PHILIPPINELAW JOURNAL

A PORTION OF AX ADDRESS 3ELIVERED BY EXECUTIVESECRETARY YILLUlOR, .ME~IBER OF THE BOARD OFHEGENTS OF THE VXIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES,ACCEPTING, OX HEHAU' OF THE l"XIVERSITY OF THEPHILIPPI~'.;ES, A PAINTING OF HOX. CAYETANO ARELLANO,CHJ.EF Jl'STICE OF THE Sl:PRE)IE COVHT, PRESENTED TuTHE UNIVERSITY AS THE CLASS MF.~IORIAL BY THEGRADl"ATIXG CLASS OF TIlE COLLEGE 01<'LAW AT MARBLEHALL OX WEDNESDAY, APRIL 1, 1914.

Difficult and l'xa(,ting as is thl' rommission ('onfided to me by the Boardof Rl'gf.'nts, to repreSl'ut it on this solrmn occasion, I have accepted the samewitllllut rl'Sl'I"\'ation, ht-cnuse this line portrait which you have just giventhe Ulliwrsit.y is 50 full of dl,lieate shadl's and suggestive clUlnn5, thatIt is illll'tlssihle ~o n'sist the dl'sire to cxprl'SS admiration and regard for thegn-.at 1113nit portmys, Although, asa gl'n('ral rul(', portraits are convincingas l'vidl-,i('e "f relationship or of identification, they are not, however, suchl·\·idl'nn- as regards the work that has hl't'D dODl'hy the Pl~rsoDSthey repre-sent, So, I ask that ~'(lUwill hear with IDe, while I rl'late to you somethingof the life and :Il'('omplishnll'nts of the illustrious Chil'f Justice of theSupn'me Court, a liwlI of the highl-st ('\1l1J:':l~'tl'r'amoDgall those who havedistinguishl'd themselws ·jn thl' intl'II('('tual life of this country.

Cracllt·d ill the It-gl'n()ary t"WII of Orion, in the pnJ\'inl'e of Bat-aan,am"ngst a 1'1'''1,11' WhO"'I' prillC'ipnl nouri~hnll'nt i" fbh and' other I'E'1lf'hld, ~l'nor An'lIauo dOl'S not ~'et fel'l the weight of his .\'e:lr", but, onthe c'ontrary, still enjoy,.. all the \'igor of a rug-g-l·d and well preservedhehlth, Ill' wa" l·dueated in fill' ('olll'ge of San .Juan de Letran and theUni\'er,..iJy Hf Sto. ·Tom:l,.. ill till' ('ity of ~[anila, whl'n' Ill' distinguishedhim,..df n'IIHIJ'kahly ill the higher "tudil'" of philolog-y, philo"ophy, theo-

logy, and canon and civil law. Literature has furni"hed him with alarge fund of auxiliary knowledge, and hi,. profoul!d study of bistoryhas given him the _experience necel"saryto judge the vicj,:situde,:of thelivel' of men and of nations. -Gifted with a well-balanced mind and withanalytical and l<ynthetical -talent, devoting himsl'lf constantly to a !'cbo-lar's life, he became the most learned man in the law of an)' that have everbelonged to the Rar of this country Aftcr practicing his proft>ssion for a fewyears he was appointed a member of the faeult~· of law of the Universityof Santo Tomas, and in his class T'oom man~' of the be,.t iutelle<,tl< inthe Philippines bave been moulded. It can be ,.:aid that of all the Fili-pinos who have distinguished themseh-es since the latter part of Spanishadministration to the prel'ent day, there are few who have not beentaught by Senor Arellano or who -ha,-e not profited by his wise counsels.

Perfectly familiar with thc lawl', cw:tom,.; and hi,:tory of this-coantry, Don Cayet.ano rendered the most valuable -aid to General Otisin the organization of the c~urts of justice, in dnlfting the civil marriagelaw, the Municipal Code, and General Order No. 58 on criminal pro<'edure.As regards the organization of municipal governments, the followingwords of the President of the United State;;, contained in the Instrne-tions to the Philippine Commi."sion, de!'erve mention:

"In the establishment of municipal govcniments the Commi;;.;io'iwill take ItS the ba"i" of their work the j?overnment e!<tablished b~'the Military Governor under hi" order of AUj!ust 8, 1899. /lnd underthe report of the BOllrd constituted by the llilitury Governor by hiJo<order of June 29. 1900, to formulate and report a plan of muni(~ipalgovernment. of which hi" honor ('ayetar.o Arellano. Pre",ident ofthe Audienda, was chairman, and they will gi"e to the <'onelusion",of that Board the wei~ht and consideration whi{'h the high ehara{·t.erand di:.:tinguished llbilitie,. of its members ju;;tify."

In ju!'t re('ognition of his merits he was appointed the fin;t Chicf.Ju"ti(·e of the Supreme> Court of these Island;; after Am(~rican oe{~upa-tion, an office which he still holds with u!li\'el'>'al approbation.

In 1904 Yale Univerl"it.', conferred_ upon him the degree of LL. D.,IInd in the SaUlI' year he WllS de!'ignated to repre,.;ent the United StateI':tnd the Philippine Island" at the Jnternlltional Congress of Juri,:t>' -heldat St. Lnuis.. Recently, the University of the Philippines conferred uponhim the same degree of LL. D.

Humble as was his childhood, hi,.; loyalty and integrity were never(luest.iom·d. As professor in SlInto Tomas, as .If(/gi.~I,.adu s'.lplente of the!lId A udiencia ill' .lfani/a, as memlx'r of tIll' Cnun{·il lIf Administration,under the Spani"h Government, he al\\'a~'s lived up to the high ideals

of a sdlUlar and a gol'ntlelllllJl;but, as lIiss X"rton sa)'S nowhere '''moreluminousl~' tll<ln in the' ehllir oeeupied b)' the Chief Ju ••tice of the SupremeCourt of the Philippine Island ••, pro,'ing to his countrymen for all time,tilut clUe of their number-and if one, then man)'-may ba,'e tbe beaut)·of dUlral·ter and lof'tiness of intellect which is the gift of God to hisdlO ••en ••ons; be they Malay or Chinese, of England or Bombay; bethey born where the ri::;ing sun fin;t lights its !'lly~, or where it finishesit... t ired course."

By nnture re..served, like all great thinkers, he finds attractions onlyin his horn\.' and in his "plendid library. He has de\'oted himself so &8-

:siduousl)' and succes",full)' to the study of jurisprudence that it can besaid witbout ,hesitation that no one in this part Of the world has adeeper and a hroadl,r knowledge of thil:' :subject than he. He knows law,and juri"pruden ••e to the mo"t minute details, and is a bock of reference('oDstantly open to all who de••ire to lel.TDit", wi..••e doctrines; for, besidesbeing a man of ~l)e highe:;t iearning 'and broadest culture, he has an:ldmirahle "haraeter, upright, ju;;~, affable and kind.

On account of hi" extreme diffidenee, Don Cayetano Arellano hasnever devoted himself to the writing of books; yet, who can doubt thathi•• luminou •• opinions scattered through the \'olumes of the PhilippineH"ports constitute veritable jnridieal monograpbs' His -Apuntes arelegendary among hi...;student;;, and e"en among foreigners. It is saidthat the great commentator Sanche'z Roman was \'ery fond of them.Baldomero Argente, now a distinguished Spani:sh ",tatesman, when hispupil, puhlished a part of them in 1894-1895; to-day, in his maturity, hehas in~orporated thelU in one of his recent works. Don Cayetano el1nabove all he justly proud of his rel'ord as a professor of law, for whenthe names ~f his disciples ar!c' t'atalogued, the)" wiU be fnund to coverwhule pages of Philippine hj,;tory.

SUl·h is Don l'ayeti ••,,, Arellano, the erudite proCessor, the wise juristof ,,"••rld-w:de reputaton, the glor~' of the Filipino pl-'Ople.

Let u•• now turn t••,the "agree'uhle companion," aCl'ording to JusticeTra.O)', to thl' ·'skilll·d ('llllH'rsationalist," :lc,oording to Miss Norton. Inthis he is an inimitable mu"ter, ju"t a" mUl:h so as in expounding Spanisht,ivil law. Ill' is rl,lated in II el'rtain way with the Tllgalog Dante, Fran-,.;""•• B~ilta7.Ur.author cif "Flomnte," hut, his kinship with hiJD is muehdO"l'r in the singular (IUlllitie~ of wit, geniu>s, and vivlidty which' areillnatein him.

It i" "aid that while he wu" pnH,ticing law he wu,; never able to"Ieel' well. An iUl'ident in un ejeetmcnt (oasc dcddt·d the future of DonCII)'l'tanu, Ill' was ahout to los" tlu' ('a"l', and a struilge mixture of

pity for his dient~ and fear of t1U' deri,..ion 1\'bi('h threatt'ned to com-promi,;e his profesl<ional bonor and reputation so 1\'orkt'd upon him, thathis fa mil)' feared for his reason. Xot finding an)' legal outlet, he paeedhis room for one whole da;r witho'ut a mouthful of food, a s)'mptom thatto his family appl'an>d to augur a f2tal end. But a ra~' of light illum-ined his mind. In going over his pailers and memoranda, which lay indisord2r ullon his dpsk, he found that tht' property in (!ue,4ioiJ WIIS aPllrt of a!l undi\'ided estate~ He bounded upstairs and grasping hi!'wife's han* said: "I have found it! Xo'-, get me some ehoeolatt"",which l'onfirmed the family's bla('k presentiment that ht', had lost h;sreason. But as he beeame ver~,.quiet, ute wt'll, slept well, and eomposediywrote a brief ll'hich ..;mashed the plans of his adver,;lInes wilo werealready preparing to eelebrllte their triumph; tbe .tempest passed and the!'wollen 1\'aters receded.

He subSl.'quently aecl'pted an appointment as Jlagh<trado I'llpumte oftbe .Audiellcia de Jlallila, Juan de Ieaza and Josl> lforeno La<'alle, wbowere famous member;< of the Philippine Bar, dh'iding b;>twt'en them thefine law business ieft by Don Ca~·etano.

