BELIEFS TO OBTAIN PROSPERITY, GOOD HEALTH AND FAMILY LIFE AND PROTECTION FROM EVIL SPIRITS

BRIEF HISTORY OF PHILIPPINES

Chinese called the philippines ma-yi(ma-i)

On march 16,1521,FERDINAND MAGELLAN LANDED AT THE ISLAND OF HOMONHON WHICH LED TO THE REDISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES WHICH HE INITIALLY CALLED ARCHIPELAGO OF ST. LAZARUS

THE NAME PHILIPPINES WAS GIVEN BY SPANISH EXPLORER RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS IN 1543 IN HONOR OF KING PHILIP II OF SPAIN

FIRST MASS IN THE COUNTRY WAS HELD ON MARCH 31,1521 ON THE SHORE OF LIMASAWA

DATU LAPU-LAPU SUCCESSFULLY WON AGAINST MAGELLAN ON APRIL 27 ,1521 IN THE ISLAND OF MACTAN

SPANIARDS RULED THE PHILIPPINES FOR 377 YEARS

SPANIARDS BUILD CHURCHES IN THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE COUNTRY

EDUCATION WAS ALSO INTRODUCED TO THE FILIPINOS

KATIPUNAN LED BY ANDRES BONIFACIO REVOLTED AGAINST THE SPANIARDS IN AUGUST 23 ,1896

BATTLE OF BINAKAYAN,ONE OF THE GREATEST VICTORY OF FILIPINOS LED EMILIO AGUINALDO IN KAWIT CAVITE

BIAK NA BATO WAS ESTABLISHED ON NOVEMBER 1,1897

COMMODORE GORGE DEWEY,COMMANDER OF AMERICAN FLEET DEFEATED THE SPANISH ARMADA UNDER ADMIRAL PATRICIO MONTOJO IN THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY ON MAY 1,1898

ON JUNE 12,1898, THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE WAS PROCLAIMED IN KAWIT CAVITE

AUGUST,1898 MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE END FOR THE SPANISH RULE

ON DECEMBER 10,1898,THE TREATY OF PARIS WAS SIGNED WHERE IN SPAIN CEDED THE PHILIPPINES TO THE UNITED STATES FOR $20,000,OOO.

DWELLINGS USED BY EARLY FILIPINOS

CavesTabon cavePhilippines' Cradle of Civilizationare a set of caves located on Lipuun Point, north ofQuezon municipality, in the south western part of the province ofPalawanonPalawan Island, in thePhilippines. The caves are named after theTabon Scrubfowl. It is bordered on the south by the town proper of Quezon, Bgy.Panitianon the west, and the South China Sea on the north and east. Out of the total 215 caves known to exist on Lipuun Point, the Tabon Caves complex has 29 explored caves where only seven of which are open for public viewing. The major caves open to the public are Tabon Cave, Diwata Cave, Igang Cave, and Liyang Cave. TheTabon Manwas discovered in the caves, one of the oldest remnants of human inhabitants found in the Philippines.Other remains that were excavated have remained onsite and have yet to be examined in detail.The caves complex are maintained and managed by theNational Museumand is declared by a National Cultural Treasure by the same institution in February 2011

PagaSleeping boardLean- to Wind-shield One-sided lean-to with or without flooring Single-pitched roof supported by rafters Horizontal lintel Supported by tree trunks Other end rests diretly to the ground Rattan and bamboo Walls Roof Floor framing Nipa, palm,banana,grass Sheating Negritoes Ati Ata Aeta Agta Dumagat

Tree house Bamboo Framing Walls Flooring Rattan Securing the whole framework To withstand strong wind and storm

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTUREPRE-SPANISH ERA

Climate The provinces in the low lands normally near the sea shores are hotter compare of the places in the high lands where they established their group in the mountains.

During the months of March to June is the dry season and wet season is from July to October; the rest of the month is the mixture of both.

