Social Status during

Spanish colonization

• Principalia - it was the social and educated class in the towns of colonial Philippines composed of the Gobernadorcillo (Town Mayor), or the Cabeza de Barangay (Chief of the Barangay) who governed the districts and the awardees of the medal of Civil Merit.

• Exempted from forced labor during the colonial period

• Were allowed to vote, be elected to public office and be addressed by the title: Don or Doña

• Given certain roles in the Church, such as assisting the priest in pastoral and religious activities

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Ilustrados

• (Spanish for "erudite," "learned," or "enlightened ones"). constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century

• They were the middle class who were educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals.

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1. Indios - person of pure Austronesian (Malay/Malayo Polynesian) ancestry (natives)

2. Insulares - Spaniards born in Philippines who took important positions in the Spanish government in the Philippines.

3. Mestizos - Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino (Austronesian people/Malay/Malayo-Polynesian), or European or Chinese ancestry.4. Peninsulares, Spaniards who are born in Spain and took roles in the Philippines

Kinds of Mestizo’s

Mestizo de Sangley- person of mixed Chinese and Malay ancestry

Mestizo de Español-person of mixed Spanish and Malay ancestry

Tornatrás-person of mixed Spanish, Malay and

Chinese ancestry

Economic Achievements during Spanish Time

1. Introduction of New Plants2. Establishment of new Industries3. The opening of Manila- Acapulco Trade4. The founding of Economic Society of Friends

of the Country5. Tobacco Monopoly6. Creation of the Royal Company of Spain7. The opening of the Philippines to the world

trade

Manila as Asia’s Trade Emporium

The 1st Spanish governor-general promoted Philippine trade with the neighboring Asian countries and with Mexico.

Trade was free, no restrictions on imports and exports, Manila experienced a Marvelous commercial boom.

Basco and Economic Progress

Jose Basco- the most economically-minded Spanish governador-general. • was develop the natural resources of the

Philippines.• He adopted a general economic plan which

aim to foster Philippine agriculture, commerce and industries.

• He also gave prizes to all persons –who could excel in the cultivation of cotton,

mulberry trees, and spices to those who could manufacture silk, porcelain, hemp, flax and cotton.– To those who could develop mines of gold,

iron, copper and tin– To those who could make useful inventions– To those who could distinguished

themselves in arts and sciences.

• He issued circulars on better methods of producing cotton, silk, sugar and other commodities

• He ordered 4,000,000 mulberry trees in order to foster the silk industries.

• March 24, 1784- he issued decree providing that the land, carabaos and farm implements of the farmer could not be seized by creditors, and they could not be arrested or jailed during planting or harvesting of crops

Outstanding events

1. Founding of Economic Society of Friends of the country in 1781

2. Establishment of tobacco monopoly in 17823. The creation of Royal company of the

Philippines and Mexico.

Economic Society of Friends of the Country

April 26, 1781- ESFC was inaugurated in Manila with Ciriaco Carvajal, member of the Manila Audiencia as the first president.•– It Help much in the agricultural advances of the

Philippines.

• In 1784 it made the 1st shipment of indigo to Europe.

• 1824- imported martines to fight locusts that were destroying Philippine crops.

• 1825- it granted free scholarships to 8 Filipinos to study the art of dyeing in Manila

• 1829- it imported machine for hulling rice from Cadiz, Spain

• 1837- Awarded 1000 to Dr. Paul de la Gironiere, French Physician and Planter.

• 1853- gave Candido Lopez Diaz, Filipino inventor a prize of 2000 and a gold medal for inventing machine for cleaning hemp fibers.

• 1861- It founded the 1st agricultural school in Manila

• It introduced the cultivation of tea, cotton, poppy and mulberry tress.

• Imported agricultural implements. Cotton, seeds and spinning machinery from the united states.

The Tobacco Monopoly

March 1, 1782- a government monopoly of tobacco was established pursuant to Royal Decree of February 9, 1780.