SineI' that time, after devoting him;;e1C to l"tudy, making notes, or,,'riting decisions until late at night, by (:.mdle liglit, he ,..It'eps the sleepof the just and ri"es with the sun, feeling nothing nt all but II morningthirst whil'h sends bim to the native jug to drink water by the gallo.l.It is well worth knowing that the da)'" pre"iou>' to those when he mu"treport his ca>'e>' to Court for dis('u"sion are !'aerea to him; and hisfriends are warned thut he would reeeh't' no one on "ueb duy~, for hestudie" his cases und writl'S his deei"ions like a studt'nt preparing for hisfinal examinations.

The vulue of anec·dote" of his is not in the >,tory itself but in hisWilYof telling it; in the urbane tone, tbe pi<-ture"<iue word, the ever e-asyflow of language; in the Horatian rapidit~, of transitions and digressions:now it is the Ca",tilian plain; again' n Filipino ('as('ade of those whichwere so beautiful and had l'uch a m~'steriou" ('harm for RizaI. I1is con-versation, as a whole. is to-duy ab"olu!el)' unitlue in the Philippines, onaccount of its excellence, its ('I<,gan('e, it" de;.ign and it" del'p meaning,and, lastly, by rea"on of the wealth of its \'o('abulliry of genuine oldCastilian.

His Philippinisin is ,'cry Filipino, with a tin~t' of Galleg:llI sadnes~While in Wa",hington, in Rome, in Paris and in London, ill 1904, in themidst of the adulations of his frit'nd"" Filipinos as well us foreigne~ht' was dying of homesickness. "I ennnot find \i'ords to prllil<e all this"-he would ,;a)'-"and for that ver.r reason 1 feel \i'ear.)' and low spirited."

"nut"-Bt'nito Legarda and otl1l'r fri.'nd" would ~IlY to him-"do youthink that your !Jt'ing Iwre wOllld make ('\'erything go ,,'rong in thePhilippines; that th•. Illl'mbers of ,your flllnily will fll\1 ill, and that yourpresence t111'rewould "et everything all right f" "Certainly-not,"-hewould reply,-"I will not 3Tglle that, I do not rt'uson about it; but I knowthat I would be beltl'r off in my little home .ODthe "banks of the Pasig."IIis imagination, illllH'lIed hy his feeling", would hring to his lDiDd therecolleetion of his "pil(·ious .dining-room overlooking the Pusig river;Sugan's paintin~ "El ~I('nlligo"; his own •.ffigy in r..lit'f by ::; sculptor ofPaete; the tepid bn'cze t"lIlp•.red hy the humid hreath of the Sultanesf'of t'~e Pa"ig, turning- the pages of the books littned on the broad tabl.,and tl.~ rattlln annchair.

flis hornt', likt' ~tn oasis in the dt'sert: what a place it is during thehour" <len'led to hi" family, round the "~ilipino ht'arth~tone! E\'el)'thing-in the .hea\"(~nsabon', in th" e~uth belo\'; and what is under. the eartn,-'lll is thert' dis('u"" •.d in the most l·xlluisite manner possible, from a:-piritual pomt of view. After a. theme hilS heen devekJped in a Iiolidand masterly nHlJIIIt'r, an ('pigrlllu or u maxim is injected into the {;on-vt'rsation, which t'nlinns it like a meteor or a f1aloihof lightnin~ in a~Iay tempe,.;t. Without heing a profound Tagalog H'holar, he make8such good use ·uf the aphorisms and idioms of this greatest of. Filipinodialed,.;, that, a,.; u,..t'd b;y him in his storil's, ane('dott's and fable •.•, theytypif.\' the ('harad('risti('s of tlil' ra('e, /Iud are rt>ml'lDbt~r('dever after.

'Ye have known the fads tliat dlarad.eri7..c the gr.'ut jUriS('OD"Ult,und we hU\'e apprC<'iatt'tl t1ll'm, These intimu"i •.s of the life of DonCayetano best portm)" thl' Illan; "they ure tht' atlrn"tive reverloie or themedal rl'pr('S('ulin~ the fi~ure whid. austen-I,)' shmds at the head ofthe Pliilil'pil\l> Bl'lll'h, on whi('h height he ha" 1I1ready lICen touched Lythe ru.\' of immortality, and I believe these persllnali';('s art' the most~steemed, as they reveal what is most vlLlu('d umong men-the heartbeatl>.

By ERNEb'T B. CON.,lNT,

Professor of Law, Ut!iversity of ti,e Philippine.

The Gennan anny is now in full occupation CJf Belgium and the news

has just come (to Manila, August 29) that !<'ield lfarshal ,~on der Goltzhas been appointed Governor. 'Vhere a nation is not entirely subdued, tht.>

holding of conquered t('rritory is eonside1".~ a.<; a mere militar>' occupation,

until it!' fate is detennined at the treaty of peace. (American Insl.lrance

Compauy v. Canter, (1828),1 Peters 511.)

This kind of occupation is nothing new. Gt-nnany ()('cupied the greater

part of Franc.e in 1871, the British occupied a part of tht; State of Maine

in lS14, the United States occupied Ii part of Mexico ir 1846 and Manila

iIt 1898. Upon the (l(,eupation of the foreign territor.' the sovereignty of

the nation occupying immediately attaches thereto. In United State. ".Rice, 4 Wheaton 246, the question arose whether goods imported into Castine,

llaine, while in the military possession of the British forces, were liable to

the duties imposed by the revenue laws upon goods imported into the UnitedStates. On September 1st, 1814, Castine was captured by the British and

remained in British po~.ssion, under the c.ommand and control of the Brit·

ish military and naval rOl"(~~,unm after the ratifieati~n of the treat)·

of peace in FebrullrY, 1815. During this period, the British government

exercised aU civil and milit:u'>' authority over the pInel'; and established

a custom-house and admitted goods to be imported, according to .regulations

prescribed by itself, and, among others, admitted goods upon which duties

were aftt'rwllrds dcmandLodby the United. Rtutes. These goods rt'mained at

Castine until after the evae.uation by the Rritish, and upon the l"{'('Stablish-

ment of the American goVt'nllllcnt, the Colledur of .Customs claimed a right

. to Amerit'an dutit'S on the gUHds. It was ht'ltl that while Castine was in the

military possession of tilt' Rritish fon'Cli. it was not a port of the United

States, within the mt'alling of the rt'vcnne laws, and that after the evacua-

tioll of tht' plu('(" the Uuited Rtaks ('uuld 1101. (,1l1lt'Ctdutil'S on gOllds iml)Ortedinto it during the occupation.

But, on the otlll.'x hand, the ti'rlitory thus occupit>d 'is l'l'gardt'd as

foreign It'rritor)' to that of the nation occupying until some _further aet

on the part of tht' (J("'upying natiun to in(,orporate it as a part of that

nation. Hence, goods imj)ortt'd from territory tbus ~upied into the

countl)' of the Qe"upier are suhj,'Ct to duty ns goods from a foreign port.

On Novemht'r 15th, 1846, Comm(.dore Connor, of the Unit4..'ClStatj!8 Na.vy,

took militar)' possession of Tampico, in Mexico, a.nd frqm that time until

the treat)· of })('a('e it was garrisont>d by the United States forces and re-

mained in their military ()(~(·uplltion. Justice was ad~inistered there by

courts appointt'd undt·r military authority, and a. custom-house was establish-

ed there, and a ,·oll,,'C·torappointt'd, under the military and naval authority.

It was held in Fleming!:. Page, 9 Howard 603, that goods imported into the

United States from Tampico, while in th", military O('.eupat.ion-of the United

Slates forees, were to be ronsid"n'Cl as importations from a foreign country.

Chief Justice TlUIt',Ysaid, p. 616: "The p'~l'Sonwho a(·ted in t.he characur of

Collector in this instanct', a,·tt'd as 5ueh under the authority of the military

('ommander, and in obedience to his ord,'I'S; and the duties he ('xacted, and

the regulations III.' ado)ltt'd, wt're not those prest,ribt'd by law," (i. e, by

aet of Congress) "hut by th(' Pr('sidt'nt in his dlltnwtt~r of commander-in-

(·hief. The ('ustom-houS(' was establislll.'d in an ent'my's country; as one of

the weapons of war. . . . • . . . It was a mode of e' a.eting contri-

bution" from thc ent'my to "upport our IInny, lInd int,md2d Illj;o to cripplethe resources of Mt'xico, and make it feel the evils and burdens of the

war. The duties re1luired to be paid were regulated with this view, an:l

were nothing more than clIntributions It'vi,od uHon the enem)', -,,·hich· the

usages of wllr ju"tif)' when an ann)' is operating in the enemy's country."

During the military occupation the 1(I(Oallaws of the territory oe-

"upied eontinul' in fOfloeuntil they art' repealt·d or alten'd, and tHis continues

even after a conquest or ('(,l;8ion of the It·rritery. During the milit."llJ·

O('('upation of \"ariolls depart.mt'ntsof Fran!'l', by the Gt~rman army, in

1870-7J, the G"rman authorities t1wfl·in ('auS('d the trees .in the fOJ'ClltB

of the slate to hI' ('ut dowil and sold, deriving t1wr(·fn,m a t'-t'rtliin revenue.

-A Frc'neh dtiz"n "ngug"d in the traffic in tlll'l!C tn>t·s, pun,hosing them

from the G(·nnlln". ,\ftt'r the wor he WIISpro"t·(·utl·d for H brl'R('b of thefore;;tr~' laws of Fr-.lIwe. The Ca.~e (If (ille,.in, Court of A1'I'('al' of Nanl'y,

18,2, Daloz, 18;2, II., p. 185, (Snow's CaSt.'ll, Int. l_lIw, 3;5) held that

the tK"i:upatiun of a department of Fral.1ce by the troops of the enem~'

did 1I0t suspend therein the civil aud <,riminal laws of ~ran<'e; which con-

tinued obligator)' upon all Frenehmen, so long lit lell"t as they bad notbt.-en expressly and specifi<'.all)' abrogated by the exigencil'S of the war.