So as the houses we're built in accordance to what the temperature and weather condition.HISTORYDuring the Pre-Spanish Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters 3000 BC, joined by advance agricultural race from Indonesia Barangays as tribal system Converted to Islam in 1300 AD Trade center of the orientMATERIALS

Luzon Ivatan (batanes)Slope of cliffs and villages built along the sides and tops of rocky hills of batanes island

Plan stand directly on the ground to withstand strong winds or typhoons made up of two houses - the rakuh (big house) consists of the living room and sleeping quarters and the kusina (kitchen) Structural The walls, made of lime and stone, is sometimes embeddcd with wooden reinforcements in order to resist the effect of a strong earthquake. The reinforcements run from the hase up to the roof frame. Doors and windows are provided in the rakuh house but the wall facing the direction of the strongest winds are left solidly closed Protective elements Gabled roof=cogon Circulatory elements Doors & windows= rakuhIlokanoLowland of ilocos Plan pinagong & tinubang houses Rectangular in plan Structural Main posts buried Protective elements Hip roof balatbat= purlins Circulatory elements Sliding windowKalapaw- other house of IlocanoIsneg (apayao)Mountain of apayao at the northern end of cordilleraHome of the Isneg boat people; pyramidal or hipped roof; annex on one or both ends; removable sidings for special occasion

Plan binuron Decorative elements and furnishings Ancestral weapons, porcelain jars and plates Elevated at approximately 1.50 above the ground a single-room rectangular structure designed with three levels lowest level: datag or xassaran, located at the center of the room immediate level: ramuyon, occupy three sides of the floor proper (the lowest level) highest level: tarakip, located on the remaining side of the house is an extension Structural 15 posts of heavy hardwood Posts are distributed in the following manner: Sinit posts - six of these support the data g and two support the tarakip Adixi posts - six of these support the roof Atobrobo - a single post supporting the ridgepole Protective elements Gabled roof & lean-to roof Bamboo & cogon grass Circulatory elements Wooden stairs There are no fixed window openings since wall construction system allow occupants to remove few wailboards in case air is needed for the interior.

KalingaMountains of cordillera

Plan rectangular or octagonal form octagonal shaped house is called binaryon or finaryon living area is elevated at 1.20 meters Attic is located underneath the roof which is also used as granary elevated fireplace is found at the left rear side flooring of the elevated portions of the house is made of removable reed mats resting on floor joists

Decorative elements and furnishings Carabaos skulls/pigs jaws Structural Four house posts=amugawan tree Protective elements Pyramidal roof Reed and grass Circulatory elements Two doors=same width=wallboards Ladder=main door

KankanayBakun mountain in the north central area of benguet

Plan binangiyan Decorative elements Jawbones and skulls of butchered pigs Structural Four or more wooden post Walls=hardwood Protective elements Pyramidal roof High and pointed Circulatory elements Detachable bamboo stair Windows are not provideTinggian Mountains of abra and apayao district of cagayan

Plan Elevated=wooden floor boards Decorative elements and furnishings Wall boards= carvings of eyes, noses, mouths Structural elements Post/walls=wood peepholes Protective elementsRoof=runo grassBontocMountain area of cordillera

Plan fayu Furnishings Sleeping compartment square in plan and is designed to facilitate various activities Granary (falig) - area of 2.00 square meters is elevated on four posts of about 5-0 high Has a fireplace located at the rear left corner On the ground floor (cha-la-noii) the following areas are arranged from the doorway to the rear as follows: a. Immediately at the left side of the main entrance is a rice threshing room of about 5 square feet in area and sunk about a foot into the ground. Found at the center of this room is the mortar used for threshing rice. b. At the right side of the entrance is a bench 4-O wide,12-O long and l-O high where baskets, utensils and other tools are placed. Chickens are kept underneath this bench. c. Adjacent to the threshing room is the kitchen. With an area of 5 square feet, it is provided with three concave stove stones hacked by a low stone wall, wooden shelves and water jars. d. Across the only entrance, at the rear side of the house is the ang-an, which is used for sleeping and storage. This is the only room with wooden flooring and ceiling.

Structural Four corner posts and the side walls are built as supports to the roof Front and side walls are made of wood connected to the posts Rear wall is made of stone and mud Roof framing is made up of a ridge post which Is supported by two queen posts Queen posts are made to rest on a central horizontal beam Other horizontal beams are provided to support the upper rafters

Protective elements Pyramidal roof Ridge post supported by (2) queen posts The sleeping compartment is provided with wooden boards or sleeping benches 3-O x 4-O in size. The board is slightly inclined on one end to allow the sleepers head is elevated. On the other end is a pole where the sleeper can rest his feet. Fire can be provided under this pole when the need for warmth arises in the occupant. Circulatory elements Stair,smokeholes, door

IfugaoMountains of Cordillera

Plan enclosed structure which is square in plan rests 2.00 high on four tree trunks as columns Contains a single room having an area of 4x5M interior space is used for cooking and sleeping fireplace is located at the far right hand corner of the house Shelves above the fireplace are provided for the storage of palay and firewood Floor is about 1.50 to 2,00 above the ground made ofwooden planks resting on solid floor joists which overhang the floor

