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CONTENTS

Preface to the Sixth Edition pagev

From the Preface to the First Edition ix

Acknowledgments

xv

Table

of

Cases xxxiii

Table

of Statutes

xxxvii

1 . N A T U R E O F J U R I S P R U D E N C E 1

W hat is Jurisprudence? 1

Th e Relevance of Jurisprudence 2

Acquiring Social Knowledge 6

Norm ative Character of L aw 11

O ugh t and Is 12

Form (or Structure) and Content 14

Philosophy of L aw? 14

The Need for a Com prehensive Jurisprudence 15

Jurisprudence Today 16

EXTR CTS

J. Austin The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence 20

W .L . Twining Some Jobs for Jurisprudence 23

J. Shklar Legalism 26

T. Eagleton Ideology 30

D . H u m e

A Treatise of Hum an Nature 34

K. Popper The Poverty of Historicism 35

T.S.

Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolu tions 38

T.Campbell

Seven Theories of Hum an Society 43

MEANING

O F L A W 47

Th e Na ture of Definitions 47

Naming a Thing 47

Essentialism 48

Analysis of W ords or Fact 50

Are Definitions Necessary? 51

Ideological Factors 51

Criterion of Validity 52

L aw and Regularity 55

L aw and Morals 56

Morals as Part of L aw 58

L aw and Value Judgments 59

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Conclusion

J. Bentham

J. Bentham

J. Bentham

J. Austin

W.J. Rees

Contents

EXTR CTS

A Fragment on Government

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals

and Legislation

Of Laws in General

The Province of Jurisprudence Determined

The Theory of

Sovereignty

Re-stated

xxv

227

229

229

233

251

264

5 . P U R E T H E O R Y O F L A W 271

Normativism 272

The Pu re Science of L aw 273

Norm s and the Basic Norm 274

Hierarchy of Norms and L aw-making Process 276

Sanctions 277

Kelsen and Austin 280

Norm and Com mand 280

Sanctions 280

L egal Dynamics 281

Basic Norm 281

Critique 281

Th e Basic Norm 282

International L aw 288

L aw and Fact 289

Non-legal Norm s 290

EXTR CTS

H. Kelsen The Pure Theory of Law 291

H. Kelsen General Theory of Law and State 297

H. Kelsen

Causality

and Imputation 304

H. Kelsen

Professor Stone and the Pure Theory of Law

307

H. Kelsen The Pure Theory of Law 309

H. Kelsen The Function ofaConstitution 321

J. Raz The Purity of

the

Pure Theory 327

6 .

MODERN

T R E N D S IN

A N A L Y T I C A L

A N D

N O R M A T I V E

J U R I S P R U D E N C E

339

H art's Concept of L aw 344

An Ou tline of Ha rt's Jurisprudence 345

The Internal Aspect of L aw 348

The Rule of Recognition 350

Is L aw A System of Rules? 354

Rawls and Distributive Justice 356

Nozick and the Minimal State 367

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xxvi Contents

Th e Econo m ic Analysis of L aw 374

Rights 379

Th e Natu re of Righ ts 387

Ho hfeld 's Analysis of Righ ts 390

EXTR CTS

H . L . A . H a r t Positivism and the Separation of Law and

Morals 393

L .L . Fu l le r Positivism and Fidelity to Law - a Reply to

Professor Hart 396

H . L . A . H a r t Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence 400

N.MacCormick

Contemporary Legal Philosophy: the

Rediscovery of Practical Reason 405

J. Raz The Problem about the Nature of Law 419

J. Raz Practical

Reason and Norms

430

Ronald Dworkin A Trump Over Utility 434

H . L . A . H a r t Between Utility and Rights 444

Ronald Dworkin

Is W ealth a Value?

454

Richard A. Posner Dworkin's Critique of W ealth

Maximisation 459

R.S .M arkovits

Second-Best Theory and the Standard

Analysis of Monopoly Rent Seeking 463

J. Rawls A Theory of Justice 466

J. Rawls

Political Liberalism

477

J. Rawls The Law of Peoples 485

R. Nozick Anarchy , State and Utopia 491

W.N. Hohfeld

Fundam ental Legal Conceptions as

App lied in Judicial Reasoning 494

N. MacCormick The Ethics of Legalism 500

SOCIOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENC E AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF

L A W

509

Introduction 509

Comte and Sociology 510

L aissez Faire and Herb ert Spencer 511

Jhering (1818-1892) 514

Max W eber (1864-1920) 514

Emile Du rkheim (1858-1917) 518

Eug en Ehrlich (1862-1922) 522

Roscoe Pound (1870-1964) 524

Social Engineering 525

Values 528

A Consensus Model Society 529

Sociological Jurisp rudence since Pound 531

L asswell and McD ougal 533

Talco tt Parsons 534

Selznick 536

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Contents xxvii

From Sociological Jurisprudence - Towards a Sociology of L aw

537

Un ger and the Deve lopmen t of Mo dern L aw 542

Critical Empiricism 544

Autopo iesis and L aw 547

EXTR CTS

R. von Jhering

Law as M eans to an End

550

M. Weber

Econom y and Society

552

E. Durkheim The Division of Labour in Society 562

Ehrlich Principles of the Sociology of Law 565

R. Pound Philosophy of Law 570

R. Pound Outlines of Jurisprudence 572

R. Pound Contemporary Juristic Theory 573

R. Pound Social Control Through Law 578

Harry C. Bredemeier Law as an Integrative Mechanism 579

P.

Selznick

The Sociology of Law

584

R.M. Unger Law in Modern Society 589

A. HuntDichotomy and C ontradiction in the Sociology of

Law

594

R. Cotterrell

The Sociological Concept of Law

602

D. M. TrubekBack to the Future: The Short Happy Life of

the Law and Society Movement 613

S. Silbey & A. SaratCritical Traditions in

Law

and Society

Research

622

N. Luhmann Operational Closure and Structural

Coupling: The D ifferentiation of the Legal System 627

G. Teubner How the Law Thinks 636

A M E R I C A N

R E A L I S M

655

Th e Rev olt against Form alism 655

Mr Justice Holm es 656

The Am erican L egal System 658

The Re alist Movement in L aw 658

Fact-skeptics and Rule-skeptics 659

L lewellyn on Institutions and L aw -Jobs 661

Th e Comm on L aw Tradition 662

Scientific and Normative L aws 666

Realism : An Assessment 667

EXTR CTS

O.W. Holmes The Path of the Law 670

W . Tw ining The Bad Man Revisited 671

J. Dewey

Logical Method and Law 611

J. Frank Law and the Modern Mind 679

J. Frank Courts on Trial 683

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Contents

xxix

E .A . Hoebe l The Law of Primitive M an 807

M. Gluckman Judicial Process among the Barotse 813

L .L . Fu l le r Hum an Interaction and the Law 819

Paul Bohannan The Differing Realms of the Law 829

S. Diamond

The Rule of Law

versus

the O rder of

Custom 832

1 1 . M A R X I S T

T H E O R I E S

O F L A W A N D S T A T E 837

Dialectics, Hege l and Marx 838

Marx and Hegel's Political Philosophy 839

Materialist Conception 840

Base and Superstructure 842

Th e Q uestion of Class 848

Marx and Ideology 850

Th e State and L aw 853

Marx and Justice, Morality and Hu man Rights 857

Th e W ithering Aw ay of the State 862

O ther Marxisms 864

Karl Ren ner 864

An tonio Gramsci 866

The Frank furt School 866

Pashukanis 867

Marxist The ories of L aw and State - a Critique 871

EXTR CTS

F.Hegel Philosophy of Right 876

K . M a r x

Critique of

Hegel's

Philosophy of Right

877

K. Marx Preface to Contribution to Critique of Political

Economy 877

K. Marx and F. Engels The German Ideology 878

F. Engels The Housing Question 879

G . A . C o h e n

Karl M arx's Theory of

History 880

S. L ukes Can the Base be D istinguished from the

Superstructure? 885

K. Marx and F. Engels The German Ideology 890

M. Foucault Two Lectures 891

K. Marx Preface to The Critique of Political Economy 897

K. Marx Capital 898

K. Marx and F. Engels The German Ideology 905

E.P. Thompson Whigs and Hunters 906

K. Marx

The Civil

W ar

in France

912

K . M a r x Critique of the Gotha Programm e 912

F.Engels Anti-Duhring 914

V. L enin

State and Revolution

915

K. Renner The Institutions of Private Law and their Social

Functions 916

E. Pashukanis

Law and Marxism

924

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xxxii Contents

F.Castberg

Problems of Legal Philosophy

1358

E . H . L e v i An Introduction to Legal Reasoning 1362

R. Sartorius

Social Policy and Judicial Legislation

1365

Index of Authors 1369

Index of Subjects 1379