In rillas.~eque's Ca.~e,lE~18, Ortolan': Diplomatie de la llt>r, 2d Ed. I.,

324, {Snow's Cases, Int. Law, ;{80) the ]<'ren(·!JCour de Cassation ht>ldthat

•. ('rime ('ommitted by a Frend. eiti:wn in Spanish territory, O<'<'upit'dand

adllliuistt'red by the Fren<,h army, was eOJnmittt'd in a foreign country. 'It

was said in the judgment that "the occupation and administration 'by ·the

Frmch troops and authorities had not communicated to the inhabitants of

Catalunia the character of Frenchmen, nor tti their territ"ry' the character

of J.'renl"h territory; that that condition could not come about t>xfept by an

act of incorporation passed by the law making pOW('r, whidl had not yet

~n done."

All ci"il offi<'ers hold of~e~ until others are lIppointed in the:r places.

This is true of collectors of customs, judge's of the courts and all officers

of tile· f,mner established government. The syllabus to {'ro.~s t'. Harrison,

1853, 16 Howard HH, con~ins the following, nogarding the military 0<'-'

cupation of California by the United Stall'S forees:

"In the war with Mt'xic,o, the jlort of San Fran('iSt'O was ('Ol\(lueredby the arms of the U'Iih·d ~';(ates, in the year 18-l6, and shortly after-wards the United States had militury pos,<;t'l;Sionof all of Upper Cali-fornia. Early in 1847 the Pn'l5ident of the t'nited Statl'S, as Constitu-tional Commander-in-Chi(~f of the Army and ~a,'y, authorized themilitary and naV'.ilc'olllnlan,l"rs of the rnited States forel'S in Californiatu exe~ise the belligerant rights ef' a run1IUI'I'or, and to form a ci\;1and military goVt'rnnlt'nt for the con'luen'd territo.ry, with Jlower to im-JI"se duties on imports :wd tonnage for the support of sU('h g-(I\'ernment,:md uf the an.1)', whi(,h had tht' (,on1Iuest in possession.

"This was tlont', aud t.onnag-e and import ,lutie'S ~'t'r•• le,'it'd undera war tariff, whieh had h"en "stahlislll'd by the (·i\"il gowrnm('nt forthat pUipose, until offil·iul notie,' "as r("'('ivt'd hy the ri,'il and military'G"wnlllr of Calit'omia, that. u Trellty of PelleI' had been made with)h'xil"o, hy ",hidl UpP"r California had !wen ('l'dl'd to the Lnitt·d States.

"Vpon n'('eiving this intl'lIig"IIl'{', tht' gowrnllr din'(·h·d Ihllt importanti tOlllwg-edutil'S sll.luld tlwn'aft('r he !,wil'd in "onformity with suchas Wl're to Ill' paid in tlU' otlll'r ports "f tI•••l'nitetl Stah's hy the Aets of('ongre'ss: and for sllt'h 11l1I'p'lS"he apP"inted the d(·f(·ndant in thissuit, eo-lIe,<,torof the port of San Fraueise.o.

"The plaintiffs now Sl-l.'kto rt'l'uwr from him eertain tonnage duties~md imports IIpon fon'ij.W IllI'rl'handiSl' paid by them to the defen,dant~ISl'olll'dor rn.'lwl'l'n IIIl' :ld of'Fl'hruar~', 1tH8 (the date of the Treaty ofPt'lwt'l, and tht' 131;) of XI1wmbl'r, 1tH!), (when the rolleetor.appointe4by tilt' Pn'Sidl'Jlt, lll'l'ording to law, l-ntl'l"l.'dupon the duties of hisofft('l-), upon· thl' gnlUnd that' they had been illegally exacted.

"The f••nnation of the eh'il gon-rnment in California, when it wasdont', was the lawful exen,ise of II b«.'lIigl'rant right over a f'Onqueredterritory. It was th.. 1':' isting gon'rnlllent when ·the territory W88

e('ded to t!1l' l'niled States, as a· l'olllluest, and did not cease as a matterof l'ourse, or liS a <'onsl>(lul'n('eof th •• restoration of peaee: and W88

rightfully <'tllltinul'd.aftl'r peat:e was madt' with lle',iro, until C.ongressIl'gislatl'd otJlt'nvi;,e. IIndl'r its 1'llJlstilulional powt'r to dispose of andmake all nl'l'dful rult's and I'l.'gulatiolls rl'Speeting the territoI')' or otherproperty bl.'1011gingto the United State$.

"Thl' tunnajre du~il's, lmd duties IIpon foreign goods imported intoSan Franl'isl"o, were Il'gally d<:manol>d&nd lawfully eolleeted by thecivil guwnlOr, whilst thl' war t:ontimwd, and afterwards, from the rati-ftl'atiun of till' Tn'aty of Pl,arl-. until the rewnul' systl'm of the UnitedStates was put into praetil'al operation in California, under the Ac:t8of Congress passed for that purpose."

Although thl' inhabitants of territo~' under military Qe«;upation or

tl'rritor)' l'on1luered or l·edl·d, owe allegianee at onl'e to the new so\'ereign,

titles to l'rinltl· pr0l't'rty are not .affeetL>d. One Pen'heMan held a tract

of Illnd in thl' territo~' of Florida b~' virtue of a grant €>f the Spanish

~O\'t'rnor of that pro\'inee made in 1815. After the el'S!'ion of Florida to

.1hi' Uuitt'd Statt's b)' the tn'aty of 1819, this claim was n'jceted b)' the

l"nitl'd Stlltl'S C,lllllnissioners ~IPl'0intl>d to settle daims to territory in

Florida. WIlt'n the 111ll'Stionl'aml' bl·fore the Vnitl'd States Supnome C-ourt

fur dl••.;ision, Pl'rl·lll'man's title was uphl'ld. «('"ited States r. PerC'ltemaN,

.• Pl'ters 51). ('hil'f.J ustin: ~Illrshall said, p. 86:' "It is wry unusual, eveD

in l'lISt'Sor l'lIIl'luest, for the l'IlD<lueror to do more than to displaee thesowrl'ign and ,!>;~um('dmninioD OWl' the l'OUDt!')'. The rilodt'rn usage of

natic;ns, whil·h hilS h"('l1lllt' law, would be \-jolated; that sense. of justice and

of right whil,h is IH·knowll·«1gl·dand felt b;\' the whole ch,i1izcd world would

·h«.· outragl-d, if "ri\'ate pn>Jll'rt~· should ·be gl'nerally l'llJltiSl'ated, and

pri\'lIte ri~hts lIIllIUJlI·I!. The pl'oplc dlllngi' their aJll'gianl-e; tllt·ir nolation

to their llJll,i"lIt sun'n-ign is dissoh'ed; hut thdr relations to t'a('h other,

and tlll'ir rights <If pnl!ll'rty, n'mllin undisturbed."TIll' lUilitll~' Ill'l'upant must maintain order. The power to pro.ect

1111'illhabitllllis is funillmll'nta! in the matkr of nlllogiaJll,-eto tb«.'ir own

governlDt'nt. This power ha\'ing ('eased, -the duty of maintaining order

ne<'essarily devolves upon the military occupant, whose anthorit), displaeed

the one that formerly existed. The inhabitants are no longer required

to take an oatb of fidelity or allegiance to the in\'Slder. That ~'as the

practice I)rior to the middle of theeightet'ntb centw:y, and they were el'en

requirel to render acth'e sen'ices in the invader's army. Articles 44 and

45 of the Hague· Conwntion forb:d forcing the inluibitants of OCt'upied

territor)' to t,.:... part in military operations against their own country or

('onstraining the population to rt'Cognize, hy the taking of. aD oath, the

power of the enemy.

Tbe miiitary occupant _takes pOSS41ssionof all public property, al-

though the title does not pass until the treaty of peace. If the occupied

territory is ceded to the Ot:cupant, by the treaty, the title \'csts as of the

time of the beginning of the Ot:cupation. In Titusr;. ["niled States, 1874,

20 Waliace 475, Chief Justice Chase said, Pl'. 481-2: "In- war· the public

property of an enemy captur •.·d on land bt-eomes, for the time being at least.

the property of the con'lu,.ror. Xo judicial proceeding is necessary to

pSI>:;the title. Usually the ultimate ownership of real property is settled

by the treltty of peace; but so long as it is held and not surrendered b~' a

treaty or otherwise it remains the property of the conqueror. This well

settled principle in the law of war was recognized by this court in United

States v, Huekaoc'C, 16 \\:allaee 0134, as applil'able to the late ch'il war. At

the dose of that war ther~ was no treaty, "'hen the insurreetion was put

down, the government of the in~urgents wa~ hroken up and there ~'as nopower to treat with. Henee the title to all eal'tured property of the

Confederate Gowrnment then 'oc>t'allu:absolute ill th' Vnited States."

The military o('('upant i>:in the ~ame po"ition in regard to the publieland as a tenant for ~'ean;, and is entitled to -the u"ufruct but must notdamage the land itself. In .1Iohr d' Haas l', Hatz/eM, Court of Appeals ofX'1nc)', 18;2, Dalloz, 1872, II., p, 2'29; it- was h•.•ld that the Illilitar)' 0('-

"uI>ation of a territory (,onfus upon the ill\'sder the right to the usufruetand revenues 0111)' of the public dOlUain; and that the French courts wouldllot rt'l'ognize as \'alid the sale of old trees( during the .war of 1870-71)on the public domain whieh were r~'Sl'n'ed at the time of the anllual cutting.

The)' were held to he a,. inalienable a" the ,",oilof the fore"t it,",elf. (Snow'~C8l!eIl, Int. Law, 37i.)