It lasted from 1782-1882

Results of Tobacco Monopoly

1. It gave a large annual revenue to government

2. Promoted tobacco production

Direct Trade with Spain

As early as 1753 father Jose Calvo, Jesuit priest-economist recommended to the Spanish Crown the establishment of the Philippine-Spain trade in order to improved the Philippine economy.

1766- King Charles III ordered the opening of direct trade between Manila and Cadiz, in order to relieve the Philippines from commercial dependence to Acapulco.

• Buen Consejo- 1st frigate assigned on the new Philippine-Spain Trade. Juan Casseins a french naval officer in Spain service captained the frigate.

• March 1, 1766- Frigate left Cadiz rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

• Asuncion- Last frigate which was used in direct trade between Manila and Cadiz.– It brought the 1st Philippine shipment of Indigo to

Spain. (1784)

Royal Company of the Philippines

By his Royal Decree of March 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain established the Royal

company of the Philippines with Jose de Galves as the President.

Aims of Royal Company

1. To promote Philippine Trade with Spain

2. To encourage Philippine agriculture and industry

According to its charter the company had a capital of 8M divided into 32,000 shares valued at P250 each.

To help the company the king granted many privileges

1. Use of Flag of the Spanish Navy in all vessels2. Right to purchase supplies from Royal arsenals at

government prices3. Exemption of all its shipments from tariff duties.4. Right of all its ships to the ports of the Orient.

• 1782- decline of the company.

• July 12, 1803- King Charles IV issued a revised charter which is increasing the capitalization of the company to 12,500,000 and granting it additional privileges:

1. Allowing foreigners to own or purchase its shares

2. Permitting the Company vessels to trade directly to China and other Asian countries and return to Spain without calling at the port of Manila.

3. 3. Allowing foreign vessels to bring oriental goods to Manila.

Causes of the Failure of Royal Company

1. Poor Management by incompetent Spanish Officials

2. Hostility of Manila Merchants3. Neglect to Ship European Goods which were

more in demand with Asian markets.

Royal Company contribution

1. It opened commercial relations between Europe and the Philippines, ushering for the first time free trade between Manila and Cadiz.

2. The Company furnished the Philippines the needed capital to develop her economy.

3. It fostered the colony’s infant industries.

Governor Berenguer de Marquina

Felix Berenguer de Marquina- succeeded General Basco he arrived in Manila July 1,

1788 and took over the gubernatorial office.

Demolition of Nipa- houses in the city of Manila..

Manila was opened to European vessels for 3 years by the Royal decree of August 15, 1789 issued by King Charles IV.

January 23, 1790- “Plan of Reforms for the Government of the

Philippines”

1. Transform Philippines into a viceroyalty like Mexico.

2. Encouragement of Chinese immigration to the Philippines

3. Abolition of the odious monopolies4. Sending of farming families from Cataluña,

Galicia and Valencia, Spain, to the Philippines to teach Filipino farmers better methods of agriculture.

5. Higher salaries fro alcalde mayor and abolition of their trading privileges.

6. Establishment of a mint to prevent the outflow of gold from the Philippines7. Opening of Manila to world Trade.

Opening of Manila to World Trade

September 6, 1834- abolition of Royal Company and Manila was opened to World Trade.Effects:• Establishment of foreign commercial firms• Opening of foreign consulates

• Sinibaldo de Mas’- Spanish Economist and diplomat.– Results of his investigation-

1. Opening of more Philippine ports to world trade2. Encouragement of Chinese immigration to stimulate

agricultural development.3. Abolition of tobacco monopoly.

Banks• Obras Pias- earliest banking Institution in the

Philippines.• Francisco Rodriguez- 1st Filipino to engaged in

banking “ Rodriguez Bank” in 1835.• Banco Español-Filipino- 1st government bank

in the Philippines.– It was established in August 1, 1851 in accordance

to Royal Decree of Queen Isabel.– May 1, 1852- issued bank note, a ten peso

denomination.