Structural posts are buried into a hole dug about half meter into the ground and are further secured by means of stones placed on each hole floor girders are carved with mortises on both ends to fit into the pointed upper end of the posts which act as the tenons lower part of the waliboards are mortised into the floor joists while the upper part are rabetted above into a transverse beam roof is pyramidal covered with reed and grass Roof framing is made up of rafters resting on a brace above and which in turn is supported by a kingpost. At the apex of the roof, the grass covering is made loose in order to allow the escape of smoke coming from the kitchen area. Decorative elements carabaos skulls and pigs jaws are used as indication of status and keeping peace with the gods Ambubulan figure form placed on top of the roof is used as a protection against evil spirits and lightning and as a sign of asking a favour from the god Kabunyan These symbolic items rather than the size of his house are used as induations of the Ifugaos wealth.Gaddang Forested areas along hilltops of the cordillera

Plan Designed in any various size and shape Decorative elemens and furnishings One or two trunks Structural Upright tree trunks Upright bamboo Protective elements Cogon Ibaloy Mountains of benguet

Plan Built directly on the ground Decorative elements and furnishings Furnitures=absent Bed= built-in Structural Four to six posts Pinewood Protective elements Ceilingless Circulatory elements Stair made of taytay WindowlessIbanagLowland of isabela

Plan Elevated batalag porches(front/rear) Structural Sturdy wood post Split bamboo wall Protective elements Cogon or nipaVisayasBahay-kubo Lowlands all over the Philippines

An indigenous house used relatively all over the Philippines before the Spaniards. Traditionally made of Bamboo tied together covered with thatched roof of Anahaw Leaves or Nipa Originally, the bahay kubo is a one-room dwelling structure with porch provided on all sides of the house. Then, the bahay kubo graduated into a more sophisticated type of dwelling

Plan One-room dwelling w/ porch Bulwagan silid paglutuan - silong Dapogan bangahan batalan Bulgan - is the area reserved for entertaining guests Silid - is a private room used for sleeping Paglutuan or gilir - s the kitchen or cooking area Silong - is the space found underneath the house used as a storage space for the farming and fishing implements and also for the animals kept Parts of the Kitchen: Dapogan - is a table on top of which is the river stone, shoe-shaped stove or kalan. Ban gahan - this was later called ban gguera or banggerahan and is used as a place for drying and storing pots and pans, drinking glasses, plates and other kitchen utensils. Batakui - this is the unroofed area where water jars (used for drinking, washing and bathing) are kept. Structural Four main posts Rocks-stability to posts Floor sills-gililan (2) floor beams- yawi Floor joists- soleras Protective elements Steep gabled roof Cogon, rice stalks, sugar cane leaves, Nipa shingles- pawid Bamboo strips- palatpat Ridge pole- palupo Circulatory elements Doors=sala Windows=sawali

MangyanMountainside or hillside of Mindoro

Plan Rectangular in plan Elevated = 1.50 m communal house is elevated from the ground at 1.50 meters to the surrounding platform one-room structure measures 6.00 x 10.00 and is rectangular in plan Palaganan - passageway At the central part of the house leading from the main door Visitors may sleep along the palaganan but most of the time this is used as an extra storage space for the families Individual families are not separated from one another by partitions. Rather, their space allotment is defined by a mat spread on the floor and also by their individual fireplaces. Structural walls are made of the bark of trees and are constructed a meter or less above the floor Opening allows the occupants to observe the exterior without being seen from the outside covered by a gabled roof with cogon grass thatching Roof eaves project 1.00 meter beyond the wall for protection against the cold wind Protective elements Gabled roof= cogon thatching Roof eaves= 1m beyond wall Circulatory elements 4-step ladder/ notched log There are no windows. Openings are provided through the space between the flooring and the underneath surface of the wall.