The miJitary o('('upant ma.y tah Ill'rsonal property, mot:ables, just as

he may take the usufru('to(the Islands. And this right covers all chattels and

deh!s due. Hesse Cassel was eUllCtueredby NUI'0le. n in 1806, and remained

for about a ;year under his immediate control, when it was annexed ~o the

new kingdom of Westphalia, and fonued a part of that kingdom until after

the battle of Leipzig, in 1813. Debts that \\'('1'1" owing to the Elector were

held to be validly dis(')l3l'gt'd hy payment to Napuleon and the receipt from

him of a <]uittanee in full. (Phillimo;'e, lilt. Lau', III, flU; Snow's Cases,381.)

The invader may prewnt his ('nemy from using the resources of the

o('('upied territury. He may intercept the produ(:e of the taxes!, duties

and other money payments, n,ay close ('ommer('ial aceess and may forbid

the inhabitants from joining the armies ilf their country. He may api)I~'

the resour(:es of the ('ountry to his own obje<'ls, may compel the inhabitants

to supply food, horses and other means of transportation and ma)' oblige

them to render sernces m matters whieh do not im'olve military action

against their sovereign. But he must make payment either in, C8l!1J or

hy a('knowledgments of indehtedness which he is hound to honour. Seizure

without pa~ i••mt, fvr military purposes, is not an act of sovereignty but is

one of military vi(.lenee. (11oll, lilt. Law, pp, 477-9).

At the cluse of the wat· the territory which has heen oeeupied is either

(·cded tll tl){' military &eup'lnt or else is restored to the fonner sovereign.

If it is n'stored to the former sown'ign ull Ill'W laws I'assl·d by the military

()('('upant be('oml' no longer olwrative and the old laws re\ive. Debts

ereat('d by the military O(';'upant, during the oc(mpution, do not attach to

::11.' territory but hind only the sllwreign w::', (:ontraded them. If Gennany

sbould n('gotiate a loan on the re\"('nues of B('lgium and after the war is

OWl' the soven'ignt,Y uf Bdgiulll be rel'stahlished, the debt thus created

would )Il,' that of Gennan-!" and not that d BplgiulU. If Relgium should pass

under the pl'rmalll'nt sowrl'ignty of G('rlllllny, such deht would of ('()urse

atta(-h to Rl'Igiulll, or, at 1111." rate, )1(' subjl·(·t 'to furtlll'r legislation b)'

Ol·rmany. The rights of till' (·reditors 'Jf tl\(' forn~('r Bl'I/,rium government

would depl'lll) upon the lIature of tl\(' s(.•.·urity of tlwir (·Jaims. Public debts

may hl' the ulI,"e(-ured ublig-atioll" of the govl'rlllnl'lIt or "they may be ontl1l' H'('urity of the reH'nues. A sll\'l'rl'ign ('(:ding 8 pnrt of his dominions

must stilllX'ar his entire publie debt. . .'r:JI! ('reditors of a eonquen.-d nation,

then, I~ their claims if th~;\·afe onl." UI'01l till' genefal ('redit. If the debts

are seeul'l'd by the public lands, they afe Pfllcti('all;\' mortgages and the liens

('ontinut'. If tht')' are S('('ul"t'donly b." th~ rp\'enue, there if' nothing to ••.hieh

the liens can attach. The n'nmue of the fOfmer gOn'rnment has (·eased. All

rt'\'t'nues ean be done away with b." the npw sO\'l.'I'l.'ignand the taxes that are

Il'\'ied are for its benefit and to pay its own obligations. The only burdenll

that. can go with captured property or territofy are those that are of the

natufe of mortgages on land or other tangible property.

CONSTITt:TIONALLAw; PRELIlIINARY Ex..UIDUTION.-1. The rg,ht of thelIl'l'nscd under existing laws to a preliminary e.;aminlltion oould be dif;penscdwith, as is done by Ad 612, seetion 2 of the Philippine C~mmission in easestriable only in the Court of First Instanee of the City of Manila, where theIlroseeuting attorney, after a due im'estigation of the facts, shall have pres-ented an- information against sueh aeeused in. proper fonn, with~ut infringingthe prohibition of the Philippine Bill of Rights (Aet of July 1, 1902), see-tion 5 agsinst the denial of due proeess of law. 2. Denying to an inhab-itant of Manila sueh right under sueh ein'umstances is not (~ntra\'eningthe prohibition of the Philippine 'Bill of Right~, seetion 5, against the denialof the equal protcetion of Ihe laws. 3. A preliminary finding of p'robablecause for the arrest of the accused is only a quasi judicial act, not suchthat, beeause of its nature, it must neeessarily be c/mfined to a strictlyjudidal offi('cr or trihunal. And 4. The preliminary iJlquiry provided by Act612, s('('tion 2 Ulnst be deemed a sufficient eompliance with the requirementof the Act of July 1, 1902, seetion 5 that "no warrant shall issue but uponprobable ('ause, supported by oath or affinnation," in view of the provisionin section 9 of that A('t, authorizing modifieations of praetie,: and pJ'()e-t'dure.(Ocum1'" et (/[ v. Utlited Slates, U. S. Ad\'. Ops. 1913 p. 712.)

.Jl'I)(;ES; LIABILITY FOR ACTS-1. The Ameriean do(,trine of innnunityof judges from suit because of their judicial acts prott'Cts 8 Justiee of the~UJlrt'Dle (our! of the Philippine Isla.nds against a suit to !'<.'('over uponthe alleged grounds that, without jurisdiction he l'nte!'<.-da jl,dgment againstthe plaintiff, l'ontrllry to an order of the full court, and made a false ·stat(·-ml'nt of fad in the opinion by which the full ('ourt rntificd the dUlllge, andinSl·rted in the opinion of Ihe full eourt in a seeond suit various false stllte-Ull'nts; induding one attributing to the first jndgnl<'nt an eff('('t that it l'ouldnot hllw in thE' ('in'umstall<'es, all with f~lli knowledge' and intent to injnn'the plaintiff, liS appl'ars from an insp('('tion of thl' opinions,-and thatthE' .plaintiff had to pay tll<' R'('Ollld judgim-nt at a s:u·rili('(·. 2. ~o impli('a-tion that a .Justi('l' of thl' R!lprl'm(' ('onrt of thl' PI.:Iippim· lslands shall 1M'lillbl<· fur II judgllwnt rendl'red' in had faith elln be deduced from the pro-visiuns of sl'l·tiun U of Ad lUO of tlu.' Philippine ~ollllllission. that "no.iud~l" jU!;ti(·(oof the pea('1' or ass<'ssor shall he liahle to a (·ivil aetion forlIlt' rl'<'O\'l'ry of d:1l11I1jrl'Shy reason of any .iudiei~1 lwtion or jud~lIll'nt rE'n-.l•..rl'd hy him in ~o/ld faith Hnd within the limits of his l<'~al powers :tIlfl

jurisdil'tion." :l. The sl'{·tion is shown to hnw had in mind iD"erior juageslllld the like by its nWlltion uf justiees of the peace and aSSesl;OI'S,as to whom aJiff('r{'lIt rule has bl'en 1)('ld to prevail. The court held that whatt'ver ma,·hun' been the Spanish law, this is a priueiple so deep seated in the Arne;.i{'an sJsh·m that it should be r('garded as ('arried into the Philippines byimplication as SOOIlas the courts were cstablish{'d there b)' the Unit<'d Statesg'owrnment. (Alzua r. JollJIs,ulI,U. S. Adv. Ops, 19i3 p. 27).

PORTO,RICO; hUH'XITY .-nO)I Sl',T; C;)N:·EXT.-Porto Rico eannot in.mke its imlllunity from suit without its ('onsent to defeat jurisdiction of anlu·tion in whieh, through its nttomey g{'ncml, it voluntarily petitioned, afterdue deliberatiun, to be made a party defendant, asserting rights to the pro-p"rty in dispute, and in whi('h it was made sueh party against the plaintiff'sopposition. In plat'ing th •.•deeision upon the consent of Porto Rico to bemade II pnrty defendunt under the ('irt'mnstan('cs the court l'xpressly holdsthat it dOl's not wish to imply that Porro Ril'O could not have bet>n madea party without its eonsent. (People uf PUTfo Ricu i', BOIlQcio Hemos, U. S."\dv. Ops. 1913 p. 461.)

DEeIllEl' BYTHEH'PIlE1IE COl'RTm' THE PJIILIPPIXF..~.

ESTAFA; RESTITl'TIOX m' PROPERTY.-After (·om·ietiou for cstafa ofj('wels pl{'dgl>d hy the defendulIl to a pawnshop, the ('Ourt ('an order ther('stltutioll of the 1'rop(>rty, if suffll'i(>ntl.\' identified, to the owner without an~'ind('nlDity by the latter to thl· pledgee, under art ide 120 uf the Penal Code.(J'arela t·, ..l/lItufe, !l Phil. -I'ill; "arela t·. Filmic];, 9 Phil. 482.) The IU'OI)·

erty wns nut at'ljuir('d as )l1'l's('rib('d by urti(·le -IG-l of the ('i\'il Codl' so as notto be rl.'(·on>rable. (/{e,lles r. Ruiz, n, G. H536, de(·ided July 24, 1914.)

MAI,n;IlSATIOX (I.' Pl'ULIl' Fl'XIlS; IXTIo.:XT.-The a('('uSlod eXl'lain<'d bis('olldUl·t, wh{'n tht' shortuge was disc(lwred, h~' saying· that b)' reason of 8gran> sickn{'ss nlld laekillg till' 1U('ans to cure himself, b('('nuse he had notr('{'ein>d his snlary for two 1'1'('\'ious lUontlis as delegate of the Pro\'ineiaJTr('asurpr, h(' took from tIll' safe a SUIll whi(,h w(luld be (.()\'('r<'d by hissailiry ellrJ\('d but not Hliid. Held, that following C. 8. I'. l'alinlag, 12Phil. (i8'i, a publie ofti('inl ('allllol dispose (If all~' sum of the public fundsuud(>r his ('lI1'(' (.'let 1i-lO) Ihough it do('s n(lt ex('('ed his S:lIII1'.".('amcd antinot paid, He is IIU' lIulhol'iz('d by law to pllY himself. Tlw I\red pJ'('SCntedas a dpf('ns(' ('unnol })(>'u\'aill>o (If liS un e -!t'lIuuting .(·jr('umstllD.ce underse('lioll 9, pnr. 8 of thp P('lIal ('od(>. (c. ,<,', I', (;uerrero, R. G. 8U23, d('(>id(>tlJul~' 28, 1!l14.)

