'kkfjjhd xq.kksa

rFkk uSfrd vkpj.kksa dk fodkl djuk fk{kk dk eq[; mn~ns; ekuk tkrk gSAU;k; nku dsvuq lkj fk{kk dsie[k mnn; 1 ;FkkFkZKku iznku djuk A2 vk/;kfRed fodkl djuk & blesa O;fDr dks vkRek] tho] bZoj] txr rFkk

ln~fopkj lsKku dk fodkl djuk gksrk gSA3 eks{k izkIr djuk & blesaO;fDr dh nq%[k fuo`fr dksegRo gS rFkk bls thou dk

mRre y{; ekuk gSAfk{kk dk ikB;e&U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj ikB~;e esa/keZ vkSj uhfr izk.kk;ke ] vklurFkk bfUnz; izfk{k.k] ekufld o HkkSfrd fodkl gsrq Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] xf.kr] ;ksxnkZu rFkkrdZkkL= dksegRo fn;k tkuk pkfg, lkFk gh osn lEcU/kh Kku rdZdksiz/kkurk nh xbZ

gSA blds vuqlkj ikB~;e dh fo"k;&oLrq dh izekf.kdrk dksegRo fn;k x;k gSAfk{k.k fof/k;ka & U;k; nkZu us Kku izkIr djus ds lksikuks dk mYys[k fd;k gSAftldk lEcU/k lh/kk fk{k.k fof/k;ksals gksrk gSA bldsvuqlkj Kku oLrq ls bfUnz;ksadks]bfUnz;ksalseu dks] eu lsvg~e dksvge lscqf) dks rFkk cqf) lsvkRek dksizkIr gksrkgSA U;k; nkZu esavkRek dsfodkl lsizkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA vkSj blds fy, pkj izeq[kfof/k;ksa dksfn;k x;k gSAizR;{k fof/k] vuqeku fof/k] mieku fof/k rFkk 'kCn fof/kAizR;{k fk{k.k fof/k& bldkseuksoSKkfud i)fr Hkh dgrs gSA


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vuqeku fk{k.k fof/k &izR;{k Kku ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj mlds fodkl esa lgk;d gSvuqeku fof/k lsoLrqvksadh xfr dk cks/k gksrk gSxfr dslkFk&lkFk oLrqvksadsxq.kksa dkHkh cks/k gksrk gSAmieku fk{k.k fof/k& ;g fof/k mij mYysf[kr nksuksa fof/k;ksadk foLrkj :i gS blfof/k dk Hkh rHkh iz;ksx lEHko gks ikrk gStcfd Kku izR;{k vkSj vuqeku ds :i esa

fn;k tk pqdk gSA'kCn fk{k.k fof/k & bl fof/k dsvUrxZr ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;ktkrk gS RkFkk 'kCnksads ek/;e lsoLrqvksa dk cks/k fd;k tkrk gSAU;k; nkZu dsvuqlkj xq: fk"; dh Hkwfedk & U;k; nkZu dsvUrxZr uhfrkkL= dksegRo fn;k x;k gS A U;k; dk vf/kdkjh xq: ekuk x;k vkSj xq: ls;g vis{kk dh xbZfd mlsvius fo"k; dk ;FkkFkZKku gksvkSj mldsLo:i dksHkyh izdkj le>sA xq:}kjk fk";ksa dksfk{k.k dsle; dksbZHksnHkko ughaj[kuk pkfg,Afk";ksadksxq: dsizfrvknj rFkk lEeku dk Hkko j[kuk visf{kr ekuk x;k gSA xq: dks;g Hkh /;ku j[kukpkfg, fd v"Vkax ;ksx ekxZls fdu fk";ksaus flf);k izkIr dh gSAxq:&fk"; dk lEcU/k fudV dk gksuk pkfg,A xq: dk vknj fk"; djsvkSj xq: fk";

dkslaokn minsk djsaA laokn o minsk nksuks'kCn lehirk dscks/kd gSA blls ladsrfeyrk gSfd xq: o f'k"; esaikjLifjd vknj& izse dk Hkko ik;k tkrk gSA U;k; nkZudsvuqlkj xq: vkSj fk"; nksuksa ds}kjk neuoknh fl)kUr dk ikyu djuk Js"B crk;kx;k gS;gh lqdeZgSA ftllsnq%[kksadk ukk fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls vkRe &laLdkj HkhdgrsgSA tkseqfDr dk lk/ku gSA

iu 28 v}Sr nku ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk i)fr dksle>kb;s \Explain in detail the educational policy on Adavit Darshan?

mRrj v}Sr osnkUr nkkZfud txr dh vf}rh; nsu gS 'kadjkpk;Z dsiwoZ vkSj ipkr~ Hkkjr esa

fdrusgh nkkZfud er LFkkfir gq, tks fd fofHkUu {ks=ksaesa vf}fr; fl) gq,A ijUrqlokZxha.k nkkZfud n`f"Vdks.k ls tksLFkku v}Sr nkZu dk gSog fdlh dk Hkh ughagSAbldsvUrxZr 'kadjkpk;Z dsxw


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18


fk{k.k fof/k;k & v}Sr nkZu esa vkxeu rFkk fuxeu nksuks fof/k;ksa dks iz;qDr fd;ktkrk gSAxq: &fk"; dh Hkwfedk & v}Sr nkZu esa xq: dh Hkwfedk dksegRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gS vkSjfk"; dslokZxha.k fodkl dksegRo fn;k x;k gS A 'kadjkpk;Z uscz Kku dksrdZ rFkkJqfr dsvk/kkj ij fn;k tk, xq: }kjk fk";ksadksbZoj dh mikluk vkSj cz Kku dh

fk{kk nh tk, A xq: dksvk/;kfRed Kku dk cks/k gksuk vko;d gSA fk";ksaesauSfrdvkpj.kksadk izfk{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

iu 29 Jhen~Hkxonxhrk dh rRoehaeklk dkscrkb;s A de;ksx] Kku;ksx rFkk HkfDr;ksx dks

le>kb;sA

Explain the metaphysics of Shrimadbhagwadgita also give an explanation of

Karma yoga, Gyanyoga, and Bhaktiyoga?

mRrj Hkxon~xhrk dks bZoj&laxhr dgk x;k gS D;kasfd Hkxoku Jhd`".k us Loa; funsZk fd;kgSA xhrk dksmifu"knksadk lkj dgk x;k gSA xhrk esamifu"kn~ dslR;ksadh ljy]Li"V vkSj vkstLoh 'kCnksa esalkeus j[krh gS A vr% xhrk dk Hkkjrh; nkZu esa gh cM+kegRo jgk gSA Hkxon~xhrk dksmifu"knksadk fupksM+ ekuk tkrk gSHkxon~xhrk esa18 v/;k; rFkk 700 'yksd gS rFkk ;g egkHkkjr dk vax gSA Hkxon~xhrkdksmifu"knksadk fupksM+ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq Hkxno~xhrk esamifu"knksadh iqujko`fRk ugksdj mllsvkxsfodkl fd;k x;k gSA Hkxon~xhrk esadeZ;ksx] Kku ;ksx rFkk HkfDr;ksx rhuks dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA rFkk blesa leUo; Hkh fd;k x;k gSA tc fdmifu"knksaesdsoy Kku ;ksx dksgh egRo fn;k x;k gSAJhen~Hkxon~xhrk dh rRoehekalk &

xhrk dsvUrxZr bZoj gh ije nzO; ekuk x;k gS rFkk blh lsfoo dh mRifrrFkk foukk gS bZoj gh foo dh uSfrd O;oLFkk djrk gSA rFkk thoksadks deksZ ds

vuqlkj lq[k&nq%[k iznku djrk gSA bZoj gh deZ Qy nkrk gSA xhrk esa bZoj dks^iq:"kksRre^ dgk x;k gSA bZoj dksiq:"kksRre] oklqnso] izHkq;k lk{kh] nz"Vk] cz] ijeiq:"k] fo".kq dgk x;k gSA ijeiq:"k ;k iq:"kksRre gh lkalkfjd oLrqvksa dh mRifRrfLFkfr vkSj y; dk dkj.k gSA iq:"kksRre fuxqZ.k] lxq.k] fujkdkj]lkdkj lc dqN gSAiq:"kksRre lsijsdqN Hkh ughagSA bZoj dksv{kj] ije Kkuh] txr dk ije fu/kku rFkklukru iq:"k dgk x;k gSA bZoj foo esaO;kIr gSA xhrk esa bZojokn dk gh leFkZugqvk gSAxhrk dh rRoehekalk dksle>usds fy, rhu rRoksadksle>uk vko;d gSA ftldhehekalk xhrk dsvUnj dh xbZgS & deZ ;ksx] Kku ;ksx rFkk HkfDr ;ksxA

1 deZ ;ksx & deZ ;ksx gh xhrk dk eq[;k minsk gSA fu"dke deZ gh deZ ;ksx gSA vukLkDr deZ gh deZ ;ksx gSA xhrk esa deZ nks izdkj dk ekuk x;k gSAvklDRk deZ rFkk vuklDr deZA vlkfDr gh deZdjusdsfy, izsfjr djrhgSA ijUrq deZ;ksxh dksvklfDr ij fot; djuh pkfg,A fcuk Qy dh bPNk dsdeZ djuk pkfg,A deZ;ksxh ykHk&gkfu dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr ughagksrk ,sls deZdksvukLkDr deZ dgrsgSAxhrk esadeZ dksldke rFkk fu"dke Hkh ekuk x;k gSA ldke deZ vklDr deZdh rjg Qy ikusdh bPNk okyk gksrk gSA rFkk fu"dke deZ vukLkDr deZdh


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rjg Qy dh bPNk u djusokyk gksrk gSA fu"dke deZ lscU/ku ugha gksrk gSAfu"dke deZ dksxhrk esa deZ;ksx ekuk gSA fu"dke deZbZojkFkZdeZ gSA vkSjbZojkFkZdeZgh vuklDr deZgSA ,slk iq:"k gh deZ djrsgq, ikiksals fyIrughagksrkA

2 Kku ;ksx %& bl lalkj esa Kku dsleku vkSj dksbZ Hkh oLrq ifo= ughagSA Kku

;ksxh lHkh thokRekvksadksijekRek dk Lo:i le>rk gSA Kku ;ksx fuo`fr ekxZij vf/kd cy nsrk gSA viusLkHkh deksZ] bPNkvksarFkk vkadk{kkvksdksrFkk Loa;vius dksijekRek dksvfiZr dj nsuk gh Xkhrk dk Kku ;ksx gSA Kkuh O;fDr dsfy, lalkj dk vkd"kZ.k e`xr`".kk dsleku gSdsoy cz gh lR;] txr feF;kgSA vkRek gh cz gSA rFkk cz gh vkRek gS Kku;ksx dh lclscM+h foks"krkleRo ;ksx dh gSblsxhrk esafLFkrizK dgrsgSA fLFkrizK dk vFkZ gS ftldhcqf)fLFkj gks xbZgks,slsO;fDr dh lHkh dkeuk,arFkk bPNk,alekIr gksxbZ gks,sls O;fDr dh lHkh dkeuk,arFkk bPNk,alekIr gks tkrh gS] og ijekRek esalarq"V jgrk gSA og lEiw.kZfoo dksviuk ifjokj le>rk gSA og lq[k &nq%[k]ykHk&gkfu rFkk t;&ijkt; esaleku jgrk gSA

xhrk esa Kku nks izdkj dk ekuk x;k gS&rkfdZd Kku rFkk vk/;kfRed KkurkfdZd Kku esa oLrq ds ckg~; :i dh O;k[;k cqf) ds}kjk dh tkrh gSA blsfoKku Hkh dgrsgSA vk/;kfRed Kku dksKku dgk tkrk gS u fd foKkuA blesaKkrk vkSj Ks; nksuksa,d gh gkstkrs gSA

