Philosophes. Thomas Hobbes Believed humans were selfish and greedy and needed government to impose...
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Transcript of Philosophes. Thomas Hobbes Believed humans were selfish and greedy and needed government to impose...
PhilosophesPhilosophes
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
Believed humans were selfish and greedy and Believed humans were selfish and greedy and needed government to impose orderneeded government to impose order
Social Contract = people sacrifice some Social Contract = people sacrifice some freedoms to a strong ruler to maintain law and freedoms to a strong ruler to maintain law and orderorder
Purpose of government is to keep citizens Purpose of government is to keep citizens under control through a strong ruler (absolute under control through a strong ruler (absolute monarchy)monarchy)
English, 1651 The Leviathan (sea monster) English, 1651 The Leviathan (sea monster) compared government with awesome powercompared government with awesome power
John LockeJohn Locke English, humans were naturally reasonable, English, humans were naturally reasonable,
learn from experience and improve learn from experience and improve independence.independence.
People born free and equal with natural rights; People born free and equal with natural rights; life, liberty, propertylife, liberty, property Purpose of government = protect natural Purpose of government = protect natural
rights and govern according to consent of the rights and govern according to consent of the peoplepeople
If government failed to protect natural rights If government failed to protect natural rights citizens had right to overthrow government citizens had right to overthrow government and establish a new social contractand establish a new social contract
Foundation for modern democracyFoundation for modern democracy Inspired revolutions in Europe and AmericasInspired revolutions in Europe and Americas
Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu Video Enlightenment Philosophers 3:22 minVideo Enlightenment Philosophers 3:22 min British best form of government. British best form of government.
Why?Why? Separation of power among three Separation of power among three
branchesbranches Legislative, executive, judicialLegislative, executive, judicial System of checks and balanceSystem of checks and balance flocabulary 3 branchesflocabulary 3 branches Wrote “Spirit of the Laws” 1748Wrote “Spirit of the Laws” 1748
RousseauRousseau ““Man is born free, and Man is born free, and
everywhere he is in chains.”everywhere he is in chains.” People are born good but People are born good but
environment, education, and laws environment, education, and laws corrupt themcorrupt them
Government should be formed Government should be formed and guided by the general will of and guided by the general will of society. Popular sovereigntysociety. Popular sovereignty
Wrote “The Social Contract” 1762Wrote “The Social Contract” 1762 People give up some freedom for People give up some freedom for
the common good of allthe common good of all
VoltaireVoltaire Wrote “Candide”, “Philosopical Wrote “Candide”, “Philosopical
Letters”Letters” Believed that freedom of speech Believed that freedom of speech
was best weapon against bad gov.was best weapon against bad gov. Spoke out against catholic churchSpoke out against catholic church Believed in separation of church Believed in separation of church
and stateand state How is this exercised in our society?How is this exercised in our society?
Adam SmithAdam Smith Scottish economist 1776 The Wealth of Scottish economist 1776 The Wealth of
NationsNations Applied enlightened law to economicsApplied enlightened law to economics Individuals act in their own self-interest to Individuals act in their own self-interest to
create economic interestcreate economic interest Became known as laissez-faireBecame known as laissez-faire
Believed in free market ideas of supply and Believed in free market ideas of supply and demanddemand
Laissez faire = lazy government. Laissez faire = lazy government. Government hands-off with business and Government hands-off with business and industry ownesindustry ownes
Prior to this monarchs control economic Prior to this monarchs control economic lifelife
Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft EnglishEnglish Despite advances for natural rights, Despite advances for natural rights,
women ignored.women ignored. Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of
Women”Women” Fought for equal education opportunities Fought for equal education opportunities
for women for women People who support defend and establish People who support defend and establish
equal rights for women are called ?equal rights for women are called ? suffragetessuffragetes
Denis DiderotDenis Diderot
Edited the encyclopediaEdited the encyclopedia28 volumes28 volumesCriticized government, Criticized government, church, slave trade, church, slave trade, taxes, and wartaxes, and war
Reaction to PhilosophesReaction to Philosophes
Absolute Monarchs Absolute Monarchs banned or censored banned or censored the writingsthe writings
Clergy preached Clergy preached against themagainst them