('Ill 1IIX.\I, PU,\('Tln; ,\XII Pllon;lInn:; Au;\'o:<1.\ Tm:onm ATT,\c'K 0'-('IIILI •.-TIll' qllalif~'illg (·ircumstlllw{, (If Ir('IH'h('r~' (aler/lsia; exists when-(>\'(,1'(1)(' p('rs'.11 f'm1'lo~'s lI\('an8, methods or forms whi(,h illsure thl' ex-

t'{'ution or ('onunlssion of the (,rime of llssassination without ally dangeransmg '01' r('sulting to himlwlf from the aets of the IlI'rson assassinated,(1 Alel/llilla 444; Sel/tel/ee of the Supreme ('ourt (if Spai" of July 13,1897; U. 8. ", f)e Leol/, 1 Phil. 163; U: ~. r. Rieufor;l Phil .. 173; U. S. ".Ribeta, 1 Phil. 331; U. S. I'. Abelinde, 1 Phil. 568; U. S. r. Abaigon, 2Phil. ,U7; C. S. t'. Santos, 2 Phil. 453; U. R~ 1:. _tlmrez, 3 Phil. 34.) Wbenan adult person illl'gally attaeks a ehild of tender years and causes its death,he runs no risk whatever of person:.1 injury to himS('lf from sueh attack.It therefore constitutes treachery. (Decision of the Supreme Court of SpaiNof .Jan. 26, 1877 (a child 30 months old); of Oct. 29, 1879 (a ('hild of elewn;vearsI; of XO\'. 15, 1895 (a child of three years I. (C. S. I'. Lansangatl, XIIOff. Gaz. p. 1327).

BIG,UIY; EFFECTOF DI\,OHC.:PHI::\'IOl:"LYGUAXTEh.-Cnder tht' laws inforee in tht' Philippine Islands a decree of divorce does not by any meansdestro~' the matrimonial bond. (Ley 3a" Tit. 2, Partida IV; Ley 7a., Tit. 2,Partida IV.) The change ()f sovereignty from Spain to the CDited ;States,though producing the effeet of ('onferring upon the eh'il courts jnJl pOWf~rto decree a di\'oree, did not in an;y way affect or alter the na~ of divon't'in this jurisdiction. A pf;!"Snnmar~'ing a second time even after di\'or:'l'is guilty of bigamy. (F. S. c. 10Ul/ino, XII Off. Gaz.. p. 1328.)

THEfT; PAHTUL RE:."'TITLTlOlII'OF ~IOXEYFouxll.-One who pieks upmone~' dropP('d by another; and, altho he r(·turns a part, n·tains a ))ar(with intent of !rain, is guilty of theft if the amount oot· I't'turned, underthe provisiolls of sub-set·tion 2 of artieJe 517 of the Pt'nal Code. (LT. S. r.Sal/tiago, XiI Off. Gaz. p. 13'28.)

!lOIlGRATIOX;E\'JJ)Ex'::EAD1JlSI'JULI::IX Ixn:sTIGATloN.-The hoard ofsp('eial inquiry of tl\(' port of llaniJa conuUI-need an im'estigatioo to deter-mine the right of (·('rtain p('rsons alleging 10 be Hawaio (·itizeos to enterthl' Philippines. During the pendcnc)' of the appcal to the Collector of('ustoOlS b~' those refust'd admittaoee, the fonncr sent :\ eomlllunieation tothe ('u~;tOl\lSauthorities of Hooolulu, asking tht'11Ito make an iowstigation.l:'JlOIl n-.·I'i,·ing tl\(' III',;w••r, the Collt'l't<:Jrof )Ianila ord.'r(·d H I't'hear:ngbefore the board in whidl the eviden('e rl'('t'iwd fruUl Hunolulu W88 ('00-

siden'd and giwn eontrolling weight, so that tll(' Ilf'titiooer hel't' was n·fuSf'dadmittai'(·t'. H(· !If'titiuned for a writ of halM'8s (·orpil;;. H('ld, that "tht'rul(· t hat tilt' juuif'ial dt'partment of th(' Gowrnnlt'nt will uot inh'rfere furthl' \;:'rl'0S(' of modiJyillg or rl'wrsing the ('ol)('lusioIlS of thl- ColJ(,(·tor ofCustoms in Jnlluigration ('ast's, whl'n his ('olldusions are ha~wd upon s(1I11t'(',i(It'n"t' justifying them, and wllt'n the parti('s h:,,'1' 1)('(-11gin-II a fairfull alld fr,'t' hl'nr;ng, is su wdl (·stahlish(·d tlmt it Sf'eIllSnnllf'('l'Ssary now to

,.it<.-('aH's III support of it.'" But wll('nt'ver an iuvestigation such as haveheeu Illude by the Honolulu 1Il1thoritics, is held and testimony taken todl'!enllille the alien's right to ('nter the Philippines and he has not been given~ "pportnnit), to 1)(.'present, the ('ause should be remanded {c- ~ _-hear-ing', iu order that the lIliell lIlay have a full, free and fairhe.aring. (1.00."'f,,!! t·. IIiSlIlllr ('ullectur, XII Off. Gu. p. 1330.1

1:.\1'11:;E\lIlE~Ct:; MC'l'I\'ESO}' COMPLAINING\YITNESS.-"I. Experienceh~:; »howlI that unfounded r!llIrges of rape or attempted rape havp not infre-'jl1"u'ly bt'eu preferred by women, actuated by some sinister or ·ultprior andU1H!::sc'losed1JI0tiw lInd cOII\'ietion for such crime should not be sustainedwithcmt clear and <-ommcing proof of the guilt of the accused. 2. It is thetJuty of the (~ourt in such cases to scrutinize with the utmost care the storyt"ld by the t'olllplaining witness, spl!cially ""hen it appears that she ·did notJonkc illllJlediate outer)' or that there was any unexplained dplay in institut-ing tile ('r:lIIinal prc)('eeding." :J. But in th!.' east' at bar it conclusivelylIppl'ars that tlJe off Hided .womlln sought lIssistance and made formal and,official I'Cllllplaiut immedi.ltely after the commission of the crime under::;udl (·ireumstau('es as to prl'C!ude the possihilit), ·of a ('onspiracy betweenherself and the pros('('uting witnesses to press a falSE: eharge against theaccused. 01. "Tile ulll'xp1:Jined silpnce of a Iruln surpriSlod in eompany of awomau by whom he is thel-e and then charged with :-npe, under cireum-stance;; which would nat'urllll)' eall for an indignant denial of such chargt!by an innoeent man is eviJence tcuding to establish his guilt of tbe erimethus charged:' (r. S. I'. Bermlldo Bay, R. G. !)3-l1, dl"eided Aug. 14,1914.)

l'IlUIIIOL PRACTln: ANDPROCEIlURE;NEW TIlIAL.-·New trial was askedou the ground that if the aecus<'d be given another opportunity. to presentl'vidcut'C he would be able to show boYa Jlh)'sician that t1lp finger which thecourt found to haw been rendered useless by the (,ut ,,:a8 not ne<'essarily auselt'ss memh('r inasmueh if the injured party' would pt'nnit a 8urgicaloj ••.·ratiou, the finger would be restored to its normal condition. Denied."The iujured part)' is -not obliged to· submit to a sUl'l,rical operation torelieve the ac('ust<J from the natnral aud ord.j.llal")'n'sult!l of his erime. Hemust abide b)' tll<' l'onseljllell<'eS without tilt' aid of the injured party."lV. S. r. Jlaras;ya", H. G. !H26, d('l'ided Aug. 15,1914.)

HOMJ<.'I/lt:;IsT};sT ~() }lll.I••-lle who \'oluntaril)' lIud wit~ the intentto c'allse inju~' ('ommits lids ('It'lIrl)o'unlawful i,; respousible for all tbeeOUst"lut'/we,;of his ('rimiu;JI aet,' even though \"hen ,;ueh-·wrongful act con-stituks the •.rime uf homi('ide it appears that he had no inh'nt~on of killingth,' d('(·eased. The proof as to the alibi ean ha\'e little· weight when theidt'illity of tll<' d••f••ndimts lI,; the pcrsons who t'lllIlIUiltcd the (·rime h88 bet>n

fully ('litablished by eyewitnesses. (D. S. 1". Baltazar, R. G. 910S, d('CideuAug. 7, 1914.)