3 HkfDr ;ksx & fdlh dksviuslsmRd`"V lRrk ekudj mldslkeusJ)kiwoZd>qduk vkSj mldsvuqdwy O;ogkj djuk HkfDr dgykrk gSA fo}kuksa us HkfDr'kCn dk iz;ksx bZoj ds izfr fu"dkeizse ;k vuU; vuqjkx dsfy, fd;k gSAbZoj dsizfr ije vuqjkx HkfDr gSA xhrk esa d`".k &HkfDr dksiz/kkurk nh xbZgSA bldsvuqlkj bZoj dh 'kj.k esatkuk gh HkfDr gSA Jhd`".k vtqZu ls dgrsgS fd lEiw.kZ/keksZ dk eq>esaviZ.k djdsesjh 'kj.k esa vkvksaA HkfDr;ksx dslgkjsHkDr Hkxoku dk lkehI; pkgrk gSA HkDr Hkxoku dsfy, viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj

dj nsrk gSA HkfDr ekxZ esac z ds lkdkj :i ;k lxq.k :i dh mikluk gksrhgSA

iu 30 xhrk nkZu e of.kZr fk{kk d mnn;] ikB;e] fk{k.k fof/k;ka dks Li V djrs g,

xq:&fk ; lEcU/kksdk o.ku dhft,A

Explain the teacher-student relationship keeping in view the different teaching

objectives, syllabus teaching methodologies as found in Geta Darshan?

mRrj JhenHkxon~xhrk ds vUrxZr fk{k.k izf;k ds lkFk ijkekZvkSj funsZku dks Hkh egRofn;k x;k gSvkSj fk{kk ds LkHkh ?kVdksa dsLo:i dksfn;k x;k gSA xhrk dk Kku ,d

laokn ds :i esafn;k x;k gSAfk{kk dk vFkZ& fk{kk dks xhrk eqfDr dk lk/ku ekurh gSA xhrk dsvUrxZr deZ;ksx]Kku;ksx rFkk HkfDr ;ksx rhuksadksegRo fn;k x;k gSA fk{kk ,d ,slh izf;k gStkseuq"; dksfLFkrizK% dh voLFkk rd igqpkarh gS A fLFkrizK O;fDr dksgh eqfDr ;k eks{kizkIr gksrk gSA Kku vkSj deZ dk ;ksx gh thou dh fk{kk iz.kkyh cukrh gSA ftls lPphfk{kk ekuk x;k gSA fk{kk dksthou dh fujUrj izf;k Hkh ekuk x;k gS fk{kk izkIrdjuk ,d Js"B rFkk ifo= deZekuk x;k gSA lalkj esafk{kk ls c


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fk{kk dsmn~ns; %&1- ln~xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA2- vk/;kfRed Kku dk fodkl djukA3- vk/;kfRed ;ksx dh vuqHkwfr djukA4- vejrk dh izkfIr

5-

ijksidkj rFkk lsok lslkekftd xq.kksadk fodkl djukA6- eqfDr rFkk 'kqf) djukAfk{kk dk ikB~;eHkxon~xhrk Kku dh vis{kk vkpj.k dk fo"k; gSA blfy, xhrk esa ikB~;e lEcU/khfopkj izR;{k :i esa ugha feyrsvfirq mudk ladsr gh feyrk gSA xhrk dsvuqlkjikB~;e dh izeq[k foks"krk,abl izdkj gS %&ikB~;e esalS)kfUrd rFkk O;kogkfjdikB~;oLrq dkslfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA blesosn] mifu"kn~] uhfrkkL= rFkk iqjk.k gS AbldslkFk blesauSfrd] lkekftd rFkk lkalkfjd fo"k;oLrq dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gSAlkekftd rFkk vk/;kfRed f;kvksadkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA xhrk esamifu"knksadhijk o vijk fo|k dh vksj ladsr fd;k x;k gSA ikB~;e esalkalkfjd vkSj vk/;kfRed

Kku dks lfEefyr fd;k tk, A ikB~;e dh iw.kZrk nksuksizdkj dsKkuksa dkslfEefyrdjuslsgks ldrh gSAfk{k.k fof/k;ka1- de;ksx fof/k& bl fof/k dsvUrxZr vH;kl dsfy, bfUnz;ksa dk izfk{k.k fd;k

tkrk gS vkSj muesaLoHkko ds vuqlkj dk;Z djusdk volj fn;k tkrk gSA2- Kku;ksx fof/k& bl fof/k esavkxeu rFkk fuxeu fof/k;ksa dksiz/kkurk nh xbZ

gSA3- HkfDr;ksx & bl fof/k ds vUrxZr ;ksxfof/k] HkfDr fof/k] leiZ.k fof/k] la;e

fof/k] eqfDr ds lk/ku rFkk 'kq)rk dh fof/k vkfnAxq:&fk"; dh Hkwfedk &xhrk esaxq:&fk"; dse/; lak; gksusij laokn gksrk gSA fk"; izuksadh lgk;rk ls

viuslak;ksa dk fuokj.k djusdk iz;kl djrk gS fk"; dsvUnj vkfRed rFk nSoh'kfDRk;kagksrh gSA fk"; esa lkfRod xq.kksadh vis{kk dh tkrh gS Axq: fk"; esamRrexq.kksadk fodkl djrk gSA fk";ksa esaxq: dsizfr fu"Bk dk Hkko gksvkSj mls ftKklqgksuk pkfg,A xhrk esaxq: dks,d egku~ O;fDr ekuk x;k gSA ftlesafofHkUu xq.kksadklekosk gksrk gSA fk"; dks xq: esaiwjh vkLFkk gksrh gSAxq: viusfk"; dks,d HkDr rFkk l[kk ekurk gS] xq: viusfk"; dksbl vkRefookldslkFk minsk nsrk gS] mRlkg c


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mRrj Hkkjr esa e/; ;qx esa bLyke dk vkxeu gqvk ftlus Hkkjrh; lekt&laLd`fr ,oafopkj/kkjk dh fpUru ds u, rRo nsdj ubZ fk{kk nkZu dk lw=ikr fd;kA Qyr%bLyke /keZ ds fl)kUrksa ds vuqdwy fk{kk dk laxBu fd;k x;k vkSj mlds vFkZ]mn~ns;] ikB~;e] fof/k] laLFkk] fo|kFkhZ] v/;kid ,oa vusd lEcU/k ds ckjs esa ubZvo/kkj.kk, Hkh cuh ftUgsage laxfBr :i esabLyke fk{kk nkZUk dgrsgSA

fk{kk dk vFkZ& fk{kk dk vFkZ dqjku esafy[kk x;k bYe ;k Kku gS ftlsi


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2- uSfrdrk dk fodkl djukA3- izkphu bLykeh fu;eksarFkk lkekftd ijEijkvksadksizfrikfnr djukA4- uSfrdrk lsifjiw.kZdfork,afo|kfFkZ;ksadksd.BLFk djkukA5- fofk"V :i lseqlyeku vuqukf;;ksaesaKku dk izlkj djukA6- ekuo eqY;ksadh fk{kk iznku djukA

7-

fo|kfFkZ;ksadspfj= dk fodkl djukA8- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks O;kogkfjd thou rFkk HkkSfrd ykHkksa dh izkfIr ds fy, rS;kj

djukAfk{kkFkhZ dk dkZO;

bLyke /keZ nkZu esa fk{kkfFkZ;ksals ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd osvYykg vkSj iSxEcjeksgEen lkgc esafookl djsavkSj muds fn[kk, x;sekxZ ij pysosla;eh vkSj ifjJehgks vius fk{kdksadh vkKk dk ikyu djsA dHkh dksbZ vijk/k u djsavkSj ;fn Hkwy lsdHkh vijk/k gkstk, rksmldsfy, rkSck ipkrki djsaAfo|ky; icU/ku

bLykeh fk{kk ds fy, izkjfEHkd vkSj mPp fk{kk izkjfEHkd fk{kk dsUnzks dksedrc rFkk

mPp fk{kk dsUnzksa dksenjlk dgdj iqdkjk tkrk gSA1-

edrc & bLykeh fk{kk esa NksVscPpksadh izkjfEHkd fk{kk ?kj dsvkl&ikl dhefLtnksa esa yxsizkjfEHkd Ldwyksaesanh tkrh gSA ;s Ldwy izkphu fk{kk O;oLFkk dsvuq:i gSA bUgsaedrc dgdj iqdkjk tkrk gSAedrc ds pkj izdkj gksrs gS &d dqjku Ldwy [k Qkjlh Ldwy x Qkjlh dqjku Ldwy?k vjch Ldwy

2- enjlk& bLykeh mPp fk{kk dk izcU/k enjlksa esa fd;k tkrk Fkk A ;svUrjkZ"Vh; fk{kk dsUnzks ds :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA bu dsUnzks dh LFkkiuk dkmn~ns; eqfLye /keZ] LkH;rk rFkk laLdfr dk Lkaj{k.k o izlkj djuk FkkA buenjlksa esa fk{kk dk ek/;e vjch o Qkjlh Hkk"kk, Fkh A fk{kk dh O;oLFkk

jktkvksads}kjk nh tkrh FkhA3- vuqkklu & bLyke /keZ esa vuqkklu dks cM+k egRo fn;k x;k gSA blds

vuqlkj eksgEen lkgc ds fn[kk, x;sekxZij pyuk gh lPpk vuqkklu gSAbl vuqkklu dk igyk dne gS vius vUnj fNis 'kSrku dks ekjukA nwljkdne gS la;e cjruk vkSj rhljk dne gS fu;eksadk ikyuk djuk vkSj Hkwy gksusij rkSCkk ipkrki djuk ,oaHkwylq/kkj djukA

iu 32 dqjku ds,ds ojokn lsD;k rkRi;Z g \

What do you understand by Quranic monism?

mRrj bLyke /keZdsizorZd gtjr eqgEen lkgc Fks A bZlkbZ /keZdsipkr~ ;g foo dklclscM+k /keZgSA eqgEenlkgc dk tUe 570 bZ0 esavjc nsk ds izfl) uxj eDdk esagqvk A 40 o"kZ dh vk;q esaeqgEen lkgc ^bLyke ds iSxEcj^ ds uke lsfo[;kr gq, AbLyke /keZ dh lclsifo= iqLrd dqjku gSAdqjku 'kjhQ dsvuqlkj bl lalkj dk tUenkrk vYykg gSA vkSj foo ds ftrus Hkhthou gS osvYykg dscUnsnkl gSA blh dkj.k lsdqjku esvYykg esa vVwV vkLFkkdk gksuk vko;d cryk;k x;k gSA vYYkkg esa vkLFkk dsvfrfjDRk fdlh Hkh izdkj lslaLkkj dsfuekZ.kdrkZ dh mikluk djuk oftZr gSA vYykg ds izR;sd cUnsdksd;ker ds


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vfUre le; rd vYykg ds U;k; esa fookl j[kuk pkfg,A izR;sd O;fDr dksln&deZdjusesa fookl j[kuk pkfg,A dqjku 'kjhQ dh 11osav/;k; ds vuqlkj vYykg tM+vkSj vkRek lsmPp gSA dqjku 'kjhQ ds vuqlj vYykg ij lc dqN vk/kkfjr gSA og umRiUu djrk gS vkSj u gh mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj mudsleku dksbZ Hkh ughagSAbLyke ds,dsojokn dksbl :i esHkh le>k tk ldrk gS fd ^yk bykg] bfYykg

eqgenqjZlqfYyykg^ vFkkZr~ vYykg ds flok; vkSj dksbZ iwtuh; ugha gSa rFkk eksgEenmldsjlwy jktnwr gSA

iu 33 id`frokn dh rRoehaeklk dh fokskrkvks dkscrkb;s A

Explain the metaphysics of naturalism.