CaticuganLowland of dumaguete

Plan Sala sleeping rm kitchen 2 porches Structural Bamboo posts = prevention of decay Flr. Beams attached to post together Nipa ext. Walls Sawali int. Partition Protective elements Hip or gabled Circulatory elements Stairs= 2 upright bamboos w/ hor. Slats Door = fenensa Windows awningMagahatSteep hillsides of southern negros island

Plan Square/rectangular in plan Structural Log post Protective elements Gabled roof framing Split bamboos Circulatory elements 4 diameter log stair

MindanaoBadjaoMindanao and sulu region

Plan Ladder serve as wash area Mirror symbolize the number of children Considered houseboats

Section of badjao house

MandayaEdge cliffs of davao

Plan Treehouses: flooring made of bamboo strips or beaten barks secured by rattan Two kinds: Rest directly on the limbs of trees Built on top of tree stumps (4.50-6.00 m high) Decorative elements Swing made of bamboo Drums made of stretched deer skin Guitars Bamboo flute and fighting spear Structural elements Two-three foundation post- suppoert the roof Walls-flattened bamboo strips or nipa poles covered with nipa palm Protective elements Gable roof- bamboo framing with layers of nipa plam as covering Circulatory elements Stair-single notched tree or bamboo poles Windows- usually small

Sabanun Plan The suburban house, rarely exceeding an area of 20.00 sq.m is built above the ground. It is a one-room structure with areas on slightly different levels consisting of the living room, dining area and cooking area. Sometimes, a n entry porch is provided Structural elements House posts may be made of wooden material or bamboo poles. Walls with bamboo framing are covered with layers of nipa palms. Protective elements Roof covering for the house is gable type covered with nipa palm Circulatory elements A single log with notches and bamboo railing forms as the stair to the house Windows are absent in the house walls

ManoboLowland of Agusan, Bukidnon, Davao, Misamis Oriental, Cotabato

Plan Flooring- withered bark of the mahogany tree or split bamboo Structural elements Four or more posts (when house measures 12x12) 20-50 posts and poles if the measure of the house is extended Walls: wide bambaoo framed Flooring: wide-bamboo framed covered with barks Protective elements Covered with sun-dried cogon Gabled roof shaped like an inverted V Decorative elements Little or no decorations at all Except for the angled piece of wood attached to the top pf the beam The top of the beam which is used as a status symbol for the owner and also protection against evil Circulatory Elements: kitchen area- only entrance to the house ladder is made of the trunk of the tree cut with notches to serve as its steps. Windows- uniformly 2 in measure

Maranao & toroganHills, along the river, road or lakeshore of MindanaoTorogan- An ancestral house for the datu and his family

Plan Maranao walay house Single room structure with no partition Materialswalay-split bamboo lashed with rattan torogan barimbingan woodSpecial Parts: Tapaan found at the Kitchen, made of plaited bamboo used for smoking fish and meat. Kodal or the carabao corral found underneath the Kitchen Gibon or Paga - rooms not exposed to visitors; used as hiding place for the datus daughter Lamin - a tower atop the brogan where the princess and her ladies in waiting hide during occasions Panggao datus ceremonial bed Circulatory elements Stairs made of bamboo- porch and kitchen Sliding doors and windows- split bamboo Windows- front and right side of the house Protective elements: walay and torogan roof steep pithched and shape in the form of carabaos horns Covered with thick cogon grass and bamboo framing Decorative elements and furnishings: carved chests, mamandiyang curtains, riyara woven mat Structural elements: walay house Elevated/ nine to twelve huge posts of bamboo or wooden materials

Structural: torogan The torogan house is constructed by first putting up the center post called rapuwilih followed by four corner posts called lukud. Flouse posts are made from bunga wood and are placed on top of large stones for protection against the devastating effect of earthquakes floor beams are supported by 25 thick posts end beams are called panolong and are ornately carved with piako (fern-like) or naga (dragon-like) motifs Walls are made of gisuk wooden panels carved with ornate okir designs

SamalCoastal waters of Jolo

Plan one or more small rooms kitchen are built partially above the ground and water on wooden posts Structural: Stilts are usually made of bamboo poles while walls are made of wooden boards or sawali Roof thatching is held securely by placing flattened bamboo spaced far apart over it Circulatory elements: Catwalks instead of stairs Doors and windows with sliding sashes. Protective Elements: on both sides of gabled roof project underneath it lower-lean-to roofs Roof thatching is held securely by placing flattened bamboo spaced far apart over it.TausugCoastal water of Tapul, Siasi, Basilan, Malaysian, Borneo, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga del Sur, Cotabato Bay-smug their native name for traditional Tausug house