EXTRAJl:DICULCO~PESSIOKS;AI>lIISSIBILITYOl'.-In D. S. 1". De Leon,H. G. 9656, decided Aug. 20, 1914, the Court, per ,Johnson, ,J. held, that1. "Generally the question of the admissibilit;r of extrajudicial confessions isnecessarily uddn'SSed, in the first instance, to the judge and since suchdiseretioll must be controlled by the attendant eireumstances, the eourts havewisely forborn to mark with absolute precision llny rules limiting theadmission or I' elusion of sueh testimony. Their admissibility must dependh!l~d.v in eaeh ease upon the facts and circumstances surrounding the same."(/lopt/:. C'tall, 110 U. S. 574; Bram v. D. S. 168 D. S. 532; WilSall t'l

C'. S. 162 C'. S. 612.) 2. "In all cases, howen>r, before sueh confessionsare admissible, it must be shown that the)' were made fully and \"oluntaril~',without t'ompulsion or inducement or hope of reward of any sorL" (n'i.'sonI:. C. S. 11;2 (T. S. 613; Bram 1:. C:. S. 168 G. S. 532; Hardy 1". c:. 8. 186U. S. 224.)

bDIIGRATIl)~; .JURISllh:TlO~0•• COl"RTSOF,FIRST b:sTAKcE.-Plaintiffhere WI'S refused admittan:'e by the immigration authorities. He petitionedtor a writ of habeas t'orpus. The Judge without determining whether therehad Ix't'n any abuse of authorit)· on the part of the eustoms authorities or not,proceeded to take testimony upon the (juestion of the petitioner's r.,,'ht toenter the Philippines. Held, that 1. "The right to determine, in the firstinstance whether or not a Chinese alien has a right to enter the UnitedStah.-s or an)' territories thereof to which the Chinese Immigration lawshave been I' tended, has been eOllf(>rred by law upon a brandl of the ex-('cutive d(>partlllcnt. The judit'ial department has no right to interfere indetermining the right of alims to enter th<oPhilippilws ext'ept and until ithas Ix>en prown and shown eIearl~' that that braneh of the ex('('uti\"e de-partment upon whieh tl:(' power to determine that "uestion has Ix.>eneon-ferred by law, has abused its authority." 2. "An abuse of authority existswhen there is no proof prcwnted to support the eonelusions of the c~stomsauthorities or when they haw misapplied a ('Iear pro\"ision of the law.The ('ustoms authorities are more or less a jur)' in deterniining the fa('tsin t.he first instanee." (Ekiu I:. C. 8. 142 U. 8. 651; J'amataya t·. Fiflher,189 l~. S. 86; c:. S. /:. Ju Toy, Hl8 LT. P. 253; Lee ]IOJI 8illg v. d. S. 158U, 8.538; Lo Po t". JlcCo!}, 8 Phil. :H3; .lac 19co ". Shuster, 10 Phil. 448.):1. "A. n1e're refusal by the proper authoritil.'s to allow an alien to enterthe territory of the United 8tat('s is not an ubu",", of authority." 4. "Thehurden is not upon 'the eXt'('uti\'e department of the gowrnment to showthat an alien immigrant has not n right to land. The hurden is upon the

alien seeking to land to show that III.'has a right to enter." (Tall (,hin Pi"l". Immlar l'ollectur, H. G. dl'(,idcd Aug. 20, 1914.)

COXSPIIlACY;CRIlllXAI. HESI"OXSIBILITY.-"·hen two or more personsIlgrl'e to commit a crime, eaeh is responsible for all the acts of the othersdone in furtherance of the agreement or conspiracy. (U. S. v. lpil, Ma"da"ict al. H. G. 965:~,dlocided Aug. 21,1914.) In a~onspiracy,e\"ery act of one

of the conspirators, in the furtherance of a common design or purpose ofsuch conspiracy, is, in the contemplation of law, the act of ead, one of them.(C:. S. I'. Goodiflg, 12 Wheat. 460; Lillcolll r. Chaflif', 7Wall. (U. 8) 1a2;Logarl t'. U. S. 144 U. 8. 263; Boyd t·. U. So 142 U.8. 450.)

AR~OS; EnIJEXCt:; Dl"TY 0 •• }<~ISCAI.S.-The defendant was set>n In the

neighborhood during the afternoon in which the fire oecured and a:ikeda servant of the owners of the house if her masters were at home and wasinformed that they were away, that after the fire started the defendantwas seen a short distance fron; the burning buildings running away from

them, No evidence was presented by the defense and tht' lower court con-"icted the a(·cus(.'d. Held, ;hat 1. In the absence of .evidence as to moth'e,tlwre is nothing in the reC<Jrdwhich would sustain a finding that 'the origintlf the fire was ma;;c;u,,;: and not a('cidental or that the ar('used was guilt~·of arson. 2, The court calls tIll' attention of the prosecuting officers to thefollowing language found in C:. S. v,. ('arlo.~, 15 Phil. 51: "The records of

(·riminal caSl'S suhmitted to this ('ourt so frelJlI('ntly disclose a lal'k. of allef"fort to develop the Dlotiw for the cODlmission of the rrime <:harged, thatwe take advantag{' of thi;; opportunity to dire(·t the atttontion of all. pro-15l'('utingoffi(·ers, spl'Cially the provincial fiSt'als, to the importance of def-initely aSI'('naining :md proving wlll'n possible the motives whid.- a(~tuatt'dthe ('ommission of a ('rim•• und('r judieial inwstigation. It is true that in~elll'ral when the commission of a crinll' is l'I('arl)' prown eOll\ietion ma~'and should follow even wl,en the reason for the (,olllmi~sion is unknown(151 U. S. 396); hut in many (·riminal ('aSl'S O/ll' of the -most important/lids in (·olllpll.'ting the pro.)f of the cOJllmission of the ('rime by the a('('usedis till' introdlll·tion of eviden('e dis('losing tl~e mlltiw whi('h temph'<l tht'mind to indulg(' thl.' ..rimillul act and in lIl'arl~' {'\'cry l'a!'t.:wher('in thl' lawp!aN's tIll' penalty to be in.Jlosed in till' -dis('retion of· the ('ourts within'('rtain' limits, it will h(" found that a kllnw!t'dg(' of till' motive which

ae·tuuted the guilt~· Ill'rsoll is of Ih(· gn'atest Sl'n·i('{· in th(' (·xen·ise of thi"disu(,ti"n. (1.'. S, l'. E.'"'III1t!", n. G. !l3!1H. (l(~·idl.'dAu~. 22, 1914.)

78 PIIILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL

TWO XEW EDITJO~S OF THE CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE

It was somewhat of a coincidence that two new editions' of the ('odeof Civil Procedure should appear at the same time. Both ha,"e also bl'<'llprepared anonymously, although the reviewer understands that the authorsare well known public men. On account of the difference in language both

will pron u:;eful to the practitioner and the law student.

The title page of the edition in English read:;: "The Code of CivilProcedure of the Philippine Islands, Being Act No. 190 as I1mended t{) Julyfirst, 1914, (including aU acts to 2402) with supplementary' and cognateacts including applicable portions of the Judiciary' AdS, Adequately in-dexed. With Citations to the known origin in the State Codes of Various

Sections, and Citation:; to references to this Code contained in VolumesI to XXV, inc!usi"e, Philippine Reports and Jurisprudencia Filipina:' TheLawyers' Cooperatin Publishing Co., 110 Echague, Manila, are its publish-ers; price ¥'8.00 per copy. The compilation, is well done aJ,;ldthe printing istasty. It would haye proved much more valuable, howeYer, if the annota-tions of bare citations had been expanded inro notes.

The title page of the e<!;tion in Spanish reads: "CC:-.digode Procedi.miento en Ju; ••ios Civiles J Actuaciones EspeciaIes en las Islas FilipinasC'onfrontado con la ultima edici6n oficial y corregido en ciert{)s pasajesl'1I que se ad,;erten ohseuridad ). l'rrores manifiestos, despu~ de consult~do

detenidamente 1'1 texto ingles. Comprende: 'la le:y original y sus enmiendashasta la fecha, con I' ,elusion de los preceptos derogados ° refonnados, laaIllas importantes doctrinas de la Corte Suprema de los Islas en materia p1"O-

('esal hasta ahorn publicadas, y el Reglamento de los Tribunales de Justieiacon todas sus reformas. (\mtiene ademas: al principio, un cUlldro demostra-ti,'o de las leyes que derogan 0 modifican ciertas disposiciones del presenteCodigo, y una Tabla alfabetic.a de las se~tencias, que se citan; ;y un in-diee alf&betico minucioso de materias al finaL" Imprenta y Lirografia

de Juan Fajardo, Carriedo 326, Santa. Cnlz, Manila, are it" publishers:price 'P-IO.OO ptlr c~py. It is dedicated to .Hon. Francisco Ort,igas, 'Chair-man of the Code Committl'e 'Hnd has a prefatory note by Judgl' Romualdt'z.The notes consisting of di!!l'sts of the Supreme Court Rept-rts will be wel-cOlued b)' the legal fraternit.v. TIll' printing IInd llinding c;,uld l'8sil)' haveI>een improved upon.

Thus each has a demerit; yet each has more tlum eountl'rhalllndngmerita.

Under this hl'a~ing :!Ill'.Thomas W. Palmer in the .July number of Casellnd Comment gives some !wr;;onal observations regardir;g the professionof law in Spaill ",hil'h will undouhtedly he of intert:llt to our reade1'B; Wequote from him the following:

"Spain is a ('ounl1), in which the profession of law (abogatlo) haaalways been one of honor and dignity, but f9r this reason, has been alsothe usual eal'l't'r for manv sons of the aristm·ratie eIWl&'.Swho have noparticular talent for oth('r' professions. Howewr, the Hal' jealously guardsits prestige, an~ maintains some rigid rult'.Sand many antique customs • • •The Spanish Universities are all state institutions under governmentnl ",u-pervision . . . "'hen a stud('nt ohtains the degree of licenciatura he isadmitted on the payment of l·t·rt.ain ft'es to the pradi(',c without furtherexamination. The degree is abso:utely a (,ondition pl'C<·.edentto the prae-tiel' . . . The outline of studi('.S ir. ord('r to obtain the licencintura degreeextends over. a period of six years . . . rfhe gl'nerdI: opinion appears· to bethat thf! standards for the examination are low, although many regUlllrl~'fail in some of the subjects , . . The students take few 01' no notes, becausethe instructors have their own notes (alluntes) printed, which they are re-(Iuired to purchase. This is possibly an ex(mSllble graft, as the full pro-fessors receiw only $1,200 salary' . . . AfteT the student has obtained histitle . . . he must in order to actually prdCt.il,ein the ('Gurts of a· provin'lt'be<>oml'a member of tht' ('ole!Ji/, de AlIo!/ados or Hal' Association in thec8j,ital of that provinee, where t'xists a ('our! of appeal (audienria). If helocates in a vill;,lge or small town he ('an give adviet>ltnd ;irgue .in the policecourts and ('ourts of first inslllDl'e wit!wut joinin~ the Colegio de Abo-gados. . . , It is euri;.us to notil'e that tIll' annual dlK's are· pr;lportionedto the amount of business the individual attorney or ml~rnber has • .• .Each member from tIlt' busil';;t 1(, till' newl~' mhnittcd mast serve his turnin alphabetieal order in the t'harit~· (~Sl'" • • • In (,nnC'lusic'llit may besaid that the bar of Spain is ovel'l'l'CIwded. .. The prepltration of C'a&'Sis not so strenuous umIl·r the l~ivil lllw liS undl'r tht· C'~lsefvstem of the com-mon law. But, in gem'rdl, the average lawyer of .Spain, ~hile not superiorto our average law)'er, possesses an equal or beUt'r edul:ation and aSl'ume!'la greater dignity." .