mRrj izdfrokn dh rRoehekalk dh foks"krk,a&1- blds vuqlkj vfUre lR; izd`fr rFkk inkFkZdksekuk tkrk gSA2- blds vUrxZr mtkZ dksHkh lR; ekursgS D;ksa fd inkFkksZ dksmtkZ esa ifjofrZr

fd;k tkrk gSA3-

izd`frokn dks HkkSfrdokn Hkh dgrsgSA tksKkusfUnz;ksa rd gh lhfer gSA4- bldk bZojh; lRrk esafookl ughagSA5- izd`fr vkSj inkFkZ ls ijsfdlh Hkh lRrk esbudk fookl ughagSA6- izd`fr dh lRrk vkUrfjd dh vis{kk ckg~; vf/kd gSA7- eu vkSj 'kjhj nksRkRoksa ds fodkl dksego nsrk gS vkSj buesaijLij fuHkZjrk

dk mYys[k gksrk gSA8- ;g foo izd`fr dh ,d jpuk gS vkSj HkkSfrd lalkj gh lR; gSA9- euq"; izd`fr dh lclsJs"B jpuk gSA10- euq"; dk fodkl ,d izkd`frd f;k gSA11- izd`fr lalkj esalarqyu cuk;sj[krh gSA

iu 34 idfrokn ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk dh foospuk dhft, A

Describe the educational based on naturalism.

mRrj fk{kk ds {ks= esaizd`frokn dk izHkko nks:iksaesafn[kkbZiM+rk gSA izFke rksmlusnkZuds:i esafk{kk ds y{;ksavkSj mn~ns;ksadksfufpr fd;k gSA f}rh; mlus ekuo izd`frdh O;k[;k djds fk{k.k fof/k;ksavkSj fk{kk dslk/kuksadh O;k[;k dh gSA izdfrokn dsQyLo:i fk{kk esa cky dsfUnzr fk{kk dk izpyu izkjEHk gqvk A fk{kk ds {ks= esaizdfrokn u rksHkkSfrd txr dk izd`frokn gS u ;kfU=d izd`frokn vkSj u gh tSodh;

izdfrokn A bu rhuksalsfHkUu og ,d ueuh; O;k[;k gS tks fd fk{kk dksckyd dslEIkw.kZ vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr djuk pkgrh gS vkSj fdrkch Kku dsfo:) gSAfk{kk dk vFk& izd`frokn dsvuqlkj okLrfod fk{kk og gS tks euq"; dksmldh izd`frdsvuq:i fodkl djds ,oathou dks lq[ke; cukusesalgk;rk djrh gSA:lksusviuh iqLrd ^,ehy^ esafk{kk dh ifjHkk"kk dh gS tks bl izdkj gS& ^^ckyd dhizFke ckj dh fk{kk fokq) :i ls fu"ks/kkRed gksuh pkfg,A blesalR; vkSj ln~xq.k dkdk fk{k.k fcYdqy lfEefyr u gksdj ckyd ds n; dksvoxq.k lsrFkk eu dks=qfVls cpkuk fufgr gS ^A


24/59

24


fk{kk ds ?kVd& fk{kk ds mn~ns;] fk{k.k izf;k] ikB;e dk fodkl] fk{k.k fof/k;ka]fk{kd dh Hkwfedk] Nk= dhHkwfedk] fo|ky; izcU/ku rFkk fo|ky; vuqkklu vkfn Afk{kk dsmn~n; %&1- ckyd dk lEiw.kZ fodkl djukA2- 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fodkl djukA

3-

oSKkfud vfHko`fr dk fodkl djukA4- LokHkkfod vfHkof) ds fy, volj iznku djukA5- LokLF; dsfu;eksadk cks/k djukA6- thfodksiktZu dsdkSkyksadk fodkl djukAfk{kk if;k& izd`froknh fk{kk dh izf;k bldh rRoehekalk ls vf/kd izHkkfor gSA:lks us izkd`frd fk{kk dks gh LokHkkfod ekuk vkSj fo|ky; dh fu;fer ,oad`f=efk{kk iz.kkyh dh vkykspuk dh A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd izkd`frd :i esa izR;sd oLrqlqUnj gksrh gSijUrq euq"; ,oalekt mldh lqUnjrk dks fod`r dj nsrk gS blfy,ckyd esa fk{kk dh izf;k lkekftd ifjosk esa u gksdj izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa nsukvko;d gSA fk{kk dh izf;k esafk{kd dh Hkwfedk xkS.k gksrh gSA fk{kd dh vis{kk Nk=

dks vf/kd f;kkhy j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd ,oaekufld fodkl dks /;ku esaj[krsgq, mudh voLFkkvksadsvuq:i fk{kk dh O;oLFkk dhtkrh gSA bl fk{k.k izf;k easlekt dh vis{kk ckyd dsO;fDrRo dsfodkl dksfoks"kegRo fn;k tkrk gSAfk{kk dk ikB;e& izd`froknh fk{kk ds ikB~;e esa HkkSfrd foKku fo"k;ksadksiz/kkurknh xbZgSA:lks us viuh iqLrd ^,ehy^ esa ckydks dh fHkUu&fHkUu voLFkkvksa ds fy, fofHkUuikB~;eksadh :ijs[kk izLrqr dh gSA1- 'kSkokoLFkk ds fy, ikB;e & 'kkjhfjd LokLF; o KkusfUnz;ksads fodkl dks

/;ku esaj[kk tk;s [ksy&dwn dksLFkku fn;k tk;sA2- ckY;koLFkk& 12 o"kZdh vk;q rd iqLrdksals nwj j[kk tk;sA ckY;koLFkk esa

[ksyus&dwnus rFkk mBus&cSBus dh LorU=rk nh tkuh pkfg,A ftlls mUgsafofHkUu izdkj dsvuqHko izkIr gksldsA

3- fdkksjkoLFkk gsr &izkd`frd foKku] Hkk"kk] xf.kr] laxhr] fp=dyk] lkekftdthou rFkk gLrdyk lEcU/kh fo"k;ksadksikB~;e esa 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA

4- ;qokoLFkk gsr ikB;e& uSfrd o /kkfeZd fk{kk dks'kkfey fd;k tk;sA blLrj ds ikB~;e esa'kkjhfjd fk{kk] laxhr dyk] HkkSfrd foKku vkfnAizd`frokn ds ikB~;e dh izeq[k foks"krk,a

1- ikB~;e cky&dsfUnzr gksuk pkfg,A2- 'kkjhfjd ,oaekufld vfHko`f) ,oafodkl dksego3- HkkSfrd foKku dsfo"k;ksadksizkFkfedrk

4-

foKku }kjk Kku dk fodkl gksrk gSA5- blds ikB~;e esa eq[;r% xf.kr] HkwxHkZ&kkL=] Hkwxksy] tho foKku dkslfEefyrfd;k tkrk gSA

fk{k.k fof/k;k& izdfrokn esa vkxeu fprau dk foks"k mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA djdslh[kuslearning by doing dksvf/kd ego fn;k x;k gSA blesaO;fDrxr fk{k.kfof/k;ksa dks iz/kkurk nh xbZgSA u fd lkewfgd fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dks] iz;ksxkRed fof/k rFkkiz;ksxkkyk fof/k;ka egoiw.kZ gSA fujh{k.k &losZ{k.k fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA


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[ksy&fof/k] dgkuh fof/k] foys"k.k fof/k izeq[k gS rFkk mPp Lrj ij vUos{k.k fof/k dksHkhfoks"k egRo fn;k x;k gSAv/;kid dh Hkwfedk&izd`froknh fk{k.k dh izf;k esafk{kd dk LFkku xkS.k ekuk tkrkgS] mlds vuqlkj fk{kd dh Hkwfedk] ,d funsZkd] fujh{kd rFkk fe= dh gksrh gSAfk{kd dksviuh fk{k.k izf;k ckyd ds vuq:i O;ofLFkr djuh pkfg,A fk{kd dks

ckydksadsfy, ,sls volj iznku djrk gS ftlesaog LorU= :i lsviuh vfHkO;fDrdj lds fk{kd dk dk;Z ;g gS fd Nk=ksa dks mudh :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oavko;drkvksa ds vuq:i fodkl gsrq leqfpr okrkoj.k mRiUUk djsa ckyd dks Loa;viusvuqHkoksa}kjk lh[kus dk volj fn;k tk,ANk= dh Hkwfedk& izd`froknh fk{kk cky&dsfUnzr ekuh xbZ gSA ckydksadksmudsvuqHkoksa}kjk gh lh[kusdk volj fn;k tk, A ckydksa dh ewy izo`fRr;ksa] :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa,oavko;drkvksadk iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A :lks ds vuqlkj ^^ckydksadh fk{kk dsfy, fk{kd }kjk muesaftKklk mRiUu djuh pkfg,A blesaifj.kkeLo:i ckyd inkFkksZ]thoksarFkk oLrqvksadk viusvuqHkoksa}kjk Kku izkIr dj ldrk gSAfo|ky; icU/ku& izd`froknh fo|ky; dh O;oLFkk dksckyd ds fy, vko;d ugha

ekurs] ckyd dks fo|ky; lsvyx lekt lsnwj rFkk ekrk&fir lsHkh nwj izkd`frdokrkoj.k esa NksM+nsuk pkfg,A fk{kd dk dk;Zfujh{kd dk ns[kHkky dk gh gksftllsog ckydksadks izkd`frd vkinkvksa rFkk nq"ifj.kkeksals cpk lds A ;fn fo|ky;ksadhO;oLFkk dj nh xbZ gS rks muds vUrxZr izkd`frd orkoj.k mRiUu fd;k tkuk pkfg,]ftllsckydksadh ;ksX;rkvksadk LokHkkfod :i lsfodkl gksldsAfo|ky; vuqkklu& izd`froknh ckyd dksvuqkklu esaj[kus dsfy, vf/kd LOkrU=rknsuk pkgrk gSmldsvuqlkj ckyd ij izfrcU/k de ls de yxk;stk;s A izfrcU/kckyd ds fodkl esa ck/kd gksrs gSA ckyd dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk n.M ugha nsukpkfg,A izd`frokn ds vuqlkj vuqkklu dk vFkZ izdfr dsfu;eksadk ikyu djuk gS ogckydksa dks vuqkklu lEcU/kh fdlh Hkh izdkj ds minsk nsus dh vko;drk ughale>rsA

id`froknh fk{kk dh leh{kk& izd`froknh lekt vkSj jk"V dksegRo u nsdj ckyd dsfodkl dksvf/kd egRo nsrsgSA ijUrq ckyd dsfodkl dh fnkk jk"V vkSj lekt ghnsldrk gSAizdfroknh fk{kk esaeuq"; dh lkekftd] uSfrd] pkjhf=d rFkk vk/;kfRed fodkl dksdksbZegRo ugha fn;k x;k gS A ewY;ksadksHkh LFkku ugha fn;k gSA izd`froknh 'kkjhfjdfodkl gsrq [ksydwn] O;k;ke rFkk HkkSfrd lq[kksadh izkfIr dsfy, foKku dh fk{kk dksfoks"k egRo nsrsgSAizdfroknh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; rFkk dyk dh fk{kk dksvf/kd egRo ughansrs gSA izd`frokfn;ksadk egRoiw.kZ LFkku fk{k.k &kkL= esajgk gSA vf/kdkak fk{k.k fof/k;kaizd`frokn dh ghnsu gSA

izdfroknh fk{kk esa HkkokRed i{k dksdksbZ egRo ughafn;k x;k gSblesabl ckr ij rkscy fn;k x;k fd ckyd dksD;k lh[kuk pkfg, fdUrq D;k ughalh[kuk pkfg, bldhvksj dksbZ/;ku ugha fn;k gSHkkokRed fk{kk dsfcuk ,d vPNk euq"; ugha cuk;k tkldrkAizdfrokn esav/;kid dk LFkku xkS.k ekuk x;k gS vkSj fk{kk&izf;k dkscky&dsfUnzrijUrq cky&dsfUnzr fk{kk dh izf;k dh Li"V :i ls O;k[;k ughadh xbZ gSAizdfrokn esa LorU=rk ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gSijUrq vf/kd LorU=rk ckydksadsfy, fgrdj ughagksrh gSA