Spanish Heritage

Food and Dress• Wheat• corns• patato• cacao• coffee• cabbages• papayas• chico’s • guavas

•Beef•Mutton• Longanizas• Jamon• Sardines• CANNED GOODS

Male• Bahag- Western coats and Trousers (Americana)• Putong- hats• And used of Slippers and shoes for the foot wear.Female• They discarded sarong and used saya for lower

apparel and adopted the camisa with long and wide sleeves in place of the old short sleeve

Filipino Women During Spanish Times

• They have no freedom to studies in the Universities, to engage in the professions and to mix freely with men.

• But they were permitted to engage in business.

• They were kept in seclusion at home or in school exclusively for girls.

Colegios- exclusive school for girls operated by nunsThey were trained the rigid rules of

conduct, to cook well, to sew and embroider and to know music.Beaterio- combined school and nunnery

• Governor-General Narciso Claveria- corrected the Philippine Calendar..

• August 16, 1844- he issued an order proclaiming Tuesday, December 31, 1844 to be Wednesday, January 1, 1845.

• November 21, 1849- Governor Claveria issued an order of giving Spanish surnames to Filipino Families.

EducationThe 1st School to be established are parochial school with the Spanish missionaries as the teachers.1st college for boys was founded by the Jesuits in Manila in 1589. ( College of Manila)- (College of San Ignacio) and in 1621 its rank was elevated by Pope Gregory XV as University.-College of San Ildefonso(1595)-College of San Jose (1601)In 1859 they took charge of the Escuela Pia

• College of Our Lady of the Rosary (1611)• College of Santo Tomas and later changes to

University of Santo Tomas• And in 1630 they founded the college of San

Juan de Letran

Journalism• Del Superior Govierno- 1st newspaper in the

Philippines with Governor General Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar as the editor. It appeared in Manila on August 8, 1811. Its last Issue came on July 4, 1813.– La Esperanza( 1846) – 1st daily newspaper– La Illustracion Filipina –(1589) 1st Illustrated periodical– El Catolico Filipino-(1862) – 1st Religious newspaper– La Opinion(1887)- 1st political newspaper– El Ilocano- (1889)- 1st vernacular newspaper founded

by Isabelo de los Reyes.– El Hogar (1893)- 1st women Magazine

Literature

Prayer books DoctrinasNovenas

biographies of saints other Religious matters.

• Awits (chivalric-heroic poems)• Corridos (legendary-religious poems)The favorite reading matter of Filipino during lent season was the passion.

the story in verse of the life, suffering and crucifixion of Christ.Florante at Laura- Most popular epic tagalog Literature. The Political Masterpiece of Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.

Theater

1. Duplo- it is political debate held by trained men and women on the 9th night or last night of the mourning period.

-the male participants were called bellocos and bellacas for female.

2. Karagatan- Political debate but the partakers were amateurs

• Comedia- the 1st recorded drama in Cebu in 1598. it was written by Vicente Puche and it was performed in honor of Msgr. Pedro de Agusto, Cebu’s 1st bishop.

Popular Plays during Spanish Era

1. Cenaculo

2. Moro-moro

3. zarzuela

• Cenaculo- Religious play depicting the life and sufferings of Christ. It was performed During the Lent Season.

• Moro-moro- cloak and dagger play depicting the wars of Christain and Muslims, with Christian always on the winning side.

– Fr. Jeronimo Perez- wrote the 1st moro-moro and was staged in Manila in 1637, to commemorate Governor General Corcuera’s victory.

• Zarzuela- it is musical Comedy.

Architecture• Stone Houses were introduced in Spanish

architectural style with the characteristics of azotea and Andalucian court yard

Painting

Damian Domingo “ Father of Filipino Painting” 1st Filipino to win famein 1820 he founded the 1st school in painting in Manila, Academy of Fine Arts.

Hospitals

Juan Clemente a Franciscan lay brother founded the 1st hospital in the Philippines.