SERAFIN P. HILADO 320 S. Fifth Ave.• Ann Arbor. Mich. U. S. A. S.-cretMy.

(Alumni are requl'Sted to· eOlltr:bute to this departml'nt.)

Board of Directors, College uf Luu: Alumlli Asso<"iation.

"hXt:EL A.· Rox.\s,.i913 Law PresidentH. L.\WREXCE Nom.E, 1914 Law Vit~e-Pre&ideHt.JOI;EA. ESPlRITt:, 191:~ Law Secretarfl-Trea&urerAl'RELlO A. TORRE!il,1914 Law J[emberJOSE Yl'LO, 1914 Law Jfp.mber

~mwsFRO'-I THE CLASSES

1913

MAxeEL A. Rmus is the privatI' Sl"('retary of Chief JustiC'e'Cayt'tano S. Are-llano.

F:l'LOGlOBEXITEZ has lx>en taking post-graduate studies in thE.'C'lIiwrsity of('hiC'ago. It is rE.'portpd·t hat he has been doing exC'ell(>lItwork in thatinstitution.

"'ILLL\l[ C. BRAIl\"has jUf.t returned from his trip around the world and.isagain bal·k in his offiee in the Bureau of Customs liS member of tbE.'Board of Speeial Inquiry.

ALEJAXi,ROIlE Guz~rAx has a sllc'c'essful law pr,\(·tiC'e in Pangasinan and inthe neighboring. provinces,

CHARLESC. IlE SEL~rs who was till' /irst to pass the bar e al!lination from theCollege of Law is. now a ml'mhl'r vf the Inw firm "Aitkens & De Selms"in this eity,

,JO:'E A. F:sP\I!!'I'l' has bePl\ appointed Instructor in "Iercantile Law in thel'lIi\,\,rsit.\· of the Philippines where he is now tcal'!ling and a:>ting asthe Sl-(·retary of the Law Fl\C'ulty.

R.:RAI'IX P. HIL.\Ilo after h-adJing one year in the College. of Law has beenSl"nt to the UnitC'd States on a fl'llowship by ~he Uniwrsity of thePhilippines. He ic; at presl'nt taking up post-graduate studies at therniw-rsit.\· of Mic·hlgan. HI' will reim'Sl"lIt the College of !All\' in the"'oming l'om'l'lItion of tIll' Asscwiation of Americ'an -Law ~C'hools inChiC'Bgo.

,h~:s C. VrcKElls is n ml'mlwr of the firm U)lcVl'un & ViC'kcrs". for the~('I\t'rnl praetice c;f law in ('l'!lU, :'Iisamis, Ruri::raCl, lInd OrientalX(·~ros. Mr. \·il·kl-rs, uft"r g-radulltin~ from the Collc·g-e of La\\', and

pa!>Sing the har l-xaJllinati"lI, 'H'Jlt to Spain to takt' up post-graduawwurk in tht' l"lIirer»idad ('elltral de .llnd,.id.

l"EI,ICIAXOOC.HJI'O was f,lr the last ft.'w months a law reporter in the?tIiS('('llm1l'tlIlSDi"ision of till' E t'('uti"e Bureau. He has I't'eently beentransfern.(J tn thl' Di"ision of Arc·hin-s of tilt' slUne bUn'au with a goodpromotion.

J<~t"TIQl'IAXOGAllca has L,~('n prnmotl-d from Assistant Law Clerk to LawCler" of tht' Bureau of Publie Works.

RICARIIOPARA~,Jr., is doing good work in the lnw firm of Lawrence, Ross &:Bloek, in t1~s eity~

E~III,IO Y. HIL.\110is at Ilrl'S(-ot prnetising law in Iloilo with Attorney Ru-Jwrto !\fontioola .

•JOllX C. )L\c)IAlIOX who il-n tht'St' Islunds a fell' months ago on a tour.nrowld tht' world, is said to bt' at pn-sl'nt IQl-utl'd in Switzerland unableto rl'lllrll to )lallila on uC'('uuntof the war raging around him.

PABLOLOIlEXZOis the .A,;sistnnt Prinltl' Seen-tary of Vice-Governor Martin.Prc"iuUl; to his promotion to this impurtant position ht.' was a steno-g-rapher in tIll' Court of Land Hl'gistratioD and he, latl'r em, bt'C.'ame.theprivntl' St'l'n-tary of ('o:nmissiunt'r Palma •

•\n:.:l.lo A. TOIII(E~has ri.(·l'ntl~· L..t'u appo.nh-d privatt' li(.'(-retary of Mr .•Justire Torres.

RI:;XEH;l'TOJ.\Y1EUfl'('eiwd his diplollill last June and is now a full fl('dgedI.L. B.

F.;nxAxllo .In;() is the Assistuut Law ('Il'rk of :hl' Run'llu of Intt'mal Rt'\·enue.

Student ('ou1/(,il.

TilE n~;,\~,ColI('ge of l.a\';, ('hntrrJU/I/ er'IJ/Jici".J()~~; TElllliH:O. Pres'dl'nt "f il••, S"u:"r <'lass ('hairrl/lll/ pro-femj",re

).1'11~;:;Z() l ~A',:1'0. Heprt·st'ntati· ..e of 1.111'Rnj.homore ('Iass, 8n'refar!l

Al'In;LIO A, TOIwt:." Heprl'sl'ntatiw (If till' Alnmni.1,\1:1:;','0 K,DuxTlla.,;, H"IIl"'sl'ntatiw of till' SI'nior Chlss.JO~E G[~, Prl."idt'nt of till' .Junior ClassV[ct;sn: VAilI'Ll. H"prt'St'ntatiw of t1le ,Junior ClassI'~:I'JWy[ ,WAN, I'n,,,illt'nt of t1l1' Sophomor<' Class.hISE :\h:U:NCIO. 1:"l'l"""entatiw "r the Fr"shm"n Clas.s1'AI'I,[SO Gl'I,LAS, t ·)Ill/wI·II"r. PhiJippinl' Rarristl·rgPIlon;,.;!) S~:Il,\STIA~, :\7a"tl'" :\1usi('i:lII. t '"IIt'gt' or Law l\fusif'aJ Club:\L\ll"EL: ,\XO 1l.IOXTU[AYOR,H"ard of ('"nlr"i. rniwrsity .\thlt'ti(' ASS(l(·iation

.lu'!;:'· Fl'lix :\t. Hoxa", prl'"idl'nt "r lhl' :\Iullif'ipa! Hoard (If thl' ('it~' of:\!'lIIila. (It·li\'l·rt'd two i"('lun's I",fon' IIIf' IlIl·mh,·rg "f th •• Frl'shman (·Iass on.\ugoust 1!1 alld :!(i, HI' has Ill;"l.' a' ;;IH'('ialsludy of (·i\;1 law, and his two!<'l'\un's .'nlilh·d "D,' Palria P"le"lall''' :11,,1 "0,· HonOMun Po~sionibus"\1','1''- a ;:n'at Ill'lp tc: t1l,· n\l':nbt'rs "I' Ihe first y••ar (·Iass..

D"all Mal"ohn was pn's"nt at hlllh le.'turt'S. and 111'••.••prl'SS(·d himselfas lIi;:hly pll'used witll the two let·lures .

•\ t tll,· sn,,;:,'st ion or t I", Coll";:l' of Law. r••prl·s,·ntilth·t'l' from the \'arious('oll,·go"" of Ilit' lJnivt'rsity 1I1t'I T.·.·.·IIII)' at th •• offi(·(· of the D.'an of the(,olll'l{(' tn ronllulall' plans for t h," I'uhli"ation of' a Lniwrsit,\' Annual. Tht'i,l"a was favor:lhl.v f(·(·,·ivl'd h,\' tl\(' f('I'f('sl'lItatin's prt'Sl'nt, and ('nmmittees""'-1'1' th"n appoillt"(1 \.•• h"gill work "II lilt' ,,,I"ption of rul('S. the sl.'lee,tinnof a II/lllle, I'k.

At 'I sn!>l'l',!I1('nt 1IH'(·till/:. also I\('ltl 1II1l1••r O,'an Mal(·olm's prl.'Sidency, it"";IS d•••·id.·t! to haw tl ••• I'diiorial h••;ITrl of'lllt' Univt'rsit,\' Annual ('onsist of,·.litors anrl husi;lPS.s milllUj;"rs f'rlllll (·a.·h "nlleg"', el••(·tl'd by thl' Senior classtllt'r'~lf. TIU' Clas •.•of 1!11!) of thi •.• t'nll ••g't' 11'1t·(·tt'd"i(·toriano Yamzon &8USS.,..illtl·('ditor alld H. K Chase as assistant bUl1int'ss manager.,

TIl(~third 0llt'n m('('ting' of tht> PhilippillP Harrist ••rs "'as held on August:!:!nd. H1I4, in the Ass('lIIhly Hall of tilt' l'ni\"ersity. In spite of the raintlwre was a 11Il'lrf'lIudif'n('(' to listen to tilt' addrl'SS{'s :md songs that fonnedpart of tht>('wning-OSprog-ram. Paulino Gullas, (·hane-dlor of the Barriste""had ('hargp of the IIIP(·ting'. and his 0pl'ning addrpss was l"{'(·t>i,·edwith ap-plausl' h~' tilt' lis!t'IJ('rs: ~It. Gullas spoke g'enerally of the H(·thities ofthe Collt>geof Law.