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izdfrokn esavuqkklu ds fy, izkd`frd ifj.kkeksa}kjk n.M dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA izd`frdk U;k; ;k izd`fr dk n.M uSfrd ewY;kas ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrk gS bl izdkj dsvuqkklu dk LkHkh usfojks/k fd;k gSA

iu % 35 vknkZokn dh Kkueheklka dh fokskrk,a crkb;s \

Discuss the main characteristics of Epistemology?

mRrj vknkZokn ,d Kku ehekalk dk nkZu gSA rRoehekalk dk ugha blds vUrxZr Kku dkfokn foospu fd;k x;k gSA lqdjkr] IysVksa] MsdkVZ vkfn ds fopkjksausvknkZoknh Kkuehekalk dksLi"V fd;k gSA vknkZokn dh Kku ehekalk dh izeq[k foks"krk,abl izdkjgS %&1- vknkZokn Kkuehekalk dk nkZu gSA2- bl nkZu esaHkko i{k iz/kku gSA3- bldh Kku ehekalk dksdkUV rFkk cdZysusfn;kA

4-

foo dh jpuk bZoj }kjk dh xbZtkslkFkZd izrhr gksrk gSA5-

ckSf)d Kku ,oafpUru Kku gh izeq[k gSA6- izR;{khdj.k] le; rFkk LFkku ?kVuk rFkk oLrq dh xq.kokk gSA7- Kku dk eq[; lzksr fuxeu fpUru ,oaleh{kk gSA8- bl nkZu dk Kku izR;{k rFkk vuqeku ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

iu % 36 vknkZokn dh rRoehekalk dksLIk V dhft, .

Describe the metaphysics of Idealism.

mRrj vknkZokn esa^fopkj^ dksgh vfUre lR; ds:i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA izdfr dh

i`Fkd lRrk ugha gSA ;g fopkj ij vk/kkfjr gSA fopkj gh og ije RkRo gSA tksfooij fu;U=.k djrk gSA leLr foo esafopkj gh lr~ gSA foo fopkj dk gh izdkku gSAizdfr vkSj euq"; esa fopkj ds vk/kkj ij gh lEcU/k gSA bl HkkSfrd txr dksgh lcdqN ughale>uk pkfg, bldsvfrfjDr ,d ekufld txr gStksHkkSfrd txr ls Hkhvf/kd egRoiw.kZ ,oa;FkkZFk gSA IysVksusbl czk.M dksnksHkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSfopkj txr vkSj oLrq txr AvknkZokn dh rRoehekalk dh izeq[k foks"krk,a%&1- vknkZoknh fopkj rFkk vkRek dkslR; ekursgSA2- blesavk/;kfRed Lo% dksiz/kkurk nsrsgSA3- vkRek 'kjhj dk thou gSA

4-

vknkZoknh vkRek dksfujis{k ekursgSA5- vknkZoknh vkRek dksvuqHkwfr dk fo"k; ekursgSA6- blesalR; dh izd`fr vkUrfjd gSA

v v}Sroknh vkRek ,oabZoj dks ,d gh ekurs gSAc }Sroknh nksuksdh lRrk es fookl j[krs gSA

7- vknkZoknh dkscqf)oknh nkZu rFkk vk/;kfRed nkZu Hkh dgrs gSA8- vknkZoknh fk{kk ds Lo:i dkseuks%dsfUnzr ekurs gSA9- vknkZokn dk vlR; lqfufpr rFkk lkoZHkkSfed gSA


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10- vknkZokn dksdbZukeksa lstkuk tkrk gStSlsvkRek] psruk] vuqHko] vuqHkwfrrFkk fuxeu fpUruA

iu % 37 fk{kk dk vFk] mnns;] if;k] ikB;e] fk{k.k fof/k vkfn d vk/kkj ij vknkZoknh

fk{kk dh foopuk dhft, \

Describe the idealism education based on the meaning of education, process,syllabus and educational methodology

mRrj fk{kk dk fl)kUr nkZu ekuk tkrk gSA vknkZokn usizkphudky ls fk{kk dks funsZfkrfd;k gS vkSj fk{kk dh izf;k dks izHkkfor fd;k gS lHkh nkkZfud fopkj/kkjkvksa usvius&vius


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lfEefyr fd;k tk,a] ftllseuq"; dks euq"; cuk;k tk ldsvkSj pkfjf=d o uSfrdxq.kksadk fodkl fd;k tk ldsA ikB~;e esa 'kkjhfjd fk{kk dslkFk&lkFk laxhr dhfk{kk dksHkh egRo fn;k x;kAfk{k.k fof/k%& vknkZokfn;ksadsvuqlj uSfrd ewY;ksadksvf/kd egRo fn;k x;k A bldsfy, mUgksusvuqdj.k fof/k dksmi;ksxh cuk;k A lqdjkr usizuksRrj fof/k dksmi;ksxh

crk;k rksgjcVZusO;k[;ku fof/k dksA vknkZokn ds vuqlkj ;kstuk fof/k Hkh egRoiw.kZgSA1- izopu ,oaO;k[;ku fof/k vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA2- izuksRrj fof/k dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA3- vuqdj.k fof/k dk foks"k egRo gSaA4- okn&fookn fof/k dk mi;ksx djrs gSA5- Lo% f;k fof/k dksHkh egRo fn;k tkrk gSA6- fuxeu fk{k.k fof/k izeq[k gSAv/;kid dh Hkwfedk& vknkZoknh fk{kk esa fk{kd dk LFkku fk{k.k izf;k esa loksZifjekuk x;k gSA fk{kd Nk= ds thou dk ekxZnkZd gksrk gSA fk{kd Nk=ksa dksokLrfod

Kku nsus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA fk{kd viusvkpj.k lsNk=ksaesa uSfrd ,oa/kkfeZd ewY;ksadk fodkl djrk gSA fk{kd dsfcuk fk{k.k dh izf;k dksv/kqjh ekuk tkrk gSAfk{kd dh izeq[k Hkwfedk,afuEu gS %&

& fk{kd vf/kd f;kkhy jgrk gS rFkk Nk= Jksrk gksrs gSA& fk{kd dksvknkZHkwfedk dk fuoZgu djuk gksrk gSA& ckyd dsvkRe fodkl rFkk pfj= fodkl dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS& fk{kd dksfo"k; dk LokfeRo gksuk pkfg,A& fk{kd dh Hkwfedk ,d nkkZfud dh gksrh gSA& fk{kd dkspfj= fodkl] uSfrd ,oa/kkfeZd ewY;ksadk fodkl djuk pkfg,AvknkZoknh fk{kk dh leh{kk %&

1- vknkZoknh fk{kk esa nkZu ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i

fk{kk ds }kjk nkkZfud gh rS;kj fd;stk ldrsgSA2- vknkZoknh fk{kk esa vknkZ rFkk ewY;ksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS fdUrq mu

vknkksZ ,oaewY;ksdksizkIr djus dh fof/k;ksa dk foospu ughafd;k x;k gSA3- vknkZoknh fk{kk ds ikB~;e esafofo/krk ij vf/kd /;ku ughafn;k x;k gSA4- vknkZoknh fk{kk esaiz;ksxkRed fk{k.k fof/k;ksadk svf/kd egRo ughafn;k cfYd

O;k[;ku o izuksRrj fof/k dksvf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA5- vknkZoknh fk{kk iz.kkyh esa fk{kd dksfoks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gS rFkk Nk=ksadh

f;kkhyrk ij dksbZ /;ku ughafn;k x;k gSA6- vknkZokn dh fopkj/kkjk esalnSo vfUre lRrk dh ckr dh tkrh gSftldk Kku

izkIr djuk vf/kd dfBu gSA

7-

vknkZoknh fk{kk dk ms; vkRekuqHkwfr gStcfd lkekU; Nk= 'kkjhfjdvuqHkwfrrFkk lkekftd vuqHkwfr rd gh igqpa ikrs gSA vkRekuqHkwfr dk vHkko vf/kdkakfk{kdksa esaHkh gksrk gSA

8- vknkZokn esa O;fDr ,ao lekt ,d nwljs ds iwjd ekus tkrs gS tc fdvknkZoknh oS;fDrd f;k dkseq[; ekursgSA lkekftd f;kvksa dksxkS.kA

bl leh{kk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vknkZokn gh fk{kk dk okLrfod nkZu gS ftlsfk{kk dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gSA fk{kd rFkk Nk= dk lEcU/k cM+k ifo= rFkk


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vk/;kfREkd /kjkry ij gksrk gSA fk{kk dh izf;k }kjk euq"; dks ,d vknkZeuq"; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vknkZoknh fk{kk esa ladYi 'kfDr dsfodkl dh vksj foks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk gS ladYi kfDr dk vFkZgksrk gSO;fDrvius fuekZ.k esavius fodkl esa Loa; gh ;ksxnku djrk gS A blh 'kfDr ds}kjkog lekt dk mRFkku Hkh djrk gSA O;fDr viuh ladYi 'kfDr ls viuk fodkl

djrk gSrFkk viusHkkX; dk fuekZ.k Hkh djrk gSA

iu % 38 ;FkkFkZokn dk vFk Li V dhft, lkFk gh ;FkkFkZokn o vknkZokn e vUrj crkb, \

Clarify the meaning of realism. Give the difference between realism and idealism.

mRrj ;FkkFkZokn dsfy, vaxzsth esaizpfyr 'kCn gSa Realismfj;fyTe fj;y (Real)kCnxzhd Hkk"kk dsjsl Reslscuk gSA Res kCn dk vFkZ gS ^oLrq vr% Realdk vFkZ gqvkoLrq lEcU/kh bl izdkj Realism oLrq ds vfLrRo lEcU/kh fopkjksa ds izfr ,dn`f"Vdks.k gS ftldsvuqlkj txr dh oLrq, ;FkkFkZ gS vFkkZr~ tSlh gedksfn[kkbZnsrh gS

oSlh gh gSAifjHkk"kk,a%&Lokeh jkerhFkZ dsvuqlkj &^^;FkkFkZokn dk vFkZ ml fookl vkSj fl)kUr ls gS tkstxr dksoSlk gh Lohdkj djrk gS tSlk og fn[kkbZ nsrk gSAjkWl ds vuqlkj & ^^;FkkFkZokn bl ckr ij cy nsrk gSfd tksdqN ge izR;{k esavuqHkodjrsgS mudsihNsrFkk mulsfeyrk &tqyrk oLrqvksadk ,d txr gSa A;FkkFkZokn ,o vknkZokn esHks n &

1 txr vkSj oLrqdh O;k[;k &;FkkFkZokfn;ksadk fookl gSfd tksgesatxr vkSjtxr dh oLrq,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gS mUgh dkslR; ekurs gSavknkZoknh txr lsijsdh lRrk esafookl djrsgSavkSj txr vkSj foo dksuoj ekursgSA

2 rRoehekalk dh O;k[;k& vknkZoknh izd`fr vkSj euq"; esalkeUtL; ekurs gSAvkSj txr esaeuq"; dksiz/kkurk nsrsgSA tcfd ;FkkFkZoknh izdfr vkSj euq"; esalkeUtL; dksegRo ughansrsvkSj u gh euq"; dkstxr esa izeq[k LFkku nsrsgSA

