Philosopher Overview-Media Ethics
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Transcript of Philosopher Overview-Media Ethics
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In defining ethical behavior:Aristotle focused on the actor
Kant focused on the action
Mill focused on the consequences of the action
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Aristotle384-322 BCAristotle focused on the study of character
His premise is that people should achieve an excellent character (a virtuous character, "ethikē aretē" in Greek) as a pre-condition for attaining happiness or well-being (eudaimonia).
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Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not only a theoretical knowledge, but practical. People must have "experience of the actions in life" and have been "brought up in fine habits" to become good. For a person to become virtuous, he can't simply study what virtue is, but must actually do virtuous things.
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People become virtuous by performing virtuous actions
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Golden MeanAristotle argued that each of the moral virtues
was a mean (Golden Mean) between two corresponding vices.
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VirtuesPrudence/Wisdom (exercising sound judgment
in practical affairs.)
Justice (proper moderation between self-interest and the rights and needs of others)
Courage (the ability to confront fear, pain, risk/danger, uncertainty, or intimidation)
Temperance (practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation)
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Moral virtue, or excellence of character, concerns what we do voluntarily, and not what we do because we are forced to do so.
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Immanuel Kant (Deontology)1724-1804The basis of moral action is duty. When we
exercise the goodwill to decide to follow our duty, then our actions have moral value.
We shouldn’t treat people as a means to an end, but as ends in themselves.
“Certain actions are right or wrong regardless of the consequences.”
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John Stewart Mill (Teleology)1806-1873
Utilitarianism is a focus on what will bring pleasure to the greatest number and freedom from pain.
The rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by the goodness or badness of their consequences.
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The common good—an essential ethical concept means “the welfare of all citizens, rather than that of factions or special interests, should be served impartially.”(Clifford Christians)
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IntentionsFor actions to be considered ethical, the
decision maker must intend no harm to the parties affected by the decision.
We must also consider possible unintended consequences of our actions
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ConscienceMay your stone stay sharp. Maybe it continue
to hurt.
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CongruenceThe importance of finding a sense of harmony
between your personal values and characteristics, and the values and duties associated with your career.
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Ethical dilemmasTruth vs. loyalty
Individual vs. community
Short term vs. long term
Justice vs. mercy
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