Plan Elevated above the ground, it consists of the following parts: entrance porch or salos, sleeping quarters and kitchen Panran an open extended platform used as a family area The kitchen, whose flooring is a foot lower than that of the main house, is a separate area linked to the main house by a bridge made of bamboo or wooden planks flooring of the house is made of thin strips of bamboo material Bilik sleeping area Found at the roof top is the tajuk pusung. It is a wood carving in the form of the manuk manuk bird showing a stylized head and neck of a rooster or a stylized design of a naga dragon Structural sleeping area or the bilik is the only room in the house proper and is supported by 9 posts while the porch and the kusina are supported by separate posts posts are made of heavy timber or bamboo Except for the center post, all posts rise up to the roof Wooden floor beams or hanglad attached to the posts together with other smaller beams support the floor joists Beams and girders are joined together either by joints or by tying both members with hijuk vines or lagtang and haun vines Walls are made of split bamboo or woven coconut palms wall does not reach up to the roof. An opening of about 0.45 meters is provided for ventilation Circulatory Elements: Small rectangular windows Narrow slits as peepholes Protective Elements: Hip roofs supported by 8 posts rising directly from the ground Roof beams connct each post to one another Kingpost supporting the roof ridge Supporting purlins made of thin strips (bamboo)

TboliHilltops and mountaintops in the Lake Sebu area in Cotabato

Plan: house is built on 6-O high stilts, built with various levels with an approximate area of 900 to 1,350 sq. ft. Lowa - it is the central space used as sleeping area for overnight guests. It has an area of 15e-O x 20-0 and 8 lower than the areas alongside it. BIaba - it is the side area, usually 6-O wide, used as working and conversational space. Desyung - this is located opposite the Iowa and the blaba. This is regarded as the area of honor because here the head of the house entertains guests and performs rites under a curtained canopy. Dofil - located on both sides of the desyung and sometimes elevated at a height of 3-O over the iowa, this is the sleeping quarters for the wives and children of the headman. Bakdol - this is the entrance to the house Kohu - this is the hearth made of beaten-earth floor. It has a shelf where pots and pans, baskets and other utensils are kept. Dol - this is an area used for the kohu and stair landing. Fato Hu - located at the rearmost part of the house, it is the utility area. Kotel - a detached structure located some few feet away from the house which functions as a toilet Structural Bamboo is generally used for the house posts Walls are made of sawali or woven bamboo strips The low biaba wall is hinged to the floor at its lower side so that it can be opened towards the outside in case an extended floor area is needed The dofils are separated from one another by means of a sawali wall which extends up to the roof. Protective elements: Roof design- roof on stilts Roof slope of 30 degrees extending downwards that totally conceals the wall surface Roof covered with cogon or dried grass has its apex at 17 high Circulatory elements: Stairs- single bamboo pole Door almost 2 above the floor (designed like a door of a chest which can be open and close) Decorative elements: Appliques and tassles, igam mats, baskets, pillows winnowing trays, bamboo water containers, antique Chinese plates, jaw bones of wild boars and hunting/fishing YakanMountainous interior of Basilan Plan: Elevated 2 to 3 meters above the ground single-room structure rectangular in plan with approximately 50 to 100 sq. mts. floor area does not have partitions kitchen is used as the familys dining area porch is used for entertaining guests and as a resting place for the household In the Living room, one will find a cloth-weaving Loom located near the door which leads to the porch outside Structural: Posts are made of sturdy wood onto which floor beams are attached Circulatory elements: Ladder- porch and kitchen Protective elements: Steep ridged roof covered in cogon thatch Roof eaves overhang the wall (.50 meters) walls are made of sawali or horizontal wooden boards or bamboo poles attached to one another by rattan lashings Doors -are oriented towards the east for prosperity small windows are provided because of the belief that bad spirits cannot pass through the small openings quite easily. A small window is often provided at the end wall opposite the kitchen

CHURCHES IN THE PHILIPPINES

LuzonPaoay church

Located in paoay, ilocos norteBuilt in 1710architectural style: earthquake baroque 24 hugebuttressesof about 1.67 metres (5.5ft)thick at the sides and back of the church building. Its stair-likebuttresses(known asstep buttresses) Stonefacade: Massivepedimentrising from the ground and is built leaning towards the front. Squarepilastersand stringedcornicesdivide the facadevertically and horizontally respectively. Its bottom part is plain. Gothic features are also present through the use offinialswhile the triangular pediment shows chinese elements and oriental strokes. Crenellations,niches,rosettesand theaugustiniancoat of arms can also be seen. Facade is made ofbrick on the lower level andcoralstones on the upper level Walls: Largecoralstones on the lower part Bricks at the upper levels. Walls suggestsjavanesearchitectural styles. Mortar: Includes sandandlimewithsugarcane juice boiled withmangoleaves,leatherandricestraw.