3 Kkuehekalk dh O;k[;k & ;FkkFkZoknh Kku dksvuqHkotU; gh ekursgStksgeKkusfUnz;ksa lstxr dh oLrq ns[krs gSavkSj budslEcU/k esatks gestkudkjhizkIr gksrh gS mlsgh Kku ekuk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ izR;{k Kku esabudk fookl gStcfd vknkZoknh viuh vUrnZf"V rFkk vUr% izKk dk Kku dh n`f"V ls foks"kegRo nsrsgSA Kku n`f"V ls;s Kkrk vkSj Ks; dks Hkh foks"k egRo nsrsgSA txrdh oLRkqvksadksvf/kd egRo nsrs gSA txr dh oLrqvksa dksvf/kd egRo ughafn;k tkrk gSA

iu % 39 ;FkkFkZokn dsvuq lkj fk{kk ds Lo:i dk o.ku dhft, A

Describe the mode of education according to realism.

mRrj fk{kk dk vFkZ& ;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk dksfodkl dh izf;k ekursgSA ;g Kku dksKku dsfy, ugharFkk u gh Kku dkseqfDr ds lk/ku ds :i esa Lohdkj djrsgSA mudk ekuukgSfd Kku dk Lo:i ,slk gksuk pkfg, tks mudsfy, vko;d rFkk mi;ksxh gksrFkk


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30


thou dkslq[kh cuk ldsA ;FkkFkZokfn;ksadsvuqlkj fk{kk dk thou esami;ksx djuk Hkhvko;d gS ;fn fk{kk thou ds fy, mi;ksxh ugha gSa rks mls ekufld vH;kl ghekuuk pkfg,Afk{kk ds ms;&;FkkFkZokn dsvuqlkj fk{kk dk eq[; ms; thou dkslq[ke; cukukgSA bl ms; dh iwfrZ gsrq dqN fofk"V fk{kk dsms;ksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gS os

ms; bl izdkj gS %&1- 'kkjhfjd fodkl djukA2- bfUnz;ksadk izfk{k.k djukA3- ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA4- izkdfrd ,oalkekftd i;kZoj.k dh tkudkjh nsuk5- oSKkfud vfHko`fr o nf"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA6- O;kolkf;d {kerkvksadk fodkl djukA7- uSfrd ewY;ksadk fodkl djukA

fk{k.k if;k &;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kk dh izf;k esaekuo fodkl dksegRo fn;k

tkrk gSA fk{kk dh izf;k }kjk ,slh fk{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk, tks ckydksads fy,O;fDrxr rFkk lkekftd :i ls mi;ksxh gks ftlds }kjk ekuo laLd`fr dk fodklfd;k tk ldsA fo|ky; dkslekt ds y?kq :i esadk;Z djuk pkfg, A fo|ky;ksadksizcU/ku gsrq LorU=rk Hkh gksuh pkfg, ftlls fo|ky; LFkkuh; vko;drkvksa dks Hkh/;ku esaj[k ldsA fk{kk dh izf;k esaekuoh; rRoksadksfoks"k LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,Afk{kk dk ikB~;e & ;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk dsikB~;e dsfy, fk{kk ds ms; fnkk iznkudjrsgSA lq[ke; thou dh rS;kjh dsfy, ckyd dksmldsthou dsfy, rS;kj djukgksrk gS blfy, ikB~;e dk Lo:i ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftldk ckyd dsthou ls lh/kklEcU/k gks rFkk mlds fy, O;fDrxr mi;ksfxrk Hkh gks blfy, ;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk dsikB~;e esalHkh fo"k;ksadks LFkku nsrs gSA;FkkFkZoknh ikB~;e dk ms; vknrksarFkk vfHko`fRk;ksa dk fodkl djuk gSA ;FkkFkZoknh

ckydksadksviuh :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksarFkk vko;drkuqlkj fo"k;ksadksp;u dh LorU=rknsrk gS ijUrq ;g ekr`Hkk"kk] fdlh O;olk; vFkok fdlh fo"k; dh fk{kk dks vfuok;Zcukusdsi{k esaughagSA ikB~;e esavkRefoKku rFkk euksfoKku fo"k; dks Hkh lfEefyrfd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk bldslkFk&lkFk blesa dyk ] dfork] lkfgR;] thofu;ka] nkZurFkk /keZdk Hkh lekosk fd;k tkuk pkfg,Afk{k.k fof/k;ka &;FkkFkZoknh fk{k.k esa ,slh fof/k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gS ftlls mUgsa;FkkFkZ Kku izkIr gks ldsbldsfy, ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa us Hkze.k] nskkVu rFkk 'kSf{kd;k=kvksadsk egRoiw.kZ crk;k gS,slh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls oSKkfudrF;ksadk Li"V] ljy rFkk O;ofLFkr Kku fn;k tk ldsA fk{kd dksvius O;fDrxrfopkjksadksfk{k.k ls vyx j[kuk pkfg,A vfirqckydksa dks:fp vkSj vko;drkvksadks

/;ku esaj[krsgq, fk{k.k fof/k;ksadk p;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fk{kd dksviusfk{k.kdh vis{kk Nk=ksa dkslh[kusesa lgk;rk iznku djuh pkfg,A ;FkkFkZokn dsvuqlkj fk{k.kfof/k;ksdh lw ph ;gkaiLrq r dh xb g &

1- ;FkkFkZokn ,slh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dksvf/kdegRo nsrs gS ftuls'kq) Kku fn;k tkldsA

2- buesa'kSf{kd ;k=k,arFkk nskkVu izeq[k fof/k gSftlls'kq) Kku izkIr gksrk gSA3- blesacgq&bfUnz; vk;ke dk mi;ksx djrs gSA4- ;FkkFkZokn esafujh{k.k] losZ{k.k] iz;ksx fof/k;ksadksHkh foks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA


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fk{kd dh Hkwfedk %& ;FkkFkZokn dsvuqlkj fk{kd dh Hkwfedkvksadk mYys[k fuEukafdriafDRk;ksaesafd;k x;k gS&1- fk{kd Nk=ksa dh {kerkvksarFkk ;ksX;rkvksadk /;ku j[krk gS2- fk{kd dksfk{k.k dslkFk funsZku Hkh nsuk gksrk gSA3- fk{kd dksthou dhokLrfodrkvksadks/;ku esaj[kuk pkfg,A

4-

fk{kd esaNk=ksadsleL;k lek/kku dh {kerk,agksuh pkfg,A5- fk{kd esafo"k; dsizfr vkRe&fookl gksuk pkfg,A6- fk{kd dksNk=ksaesauSfrd ewY;ksadk fodkl djuk pkfg,A7- fk{kd }kjk Nk= dksifjJeh gksusdk izksRlkgu nsukpkfg,A8- ;FkkFkZokn dsvuqlkj ^djds lh[kuk^ vf/kd izHkkokkyh gksrk gSA ftlds fy,

Nk=ksadksvf/kd f;kkhy j[kk tk,A9- fk{kk ds ewY;ksadk fu/kkZj.k fk{kd dksdjuk pkfg,A

;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk dh leh{kk& ;FkkFkZokn dsvuqlkj fk{kk dk Lo:i O;kogkfjd gksukpkfg,A vc lHkh ;g ekuusyxsgSafd fk{kk dk Lo:i dqN Hkh gksijUrq mldk thou

esami;ksx vo; gksuk pkfg, ;svO;kogkfjd fk{kk dksegRo ughansrsgSA;FkkFkZoknh fk{k.k izf;k ikB~;e rFkk ms; ds fu/kkZj.k esa oSKkfud rFkk O;kogkfjdn`f"Vdks.k viukrsgSA ;FkkFkZoknh KkusfUnz;ksadsizfk{k.k ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSA vkSj ;sKkusfUnz;ksadksKku dk eq[; Lrks= ,oalk/ku ekursgSA

fokskrk,a &

1- fk{kk dh O;kogkfjd izofr ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gSA2- fk{kk dsms;ksaesaO;fDrxr fodkl] thfodksiktZu dh {kerkvksadksegRo fn;k

tkrk gSA3- fk{kk dh izf;k esa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh fo"k; dksfoks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA4- ;FkkFkZokfn;ksads vuqlkj fk{k.k esa oSKkfud fof/k;ksa dksizkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA

5-

fk{kk dh izf;k esa KkusfUnz;ksdsizfk{k.k ij foks"k LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA6- ;FkkFkZokfn;ksads vuqlkj izR;{k Kku dksgh 'kq) ekuk tkrk gSA7- bfUnz; vuqHko dksKku dk lzksr rFkk lk/ku ekursgSA8- fo|ky; dks lekt dk y?kq:i ekurs gSA vkSj vuqkklu esa vkRefu;a=.k dks

foks"k LFkku nsrs gSA

;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk nkZu d e[; nksk %&

1- lHkh fk{k.k fof/k;ksaesaoLrqfu"Brk rFkk ;FkkFkZrk dk xq.k lEHko ughagSA2- ;FkkFkZoknh fk{k.k dh izf;k esa ewY;ksadksfoks"k egRo ughafn;k x;k gSA tksfd

lHkh lektksavkSj O;fDr;ksadsfy, vf/kd egRoiw.kZ rFkk vko;d gSA

3-

;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk esaHkkokRed i{k vkSj f;kRed i{k ij vf/kd /;ku ughafn;kx;k gSA4- fk{kk dh izf;k esaoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds fodkl dksgh ;FkkFkZ Kku ekuk x;k

gSA tc fd dyk] lkfgR;]lkekftd fo"k;ksadksfoks"k egRo ughafn;k x;k gSA5- /kkfeZd ,oa uSfrd vkpj.k dksHkh dksbZ LFkku ughafn;k x;k gSA


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32


iu % 40 i;kstuokn dk vFk Li V djrsg, bldh rRo eheka lk dksle>kb;s A

Give a clear meaning of pragmatism. Explain its methodology

mRrj vaxzsth dk îzSXEkSfVTe^ 'kCn xzhd 'kCn iSzXeSfVdkst ls fudyk gSA ftldk vFkZ gSÔ;kogkfjd^ vFkok Ô;ogk;Z izSXeSfVTe dh fopkj/kkjk dk vkk; ;g gS fd ;fn fdlh

ewY; fopkj dk;Z vFkok fl)kUr dh dksbZO;ogkfjdrk vFkok mi;ksfxrk gS rksog mkegSvU;Fkk ughaAfofy;Ek tsEl us Loa; ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd ;g iz;kstuokn ,d nkZu dh vis{kk mik;vf/kd gS D;ksafd blesafdlh vfUre lR; dks ughaekuk tkrk gScfYd ;g ekuk tkrkgSfd vfUre lR; cu jgk gSA

jkWl us vius'kCnksaesablh rF; dksizdV fd;k gS& ^îz;kstuokn fufpr :ils ,d ekuorkoknh nkZu gSA tks ;g ekurk gS fd euq"; f;k esa Hkkx ysdj viusewY;ksadk fuekZ.k djrk gS] vkSj ;g ekurk gSfd okLrfodrk lnSo fuekZ.k dh voLFkk esajgrh gSAi;kstuokn dh rRoehekalk

iz;kstuoknh fdlh Hkh vfUre lR; esafookl ugha j[krsA ostxr dh jpuk dh vis{kkeuq"; thou ds okLrfod i{k ij vf/kd fopkj djrsgSA txr ds ckjsesamudkdsoy bruk dguk gS fd; ;g txr vusd oLrqvksa vkSj f;kvksa ls cuk gSbudh og bllsvf/kd O;k[;k ughadjrkA iz;kstuoknh vkRek dkseu dk ghnwljk :i ekursgSA eu ,d inkFkZtU; psru rRo gSA fofy;e tsEl &lalkjdh mUgha oLrqvksa ,oa f;kvksa dks lR; ekuus es fookl j[krk gS tks ekuothou dsfy, mi;ksxh gSA

i;kstuoknh rRoeheklk dk cks/k fuEu :i l gksrk g %&

1- leLr txr vxzHkwfe gSA2- txr dk y{k.k loZ= izf;k vkSj ifjorZukhy gSA3- txr vfufpr gSA