Commissiont>r Stpplwn BonsaI of the puhlil' utilities hoard spoke inter-('sting'ly on tl)('. Elirop('an 'Yar, an addr('ss on Philippint> government wafI!iwn hy .Judg'p Vil'enl<' HOlJlualdpz of tile Court of First Instanee of Le~1e,while ~Iiss Hosario .Jurado of tIlt' ('olleg'(' of Jjlwral Arts deliwred a recita-tion. !lliss ~ati"idad ("alixlo of the !lfanila high sehool displayed musiC'allah'nt in an appropri:lle song. while the Glee (,Iub of the ColI('ge of Law:md tht> ordlt'stm from thl' SamI'HIO(· Iatl'rllJ('diate sehoo!. also helped inthl' ewning's entertainment.

THE QUESTION OF ATHLETICS ANDTHE COLLEGE OF LAW

B~'G. M. CASSlIlY,

l~h!lsical lJirectur, FIIi l·er8i/./I uf the Pl.ili }Jpit/e".

The purpo"'l' of thi", 1'a1'!'r i", lIut to di,.(,u"'", the ~cnl'ral (IUI''''tioll (If

athll'tie", from the ,..tandpoint of a nwgazirll' lIrtiell' hut merely tu ",u/!·g'1·",t 1I f(·w fad'" to tIll' ,..tudl'lIt,.. :llung". at hle!i(· line,.. wit h thl' ho1'(' that,.."ml' protit may he deTin'd tJ1f'refrom.

Xot .I(ln~ agoo tlll'J"(' wa,. a g-enenll feelillg that ('olll'gol' Imy,. WI'!"(·.g-i\'illg" tou lIlueh timl' alld en('r~y to fouthllll" ha,..ehllll, and tral'k attIll' ('X)H'n",1' of It-xtlwuk knowledgt'. It wa"'· tl1l' ('r~' fr"m the "O!dSelwol" uf (·due:lh.r", that "W(' did nut play fuothall whl'n WI' wI're in('ull('g'I' allli why ,..hould it h•• Ill·(·(·s"'ary fur ",tudent,.. of io(lay to wa,..l1·"'u mudl time and ('n('r~y Oil "ueh foo)i,..h lahor and he",idl'''', thi,.. ,.tn'lIu-oU'" work i,.. injuriou,..." Sueh ar~unll'nt,.. ;In' "'1·ldmn heard today h"'('lIu",,'('du('ator" Hre hq.rinnillg" to "'('(' that phy,..i(·al training' i..; ju,..t a'" important

. in lifl' ",trug-g"le,.. a'" n\('ntal training'. Whill' it i,.. tTl\(' that prof('",sional,..('hool", do not a'" a mil, dl'"ott' a'" n1l1l'h tim(' allll atll'ntion to playa,..till' junior' ('oll('go('''' :lIId pr(,)l:Iratory ,..dlUol,.. do, n(·\'(·rth(,I1·,..,.. m('n whoha\'(' attailll'd 1'laet'''' of rank ill th(' worlo (·Iaim that Illlleh of tlwir"'U('('I·"'''' h:,,.. heen OU(' to tIll' 1'hy"j"al training' r('('('i\'('o hll thl' oiamolllior gridiron; the flllllOU,.. 'YI'lIington 0111'(' ,..aid: ".-\11 of my g'l'l'at \'il'lori(,,..W('re foug-ht yl':lr" ago on th(' foot hall th·ld,.. of Eng'land." It i,.. 1II1

"omitted fad that tIll'. \'il'!ori,·,.. of Ca(',..ar 0\'('1' tht, 1'('01'11,of Xortlll'rllEuru1'I' were due ,illll'l' to till' ,..uperior training' 01 Cae,..ar'", ,..oldier", 0\'('1'that of tl}(' Gaul,. than to lht' lI'ad('r,..hip of C:w,..:ir hims('lf. TIll' Humallsoldier wa,.. traim'd for hi,.. life',.. work allo ht, did hi,.. work \\'(,11. Th('",allll' thing hold,.. t Tllt' toda~', ('om)ll't it ion, is ",trong'('r t IHln ('\'1'1' 1)('1'01"',

Th(· world today d( mand" lI'ader",hip; and traillt'd IIlt'n, nlt'n whm'!' mu",·(·I('~ art' traim'd to do what th(· mino dirt,(·t,.., otlll'r thing'''' heinl! I'qual.will rult' th(' world. .\'hll'ti,·,.. (It·\'(·lo!' that I(';lfll'r",hil' whidl till' worldo(·ll1:lIId,... :·nd fOl" that \'('ry rt'a",on ph~'",i('al training', whit·h m('ans nth-lI·ti(·",. i", not only to!t'ratl'd but fostt'red hy our ",('hool" and ('ollt'I!('';;'"If ('du('ation i" the su~ total of mnn'", 1'll"t eXI'('rit'n('('"," tlll'n what ('1111

h!' 1!1Iinl'd frOID th{' nthlt·ti(· fit'ld is {·on"id ••rahl... Athll'tie trllininK te8(·III''''

tilt' hoy to 1'1'('(')\'(' a'ld ('XI'C'utl' ord('r" and at the "amI' time be selfreliant. It d(·\'(·lop" ,n thl' indi"idual, p,.tien('(' and perseverance. Ittl'aelw" man to know him"l'lf, to takl' d(~fl'at I'almly and "iC'tory modestly,nllll to kN'p hi" !wlld und('r trying- ('ir('um"t:uH'(''', In a 'word ATHLETICStrain thl' ineli,'idual to he <l man.

TI](' Ill'Xt thing- th:lt ('oml''' to m.\' mind i" what will the Collt'ge, ofLaw do in athl(,ti('" this ypar! The pllln of holding' an, inter(·lass fieldday (';\I"h yl'ar i" a wi'y ~ood OIW, al'd "hould he gi"en the undi\'idedsupport, of hoth f:H'ulty and "tud,·,!t", It ha~ the elerne,nt of eompeti-tion n('('l's"ary for th(' "UC'('C"Sof ;.;uC'ha mC'1't and it offers opportunit~,for a lnrg'l' nlllllhl'r to ('ompl't(·. I 11l'1i('n' it would he n good po!i('~' forth(' athl('ti(' C'oull(·il of thl' CollC'g'(' of Law tn make (·ertnin ('hllnge"t,'nelillg' to hring ahout more training nf till' young men entennl\' thediff,'r('nt '('wnt", Eadl of the c'!:,ss ha"l'ha11 tenm" --hould b~ ohlig-ed toholel a c'l'rtllin '1lI1ll1lC'rof praC'til'(' g'am;,,, h('for" the me.·t. ElirninHtion('ollh,,,t,, "llOulel h.· play ••d wlwl1l'\'cr'po",,\hll' to dl'h'nllin(' the' hlc'"t (·11I"'"t,'am", Thl' c'olltl,,,tllnt,, in the difft'r('nt (','('n1'" "!wllld p,ra('li('(' theirC'\'.·lIt" a nlllllhc'r of timt's :tl"o. Slidl prn(·tiee m'n'r doe" nn~' ol:e hanualld !C'''''PIl'' tll{' C'hallt'l'''' of ;u,(,idl'nl lInd injury, ,11°W('\"('r, thi" i" /I

mattl'r for tIlt' c'ollllllittc'p in dwr;.:l' of till' mel·t t •• !ulI:dlr lllld will hI' leftin t h!.'ir hllnd".

TIll' Ill'Xt thiug thllt I c'ou"ic!>'r important from till' "tillllipoint of tla'('COlll'gol'of I.:,W i" t,'uni"" Thi" i" a "I'!<'ndid j,raJlIt· all(1 ..•llOlild he fo"ll'rl'dhy Ih(' ('oll"g'(' lllllhoriti('" a" 1I111<,h::" »o""ihh', It i" a g'llme in whi(,h II

mall ,'all pla~' wilh 1']l'a"UT(' all hi,.. lifl', , .\ Ir:lClitioll ha" ('I'own lip aroundtill' g'anl{' whi..!1 nwk(·" ..!,,'ating' illlpo""il:lc': till' plan'T" thl'lII"l'l\'e" oft('nad a" coffi,'ial", TIll' ('oil ('g'(' of Law "houtd hold Hnotlll'r inh'r-(,Io""TI'IUJi,..T"urnanll'nl Ihi .• y.·ar and plan tn Ill' n'pn·,,(·nlc·d in 1111'rllin'r"ityT"IlTnaml'nt if onl' j,.. hpld, At I'n''''''111 o\\'ill~ I•• la(·k of tinl<' il d••(·,.. liCIt"('1'111wi",· to nr;!!' thl' ('olll'l!(' t.) ('Olllpl'!t· in r"gu'ar illll·1-.· ••II(·I!'(·ho,,(·hol\mill Ira(·k. hut I h••p(· thnl in :lnoll1<'T yl'.,r Ihi" will h(· 1''''' "i111(". TIll'\'aT"ily ha"!·hall t('am T('('I'i\';·d /'on"idl'rahl,' h·lp. 1:I"t ,\·I';,r. frClm tlJ('law ..•tud,·nt,.. llnd "(""'1':11 Iw\'1' alr('ady "i;!nifil'd th"ir «I""irl' 10 «I•• ,.."thi" Yl'ar: all of whi"h aTg-UI''''w('1\ for IIIl' "Q"("'''''' of till' '·:lr,..jt,\·'!t·"Ill'"

In rl'g'ilrd 10 group :lIhl(·ti"" f ••T th(· ('oll,·It(, "fLaw, mlHllI('r "('ri(''''of goroup or "Ia,..,.. galliI''' will pr ••hahly !:.. 11(·;(1. In thi" worK till' rni-\'('r"ity i", gor!'al!y h:lJHlj(':'1'IWd hy till' W:lllt \OJ' a 1'1'''1'('1' go,\'1Il1Ul"in:llIInclhathing" f:ll·iliti(,,,. It i..•nllt g'(lOcIfllr ClIll"S h(':l1I1I tll plll~' g'I'II1('" withuutII hath aft!'r it. L(·t u" hllpe thaI thi" will he' Tl'nll'cI~('d in Ihe' lIeurfuture h~' thl' ('lIn",tru('li"n f"r till' Ul1iv('",;it~, ul' till' h(,,,t ~."mnll"inm inthe Orient.