Bell tower adjacent to the facade is a three-storey coralbell towerconstructed separately from the church building on the right side resembling apagoda. It was in 1793 when the cornerstone of the belltower was laid. It stands at some distance from the church as a protection against earthquake. It served as observational post forfilipino revolutionariesagainst the spaniards in 1898 and by filipinoguerillasagainst japanese soldiers duringworld war ii

Tumauini church LOCATED IN: TUMAUINI, ISABELABUILT: 1805ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: BAROQUE ARCHITECURE ALSO KNOWN AS SAINT MATHIAS CHURCH. The first church made ofnipaand other light materials was built by theDominicanpriest Francisco Nuez in 1707, and dedicated toSaint Matthias. Tumauini is an ultra-baroquechurch known for its extensive use of red bricks on its exterior and interior ornamentations.Brick was used due to lack ofgood qualitystones in the area.Faade The church building is made entirely of ornately-designed red bricks in its faade and its interior walls. A closer look at the brick faade shows numbers and dates for the correct sequence of the bricks in Forto's design. The faade is flanked by two pseudo-Corinthiancolumns and niches, one located above the entrance and the two remaining larger niches on each side of the columns. The church's circular pediment is unique relative to all other churches built during theSpanish Era.

Belfry Attached to the church's faade is a unique cylindrical belfry built in 1805.It is the only known Spanish colonial era cylindrical tower in the country.The tiered belfry notably resembles awedding cake. The bell housed within has bullet holes but was never recast.

Vigan Cathedral, ILOCOS SURCONSTRUCTION DATA 1758 Vigan became the episcopal seat of the diocese of Nueva Segovia 1574 orders from Juan de Salcedo Earthquakes in 1615 & 1627 Fire in 1739 Present cathedral began in 1790 and completed in1800

Characteristic architectural features Raking cornice extending to the side walls Superpositioned doric columns Semi-circular doorways and central window are contrasted by the depressed arch window flanking the central window Circular window flannked by attached pinnacles

Belltower Square base supports the upper levels Domical roof is designed in its base with tempiettos on two opposite sides Several meters away from the church Italian baroque

Barasoain church

Located in: san agustin, malolos, bulacanBuilt: 1885Archiltectural character: baroque & neoclassical architecture When the spanish-filipino revolution broke out, the spanish authorities coined the term "baras ng suwail," which means "dungeon of the defiant" because the church was a meeting place for anti-spanish and anti-colonial illustrados. The facade has neo-classic touches and its rounded pediment is echoed by the arches and rose window at the lower part.

The church consists of two structures: the church; and an adjoining convent. The left part outside of the church is amedievalbell tower, the entrance of which hasbambooarcheslinings and its sides are rosewindows. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: Paintings on the ceilings Divided nave, which makes it look bigger than its actual size. The altar has glimmering lights despite the church's historical reputation. Floral motifs, frescoes of angels and saints embellish the interior of the church.

San Agustin Church

HistorySan Agustin Church (or giving its full name, the "Church of the Immaculate Conception of San Augustin") is located insided the historic walled city of Manila. *It was originally built on its present site by Augustinian monks in 1571 and is the mother church of the Augustian order in the Philippines. *The first San Agustin Church was built of bamboo and nipa (thatching palm). The second San Agustin Church was constructed on the same site and out of wood, only to be destroyed in 1583, during the funeral service of the Spanish Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa (the trigger was a candle accidentally setting the decorative curtains on the funeral bier alight). The third (and current) San Agustin Church was constructed of stone. Construction began in 1586 and finally completed in 1607. During World War II, San Agustin Church was turned into a concentration camp for prisoners. It survived numerous earthquakes that resulted a huge crack on the left bell tower had a huge crack on the left bell tower had to be permanently removed

Architectural Character: ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: Philippine Baroque Style Peripheral Baroque Style Spanish-Mexican baroque style

WALL:* Adobe stones aquarried from Meycauyan Binangonan and San Mateo, Rizal * Statued niches fill the walls

CEILING:Trompe-l'oeil murals & vaulted ceiling and dome

Baguio CatherdralOur Lady of the Atonement Cathedral

Features Distinctive pink faade with arose windowand twin squarebelfrieswith pyramidal roofs. Within its large courtyard is a viewing deck that overlooks Session Road and the downtown commercial district of Baguio. Twin Towers of Repose and Order: The Cathedral with its Gothic architecture influence.

Roses and Arches: Architectural details of the external side portion of the cathedral near the altar

The Cathedral's altar under a big dome and stained glass

Confessional at the corner of the cathedral