4-

txr viw.kZ vkSj vfu/kkZfjr gSA5- txr cgqrRooknh gSA6- txr dslk/; mldh Loa; dh izf;k dsvUrxZr gSA7- txr u rksvrhfUnz; lr~ gSu blsviusesa lek;sgh gSA8- euq"; txr dslkFk lkarR;iw.kZ fLFkfr esagSA9- euq"; txr esalf; dkj.k ughagSA10- txr izxfr dk fufpr fookl ughansrk gSA

iu % 41 i;kstuokn ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk dh leh{kk dhft,A

Analyze the education based on pragmatism.

mRrj iz;kstuoknh lR;ksa ,oa ewY;ksadks euq"; }kjk fufeZr ekurs gSA blfy, iz;kstuokn dsvuqlkj fk{kk dh izf;k ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls og Nk=ksadkslR;ksa o ewY;ksadksizsf"krdj lds] fuekZ.k dj ldsA iz;kstuoknh lR; dks Hkh ifjorZukhy ekurs gSA vr%iz;kstuokfn;ksa dsvuqlkj fk{kk }kjk ckydksa esa ,slh {kerkvksadk fodkl fd;k tk,]ftllsckyd vius thou dksmi;ksxh cuk lds rFkk lekt esaHkyh izdkj lek;kstudj ldsA iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh ijEijkvksadksegRo ughansrsmldk ekuuk gS fd fk{kk


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ckydksacnyrsgq, ifjosk dsfy, nsuh pkfg, bUgksusizxfrkhy fk{kk Lo:i fn;k tkstkWu Mhoh ds fl)kUrksaij vk/kkfjr gSAfk{kk dk vFkZ %&iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dks euq"; dsfodkl dh izf;k ekursgSA fk{kk dhizf;k dk lEiknu lkekftd okrkoj.k esagh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftlds}kjk lektdh laLd`fr dk laj{k.k] izlkj rFkk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA ckydksaesa,slh {kerkvksadk

fodkl fd;k tk, ftlsog viuslkekftd ,oaizkd`frd okrkoj.k esalek;kstu djldsA iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh izf;k esa lkekftd l{kerkvksads fodkl dksegRo nsrsgSAtkWu Mhoh usiz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh izf;k bl izdkj ls nh gS ^^fk{kk O;fDr dh mulHkh ;ksX;rkvksadk fodkl djrh gStks muesa vius okrkoj.k ij fu;U=.k j[kusrFkkviuh lEHkkoukvksa dksiw.kZ djus dh lkeF;Z iznku djsaAfk{kk ds ms; %& iz;kstuoknh iwoZ fufpr lR;ksa]vknkksZ ,oa ewY;ksa esa fookl ughadjrsD;ksafd euq"; dk izkd`frd] lkaLd`frd rFkk lkekftd okrkoj.k cnyrk jgrk gSvkS; ;g cnyk gqvk okrkoj.k euq"; dksu;s&u;svuqHko iznku djrk gS ftllsu;s&u;slR;ska] vknkksZ rFkk ewY;ksadk fuekZ.k gksrk jgrk gS blfy, fk{kk ds ms;ksadksfufprugha fd;k tk ldrk A bl lEcU/k esatkWu Mhoh usmYys[k fd;k gS fd ^^ fk{kk ds

viusdksbZms; ughagksrs] ms; rks O;fDr;ksads gksrs gS vkSj O;fDr;ksads ms;ksa esacM+h fHkUurk gksrh gS vkSj tSlstSls O;fDr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gS mudsms; cnyrsjgrsgS ^Aiz;kstuoknh fk{kk dsms; %&1- lkekftd l{kerk dk fodkl djuk2- leL;k &lek/kku dh ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA3- usr`Ro dsxq.kksadk fodkl djukA4- O;fDrxr xq.kksadk fodkl djukA5- dk;Z&dkSkyksadk fodkl djukA

fk{k.k if;k& iz;kstuoknh fk{k.k izf;k esa ^djdslh[kus dksizkFkfedrk nsrsgS A

fk{kk esa funsZku dk vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A iz;kstuoknh nkZu fk{kk dh izf;k;kstuk ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls Nk= lR;ksao ewY;ksadk fuekZ.k dj ldsA

fk{kk dk ikB;e& iz;kstuokn dsvuqlkj ikB~;e dk Lo:i vuqHko dsfUnzr rFkkfdz;k&dsfUnzr gksrk gS] iz;kstuokfn;ksa us ikB~;e ds fodkl gsrq dqN vf/kfu;eksa dskfn;k gS ;svf/kfu;e bl izdkj gS &1- mi;ksfxrk dk vf/kfu;e & thouksi;ksxh Kku dk lekosk gks2- vfHk:fp dk vf/kfu;e & ckydksadh LokHkkfod :fp;ksadks'kkfey3- f;k dk vf/kfu;e & [ksydwn] lkfgfR;d rFkk lkaLdfrd f;k,a4- vuqHko dk vf/kfu;e& vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] HkkSfrd foKku dh

ifjfLFkfr;ka5- ,dhdj.k dk vf/kfu;e & lHkh fo"k;ksadks,dhd`r djdsi


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35/59



le>dj mUgsa fujUrj gy djus dh n{krk iSnk djuh pkfg,A bl izdkj ekuooknhfk{kk ekuo dsfUnzr gSAfk{kk dk vFkZ %& ekuookfn;ksads vuqlkj fk{kk ,d ltZukRed izf;k gS tkseuq"; dksorZeku dslkFk mlesaHkfo"; dks Hkh lqUnj vkSj izxfrkhy cukrh gSA

fk{kk dsms ;%&

1- lEiw.kZ;ksX;rkvksavkSj {kerkvksadk fodkl2- mPpre ekuoh; ewY;ksadk fodkl3- ekuoh; leL;kvksa dsizfr laosnukhyrk dk fodkl4- LorU=] foosdiw.kZvkSj lUrqfyr O;fDrRo dk fodkl5- vkRecks/k dkstkx`r djukA6- ekufld fodkl ij cyAfk{kk dk ikB;e %& ekuookn ds vuqlkj ikB~;e Nk= ds vkUrfjd thou rFkkmlds oS;fDrd fodkl ds fu/kkZfjr xq.kksa dks mHkkjus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg, lkFk ghekuoh; fodkl dh voLFkkvksadks/;ku esaj[kus ij cy nsrk gSA ikB~;e esaekuoh;

vknkZrFkk lkaLd`frd fojklr dksLFkku feyuk pkfg,AmijksDr rF;ksadks/;ku es j[kdj ikB~;e esaekufodh fo"k;] lkfgR;] vk/kqfudHkk"kka, rFkk laxhr] yfyr dyk, vkfn dksegRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k tkrk gSAbldsipkr~ ikB~;e esaizkd`frd foKkuksadksLFkku feyuk pkfg,A lexzekuo dsfodkl ds fy, ikB~;e esamDr ds vfrfjDr lkekftd fo"k;ksa] 'kkjhfjd ,oaLokLF;foKku rFkk O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dksLFkku iznku djus ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA ekuookn ]/keZfujis{krk dk fgek;rh gksusds dkj.k ikB~;e esa/kkfeZd fk{kk dksLFkku iznku ughadjrk gSAfk{k.k fof/k;ka&ekuorkokfn;ksausckyd dh LorU=rk ij foks"k cy fn;k gS blfy, os,slh fk{k.k fof/k;ksadksviukus ij cy nsrsgS tks ckyd dh LorU=rk esack/kk mRiUuugh djrh A ekuorkokfn;ksausfk{k.k fof/k dsrhu vk/kkj crk;sgSA

ckyd dh ;ksX;rk,a,oavko;drk,a& fk{k.k fof/k dk igyk vk/kkj ckyd dhvko;drk,a] fodkl dh voLFkk,a] ;ksX;rk,a] {kerk,a] :fp;ka] vkdka{kk, vkSj vfHko`fr;kagksuh pkfg,AoSKkfud izf;k & ekuooknh fk{k.k fof/k dk nwljk vk/kkj oSKkfud fof/k dksekursgSAbudk ekuuk gS fd bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls ckydksa esa rdZiw.kZ fpUru vkSj oSKkfudvfHko`fr dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSAekuooknh if;k& ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{k.k fof/k dk rhljk vk/kkj ekuoh;vuqHkoksa dk iz;ksx gSA ekuorkokfn;ksads vuqlkj fk{kd dsvuqlkj fk{kd }kjk tksHkhfk{k.k fof/k iz;qDr dh tk;s] mlesaekuoh; laLikZvo; gksuk pkfg,A fo"k; oLrq dksekuoh; vuqHkoksalslefUor djds i


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36


Nk= %& ekuooknh ckyd dsO;fDrRo dk vknj djrsgSA osmUgsafk{kdksadk vU/kk HkDr cukusds i{k esaughagSA os mUgsa LorU= :i ls lkspus,oafu.kZ; ysusdh LorU=rk nsusds i{k esa gSAfk{kd fk{kkFkhZ ds lEcU/k dsfo"k; esaekuooknh fk{kd vkSj Nk= dschp kkld ,oa'kkflr dslEcU/k esa ?kksj fojks/kh gS os buds chp ekuoh; lEcU/k ds i{k esa gS tks izse o lg;ksx ijvk/kkfjr gksrk gS ;sfk{kdksals;g vis{kk djrsgSfd osviusNk= dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dsHk;]

}Un vkSj ruko lseqDr j[ksbudh nf"V ls mlh fLFkfr esaNk=ksaesaekuoh; xq.kksa dk fodklfd;k tk ldrk gSA

iu % 43 vfLrRookn ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk d ik:i dksle>kb;s rFkk ^O;fDRk dh vkUrfjdrk gh

lR; g^ dFku dh if V dhft,A

Describe or explain the mode of education according to extantalismand emphasize

to fact that inner qualities of person all a real truth.

mRrj fk{kk es vfLrRookn usfoks"k :fp ughafn[kkbZ] bldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gSafd ;g n'kZu vHkh fodkl dh voLFkk esagh gSaA blusvfLrRokn dsfufgrkFkksZ ij thouds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fopkj iwjk ugha fd;kA vr% f'k{kk ij vHkh budk dksbZ /;ku ughax;kA fQj Hkh vfLrRokn dsizeq[k fl)kUrksadslUnHkZesaf'k{kk ij ;gkadqN fopkj fd;sx;sgSAf'k{kk dk vFk& f'k{kk og lk/ku gS tkseuq"; dks og cuusesa lgk;rk djrh gS tk sogcuuk pkgrk gSa;sifjokj dh lh[kusdh loksZre laLFkk ekursgSA ;s f'k{kk dksmlesaO;kid :i esaLohdkj djrsgSAf'k{kk dsms ';& vfLrRokn ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk y{; vkUrfjd lR; dk lk{kkRdkj gSAledkyhu ;kfU=d vkSj vkS|ksfxd thou us vk/kqfud ekuo dks fpUrkvksa ]Hk;] vijk/khpsrukvksa vkSj grk'kkvksa ls Hkj fn;k gS og HkhM+ esa Hkh vdsyk jgrk gSA mldhoS;fDrdrk Hkz"V gks x;h gSA f'k{kk dksmlsmldh vkRexr psruk dk Kku nsuk pkfg,Af'k{kk dk vfLrRooknh y{; ekuorkoknh gS mldk y{; vkRe&lk{kkRdkj gS og vkRe

vfLrRo dk Kku iznku djrk gSA vfLrRokfn;ksa dk y{; f'k{kk ds }kjk ckyd dsO;fDRkRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl gSA f'k{kk dk ljksdkj lEiw.kZeuq"; ls gSmldk y{; pfj=fuekZ.k vkSj vkRelk{kkRdkj gSAf'k{kk dk ikB~;e & vfLrRokfn;ksads vuqlkj ikB~;e esafoKku ds vykok ekufodhv/;;u] uhfr'kkL= vkSj /keZ dks Hkh LFkku feyuk pkfg,A bl fopkj/kkjk ls izHkkforgksdj vktdy bUthfu;fjax dkWystksa esa ikB~;e esan'kZu'kkL=] uhfr'kkL=] euksfoKkuvkSj lkekftd v/;;u i


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fo|kFkhZ&v/;kid lEcU/k %& vfLrRookn v/;kid vkSj fo|kFkhZesa futh lEcU/k ij cynsrk gSA buesa^eSa&rqe^ dk lEcU/k gks u fd ^;g &og^A nksuks dse/; lh/kk] O;fDrxr]futh lEcU/k fo|eku gksuk vfLrRo dk |ksrd gSA bl lEcU/k esa vUr%f;k vf/kdLokHkkfod gksrh gSA v/;kid lnSo bl ckr dk /;ku j[krk gS fd lkeus cSBk gqvkfo|kFkhZek= la[;k ;k vuqekad u gksdj okLrfod lkk gSA

O;fDroknh f'k{kk& O;fDrokn ij vfLrRookn dk vkxzg gS f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa bufu"d"kksZ dks fuxZfer djuslsiwoZ O;fDrokn ij fopkj fd;k gSA vfLrRokn O;fDrxrLorU=rk dk leFkZd gS og O;fDr ds :i esa O;fDr dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSAvfLrRooknh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ^lkeqfgdrk^ ;k lf;rk dks] tksO;fDr dh bu rRoksalsj{kk dj ysxk] lUnsg dh n`f"V lsns[krk gS og mudks oSlsthou dslkj rRoksads:i esa le>rk gSA tSlk okLro esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ekurk gS fd bulscpk ughatkldrk gSA thou dk lkeuk vo'; gh bllsxgure vkSj lEHkor% lEiw.kZLrjksaijfd;k tkuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g dsoy fn[kkok gksxk vkSj ge dsoy thou&f;k dhxfr;ksadse/; lsxqtj jgsgksxsaA


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38


Section B

Sociological Foundation in Education

izu 1 Hkkjrh; lekt dk izkphu Lo:i gSv-) lkewfgd thou c-) tkfr izFkkl-) /kkfeZd lewg n-) mijksDr lHkh

(n)

izu 2 ^^fo|ky; lekt dk y?kq :i gS ^ dFku gSAv-) nq[khZe dk c-) tkWulu dkl-) vksVkosdk n-) tkWu Mhoh dk

(n)izu 3 lekt'kkL= dsizorZd gSA

v-) tkWu Mhoh c-) fofy;e tsEll-) vxLr dkEVs n-) tkWtZ isuh

(l)izu 4 lkekftd lajpuk dh fo'ks"krk gS&

v-) ,drk c-) ifjorZu'khyrk

l-) ec)rk n-) mijksDr lHkh(n)

izu 5 lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh izeq[k fopkj/kkjk gS&v-) izdk;Zoknh c-) la?k"kZoknhl-) ladyuoknh n-) mijksDr LkHkh

(n)izu 6 la?k"kZoknh fopkj/kkjk dsizorZd gS&

v-) ewjs c-) fdaXlysMsfol ,oafycVZ eksjl-) dkyZ ekDlZ n-) lksjksfdu

(l)izu 7 ^^lkekftd fLFkfr esadksbZHkh ifjorZu lkekftd xfr'khyrk gS ^dFku gS&v-) ;ax ,oaesd dk c-) lh-oh xqM dkl-) cksxkMZl dk n-) feyj dk

(l)izu 8 lkekftd xfr'khyrk dksizHkkfor djus okys ?kVd gS&

v-) lkekftd lajpuk c-) tkfr izFkk


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l-) f'k{kk n-) mijksDr lHkh(n)

izu 9 laLd`frdj.k esao`f) djrk gS&v-) vk/kqfudhdj.k c-) if'pehdj.kl-) uxjhdj.k n-) vkS|ksfxdhdj.k

(l)izu 10 lekthdj.k ds eq[; vfHkdj.k gS &

v-) ifjokj c-) hM+k lewgl-) fofHkUu lkekftd laLFkk, n-) mijksDr LkHkh

(n)izu 11 ckyd dslekthdj.k dk lclsl'kDr vfHkdj.k gS&

v-) ifjokj c-) fo|ky;l-) ikl&iM+kSl n-) hM+k leqg

(c)

izu 12 fo|ky; f'k{kk dk dSlk lk/ku gS\v-) vkSipkfjd c-) vukSipkfjdl-) fujkSipkfjd n-) mijksDr dksbZ ugha

(v)izu 13 /keZdk vFkZ gksrk gSa&

v-) vkpj.k c-) /kkj.k djukl-) lR; dk ekxZ n-) mijksDr lHkh

(n)izu 14 loksZPp laLdfr dk lEcU/k gksrk gS&

v-) lR; c-) lqUnjrk lsl-) f'koe~ n-) mijksDr lHkh ls

(n)izu 15 tura= og ljdkj gS] ftlesalc Hkkx ysrs gS ^ dFku gS&

v-) vjLrq dk c-) lhys dkl-) fydau dk n-) esftuh dk

(c)izu 16 jk"Vh; ,drk lfefr dk xBu gqvk Fkk &

v-) 1967 dks c-) 1977 dksl-) 1987 dks n-) 1997 dks

(v)izu 17 HkkokRed ,drk lfefr dsv/;{k Fks&

v-) tkfdj gqlSu c-) tokgjyky usg:l-) eqnkfy;j n-) MkW0 lEiw.kkZuUn

(n)izu 18 f'k{kk dkslafo/kku dh leorhZlwph esadc j[kk x;k \ &

v-) 1949 esa c-) 1950 esa


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40


l-) 1971 esa n-) 1976 esa(n)

izu 19 oafpr oxZ gS&v-) vkfFkZd n`f"V ls c-) lkekftd n`f"V lsl-) lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls n-) mijksDr lHkh

(n)izu 20 vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij vYila[;d jk"Vksadh leL;k o f'k{kk esa;ksxnku djrsgSA

v-) la;qDr jk"V la?k c-) ;qusLdksl-) ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx n-) mijksDr lHkh

(n)

iu 21 lkekftd mi&O;oLFkk ds:i e f'k{kk'kkL= dh Hkw fedk dh foospuk dhft,A

Describe the role of education as a form of social sub system.

vFkok

f'k{kk ,d lkekftd mi&O;oLFkk gA Li V dhft,ADescribe the role of education as a social sub system.

mRrj nq[khZe ^^f'k{kk viusLoHkko ls,d lkekftd izf;k gS bldh mRifr bldh f;k,arFkk

bldk ifj.kke lc dqN lkekftd lUnHkksZ esa gh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bldk

lEcU/k fdlh Hkh vU; foKku dh vis{kk lekt'kkL= ls vf/kd gS ^A

f'k{kk ,d lkekftd izf;k gS vr% ;g lkekftd O;oLFkk dk gh ,d vax gSarFkk bls

lkekftd miO;oLFkk dgk x;k gSlekt dslnL;ksadk viuh vko';drvksa dks iwjk

djusdsfy, vU; dslEidZesavkuk rFkk vUr% f;k djuk ,d lkekftd ifj.kke dsfy, lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA O;fDr dh ;g lkekftd Hkwfedk gksrh gS rFkk bl izdkj dh

fofHkUUk Hkwfedkvksa dk O;fDr thou i;ZUr fuoZgu djrk gS ;g bl ms'; ij fuHkZj

djrk gSfd fdl le; og fdl miO;oLFkk dk lf; lnL; gSA rFkk fdl esafuf";

gSle;] y{; ,oavko';drk dsvuqlkj O;fDr ,d miO;oLFkk lsnwljh esaLoa; dks

lf; :i esaifjofrZr dj ysrk gSA cqzeSd ^^ tc fdlh laxBu esaHkyh&Hkkafr O;ofLFkr

in okyk dksbZO;fDr vius inksadh n`f"V ls vU;ksa ds lkFk vUr%f;k djrk gS rc os

,d lkekftd O;oLFkk cukrs gS ^A


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lEiw.kZ lkekftd izf;k

lEiw.kZ lkekftd izf;klEiw.kZlkekftd izf;k

lEiw.kZlkekftd izf;k

miO;oLFkk dh fo'kskrk, %&

1- miO;oLFkk Loa; esa iw.kZ O;oLFkk gksrh gSA fHkUu fHkUUk miO;oLFkk,a feydj ,d

cM+h O;oLFkk dk Lo:i xzg.k djrh gSA2-

,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk lewg miO;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA3-

bu lewgksadslnL; vU; miO;oLFkkvksadslnL; Hkh gksldrsgSA4- ;smiO;oLFkk,a fdlh y{; ds fy, iz;kljr jgrh gSA5-

blesa,slsrRo jgrs gS tks fojks/k vFkok lg;ksx djrs gSA rFkk y{; izkfIr esa

lqfo/kk ;k ck/kk mifLFkr djrs gSA6- y{; izkfIr gsrq buesa,dtqV gksus dh izo`fr ikbZtkrh gSA

7- ;smiO;oLFkk,a vUr%f;k djrh gS rFkk ikjLifjd :i esafUkHkZj Hkh gksrh gSA8-

buesalnL; la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA9-

buesaifjorZu'khyrk dk xq.k gksrk gS rFkk ,d miO;oLFkk esaifjorZu vkuslsnwljh Hkh cnyrh gSA

10- budh izd`fr vU; mi O;oLFkkvksa ij fu;U=.k LFkkfir djusdh gksrh gSA

11- ,d O;oLFkk nwljh O;oLFkk dk sviuh fo'ks"krk,aiznku djusdk Hkh iz;kl djrhgSAlkekftd miO;oLFkk esabldh fofHkUu bdkbZ;k vkil esaiw.kZr;k tqM+h gksrh gS

rFkk ,d dh xfrfof/k;ksadk ifj.kke nwljh bdkbZ ij Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSAVsydkV ikjlUl ,oauht ts- Lesyj us bl rF; dksLi"V djrs gq, dgk fd

iw.kZlekt miO;oLFkkvksaesa foHkDr gStkspkj izdkj dsvk/kkjHkwr dk;ksZ gsrqcaVsgSAvkxzg.k &y{; izkfIr] ,dhdj.k rFkk izfreku LFkkiuk A fdlh Hkh miO;oLFkk dksifjHkkf"kr djs rksdg ldrsgS fd ^^mi O;oLFkk o`gn~lkekftd izf;k] vUr%f;k dslwpukra= dk Loa; esaiw.kZ ,d Hkkx gStksi`Fkd jgdj Hkh O;oLFkk ls tqM+k jgrk gS ^A

iw.kZ lkekftd O;oLFkk dh miO;oLFkk,

'kSf{kd

vkfFkZdlkaLdfrd lkekftd


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f'k{kk ,d lkekftd miO;oLFkk ds:i esa %& O;fDr lekt dh ewyHkwr bdkbZgS rFkkf'k{kk ds fcuk O;fDr dh dYiuk ughadh tk ldrh A f'k{kk ,d izdkj lslaxhr gSftlesa nksLi"V Loj cursjgrsgS tc osfofHkUu rkyksa esajkx cnyrs gSrks;g ekywegksrk gS fd euq"; dh vkUrfjd 'kfDRk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld] ckSf)d vkSj dkYifudl`tu vkSj vUrckZs/k dh 'kfDRk;ksadk fodkl gks jgk gSA f'k{kk dh lekt dsfcuk dYiuk

Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh gS f'k{kk dh izf;k dsrhu vax feykdj blsmiO;oLFkk dkLo:i iznku djrsgSA

Nk= v/;kid

vUr% f;k

f'k{kk dksrhu izdkj dh pqukSfr;ksadk lkeuk djusdsfy, Hkwfedkvksadk fuokZg djuk gksrk gSA

,sfrgkfld ewY;ksao laLd`fr dk laj{k.k djukAlelkef;d ifjfLFkfr;ksaesalkaetL; djukHkfo"; dsvn`'; lekt dh rS;kj djukA

i'u 22 lekthdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs g \ lekthdj.k ds fofHkUu fl)kUrks ds vuq lkj

lekthdj.k dh if;k Li V dhft,A

What do you understand by socialization, describe the procedure of socialization

keeping in view the different principles of socialization?

mRrj euq"; dk tUe lekt esa gksrk gSA lekt esa tUe ysus ds i'pkr~ og /khjs&/khjsvkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k dslEidZ esa vkrk gS vkSj mlls izHkkfor gksrk gSA izkjEHk esaeuq"; ek= ,d tSfod izk.kh gksrk gSA D;ksa fd vkgkj&funzk dsvykok mlsfdlh vkSjckr dk Kku ughagksrk vkSj mldh voLFkk cgqr dqN i'kqvksads leku gksrh gS bldsvfrfjDr tUe dsle; ckyd esalHkh izdkj dslkekftd xq.kksa dk Hkh vHkko gksrk gSAekrk&firk ,oa ifjokj ds lEidZ esa vkdj og muls lkekftd f'k"Vkpkj dh ckrslh[krk gSvkxspydj mldslEidZ dk {ks= vksj vf/kd O;kid gks tkrk gSrFkk ogfofHkUu lkekftd rjhdksalsviusdk;ksZ dkslapkyu djuk lh[k ysrk gS rFkk mldkizR;sd O;ogkj lekt ds fu;eksads vuqlkj gksus yxrk gS bl izdkj og ek= tSfod

izk.kh ls ,d lkekftd izk.kh cu tkrk gSA lekt'kkL= esacPps ds lkekftd cuusdhblh izf;k dkslekthdj.k dgk tkrk gSA

ifjHkk"kk %& tkWulu ^^lekthdj.k og izf'k{k.k gS tks lh[kusokyksdkslkekftd Hkwfedkvnk djus esaleFkZ cukrk gSA


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cksxkMZl ^^lekthdj.k og izf;k gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj jgdjO;ogkj djuk lh[krk gSvkSj blds }kjk lkekftd vkRe&fu;U=.k lkekftdmRrjnkf;Ro rFkk lUrqfyr O;fDrRo dk vuqHko izkIr djrk gSA

dksfuax ^^lekthdj.k lsrkRi;Z ml izf;k ls gSftlesa,d O;fDr viuslekt ftlesaog tUek gS dk dk;Zjr ;k mi;ksxh lnL; curk gSa vFkkZr lekt dh

tujhfr;ks,oa:f


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vuqxeu djrk gS vge~cqf)erk iwoZd ewy izo`fRr;ksadsckjsesa fu.kZ; ysrk gSaA;g lq[k o lUrqf"V dksvf/kdre o nq%[k dksU;wure djus dk iz;kl drk gSA

ije~ vge~ & rhljh O;oLFkk ije~ vge~ gSa ;g iw.kZ:is.k uSfrd gS ;g vkn'kkZRedO;oLFkk gStks okLrfodrk ;k ;FkkFkZrk dh ijokg ughadjrh A bldk y{;lq[k dh vis{kk iw.kZrk gSA ije~vge~ fu.kZ; ysusokyh O;oLFkk gS ftlesalgh o

xyr dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSa A ftlesa lkekftd ekudksa ds lUnHkZ esaLohdk;Zrk o vLohdk;Zrk ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk gS ;g O;fDr esa vijk/k cks/k,oa n.M dh O;oLFkk djrh gSAlekt esa lc O;fDr lkekftd ekudksa dkvkUrfjdhdj.k dj ysrk gSA izkjfEHkd O;oLFkk lekt dh fofHkUu laLFkk,aO;fDrdksiqjLd`r o nf.Mr djrh gSA

3- nq[khZe dk fl)kUr ^ lkewfgd izfr;ksfxrk^& nq[khZe ds fl)kUr dks lkewfgdizfrfuf/kRo dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gS budk dFku gS fd lekt esa vusdn`f"Vdks.k] ewY;] izfreku rFkk O;ogkj gksrsgSfd ;slkewfgd :i ls O;fDr dsO;ogkj dksizHkkfor djrs gSA nq[khZe vius fl)kUr esa bl ckr ij cy nsrk gSfd O;fDr lkewfgd izfrfuf/kRo dk vuqlj.k djrk gS vkSj mlh ls mldk

lekthdj.k gksrk gSnwljs'kCnksaesaO;fDr lkekftd fopkjksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa] ewY;ksaoO;ogkjksadks blfy, xzg.k djrk gSfd mudsihNslekt dh lkekftd 'kfDrgksrh gS mlh lsO;fDr dk lekthdj.k gkstkrk gSA

4- ehM dk ^^lkekftd fo'ys"k.k^^ fl)kUr&ehM us lekthdj.k dh izf;k dklekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS budk dguk gSfd cPpsdkstc nwljsO;fDr;ksalslaosnukRed lEidZ LFkkfir gksrk gS rHkh mlesa^Lo^ vFkok ^vge^ dk fodklgksrk gS ehM us êS rFkk êq>^ dsvk/kkj ij vius fl)kUr dksle>kus dk iz;klfd;k gStc rd cPps esa ^Lo^ psruk tkxzr ugha gksrh êSa dsleku O;ogkjdjrk gSA ^Lo^ psruk tkxzr gkstkus dsi'pkr~ og êq>^ dsleku O;ogkj djusyxrk gSA êSa dk vFkZ vU; O;fDr;ksadsn`f"Vdks.k dsizfr cPpsdk izR;qRrj gStcfd êq>^ og lc dqN gS ftlesaizfr O;fDr Loa; lpsr gksrk g SaeSarFkk eq>

esaviuslsiz'uksRrj djrk jgrk gS blh ls mlesa^Lo^ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkkog nwljksadh Hkwfedk fuHkkusyxrk gSA

i'u 23 laLd`fr dslEiR;; dks crkb;s A f'k{kk o laLd`fr d e/; lEcU/k dksLi V dhft, A

Explain the concept of culture? Explain the relation between education & culture ?

mRrj lalkj dh leLr oLrqvksa dks eksVs rkSj ij nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa& ,dizkd`frd vkSj nwljh ekuo fufeZr ,oafodflrA O;kid vFkZ esa laLd`fr esaog lc dqNgS tks ekuo fufeZr ,oa fodflr gSA laLd`fr 'kCn ls Hkh ;gh vFkZ fudyrk gS AlaLd`fr& le$d`fr vFkkZr~vPNh izdkj lslskp&le>dj fd;sx;sdk;ZA

laLd`fr dsvuqlkj gh fdlh lekt dh thou'kSyh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA laLd`fr esavkn'kksZ] ewY;ksa] fo'oklks,oaekU;rkvksa,oaekudksa dk ;ksx laLd`fr esagksrk gSA laLd`frdseq[; vax ijEijk,] fpUru 'kSyh] dyk] f'kYi] oLrq eqY; rFkk vkpj.k gksrs gSAlaLd`fr lkekftd ijEijkvksadk ,d izk:i gksrk gSlaLdfr lH;rk dh lgsyh gSAlaLd`fr ml Qwy dsleku gS tksekuo dh f;kvksa }kjk f[kyrk gSijUrq laLd`frvfrlqUnj iq"i gStksekuo dh f;kvksa}kjk mldsizk:i dksfu/kkZfjr djrk gSlaLd`frdsvfrlqUnj i{k dk fodkl djuk f'k{kk dk dk;Z gSA


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ifjHkk kk

Vk;yj ^^ laLd`fr og tfVy iw.kZrk gS ftlesamu lcdk Kku] fo'okl] dyk] uSfrdrk]fu;e] jhfr&fjokt vkSj blh izdkj dh vU; {kerkvksavkSj vknrksadk lekos'k

gksrk gS ftUgsaeuq"; lekt ds lnL; ds :i esalh[krk gSAvkSVkos& ^^fdlh lekt dh laLd`fr lsvFkZ ml lekt dh lEiw.kZthou 'kSyh lsgksrk

gS ^AlaLd`fr ds okLrfod izR;; dks bl izdkj ls Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS viusvkfndky esaekuo i'kqor FkkA /khjs&/khjs mlusviusefLr"d vkSj cqf) dsiz;ksxlsviusthou dksljy o lq[ke; cukusgsrq viusjgu&lgu o [kku&iku dhfof/k;kafodflr dh A fopkjksadsvknku&iznku gsrqHkk"kk dk fodkl vksj viusiz;ksx dh vusd oLRkqvksadk fuekZ.k fd;k] D;ksafd ml le; vkokxeu gsrq uekxZ Fks vkSj u lk/ku blfy, lalkj ds fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkxksa esa cls euq";ksa usvius&viusjgu&lgu ,oa[kku&iku dh fof/k;ka fodflr dh viuh Hkk"kkvksadk

fodkl fd;kA dkykUrj esa mlus O;ogkj izfreku jhfr&fjokt] dyk dkS'ky]laxhr] u`R;] Hkk"kk&lkfgR;] /keZ&n'kZu] vkn'kZ&fo'okl vkSj ewY; fodflr fd;sAbl izdkj lslaLd`fr dksfuEu :i esaifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSA ^^ fdlh lektdh LkaLd`fr ls rkRi;Z ml lekt dsO;fDr;ksads jgu&lgu ,oa[kku&iku dhfof/k;ksa] O;ogkj izfrekuksa] vkpkj&fopkj] jhfr&fjokt] dyk&dkS'ky] laxhr u`R;]Hkk"kk&lkfgR;] /keZ&n'kZu] vkn'kZ] fo'okl vkSj ewY;ksadsml fof'k"V :i lsgksrkgS tksmldh igpku gksrsgSA

laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk,a

1- laLd`fr vkn'kkZRed gksrh gSa& laLd`fr esalewg dsvkn'kZ&fu;eksa,oafopkjksadk

lekos'k gksrk gSa ;g leqg dsO;ogkj ds vkn'kZ&fu;eksa,oaizfrekuksadk lEiw.kZ;ksx gSA

2- laLd`fr ,d lefUor iz.kkyh gSa & laLd`fr esa O;oLFkk orZeku gksrh gSA bldsfofHkUu vax ,d&nwljsdslkFk lefUor gksrsgSA

3- laLd`fr lEiw.kZ lkekftd fojklr gSa& laLd`fr vrhr ls la;qDr gksrh gSA vrhrthfor jgrk gSA D;ksa fd ;g laLd`fr esalekosf'kr gSa;g ,d ih


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7- Hkk"kk laLd`fr dk eq[; okgu gS& Hkk"kk dsek/;e ls O;fDr vrhr esalh[ksx;sO;ogkj dksgLrkafjr djrh gSrFkk laxzghr Kku dksHkfo"; esagLrkafjr djusesal{ke cukrh gSA

8- laLd`fr lh[kh xbZ;ksX;rk gSa &LkaLdfr uSlfxZd ugha gksrhA lekthdj.k vknrksa,oa fopkjksa }kjk lh[ks x;s y{k.kksa dks laLdfr dgk tkrk gSA laLd`fr lh[kh

tkrh gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk,a&1- vk/;kfRedrk2- lfg"

Philosophical & Sociological Foundation of Education

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Transcript of Philosophical & Sociological Foundation of Education