Hospital de San Juan de Dios and San Lazaro Hospital.

OrphanageHospicio de San Jose, was established in

Manila in 1810

Other Contibutions• Celebrations during Fiestas• Holidays• Cockfighting• Horse Races• Lottery (Loteria Nacional)• Carillo• Siyaman• Haranas• Flores de Mayo• Santacruzan

To be continued……..

Islam in the Philippines• The Moros- “Moro” Spanish term for Moor or

Muslim.Main Groups of Filipino Muslims:1. Maranaos of Lanao2. Maguindanaons of Cotabato3. Samals of Zamboanga4. Sangils of Davao5. Yakans of Basilan6. Toasugs of Sulu

Islamic Faith and Muslim CustomsISLAM means “Submission to the Will of God”

5 Pillars of ISLAM1.Profession of faith2.Praying 5 times a day3.Giving alms for the poor4.Fasting5.Pilgrimage to Mecca

• Shariff Makdum- a Muslim missionary from Malacca who introduce Islam in the Philippines in the year 1380.

• 1390 – Raha Baginda from Sumatra arrived in Sulu and carried on Makdum’s work.

• 1450- Abu Bakr, an Arab authority on Islamic religion and law from Johore. He married Princess Paramisuli and founded Sulu sultanate.

• Shariff Kabungsuan- 1st Muslim leader to reach Mindanao, He landed in Maguindanao in 1475 from Johore. He married a Princess names Putri Tuñina.

Causes of Muslim War

1. The Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu.2. They defended their faith against foreign who

wants to propagate Christianity.3. Love for Adventures.

June 1578- Beginning of Muslim warsGovernor Francisco Sande sent a Spanish force against Jolo, this force was commanded by Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa.

Sultan Pangiran Budiman a Tausug leader resisted the attack. (the Moro’s failed to Spaniards)

• 1596 became the Governor of Mindanao

• April 20, 1596 they reached Rio Grande de Mindanao and landed in Bwayan and the Datu was Datu Ubal Sirungan.

• 1602- Sirungan and Buisan- organized a 145 caracoas.

Gov. Juan Cerezo de Salamanca established a Military based in Mindanao.April 6, 1635- Capt. Juan de Chaves with 1000 Visayans and 300 Spaniard’s landed in Zamboanga. He was accopampanied by Fr. Mechor de Vera a Jesuit missionary engineer.

Tagal’ Last RaidTagal a fiery brother of Kudarat

he raided Visayas and Calamianes.He continue raiding Spanish colonize area for 8 months

“I shall bring you the God of the Christian as a prisoner.”

December 17, 1636- Tagal sailed Zamboanga shore.

Iba- a friendly Lutao.

- Decemcer 21, 1636- Tagal got killed and 120 Christian captives were rescued and Gonzales recovered the treasures which Tagal stolen form Visayas.

Kudarat and Corcuera

Gov. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera decided to invade Maguindanao- the sultanate of the powerful Sultan Kudarat.

February 2, 1637- he left Manila and stopped in Zamboanga.

March 13- Gov. Corcuera landed on the mouth of Rio Grande de Mindanao.

• March 14, 1637- Lamitan fell in the hands of Spaniards

• May 24, 1637- Gov. Corcuera returned to Manila. Where he was given a hero’s welcome.

• April 17. 1638- Jolo fell under Governor-general Corcuera. Sultan Bungsu together with his warriors escaped. Sultuna Tuan Baloca was taken as a prisoner..

Sultan Alimudin I of Jolo• 1749- Sultan Alimudin I was deposed by his

brother Bantilan.• January 2, 1750- He arrived in Manila and

was received by Bishop Juan de Arrechedera.• April 28, 1750 he was baptized by the

Dominican Fathers and he was named as Don Fernando de Alimudin I.

• May 19, 1751- he left Manila for Jolo.

Decline of Moro RaidsTowards the closing decades of the 18th century the Moro powers declined and the raids loss their sting..1848 -steamships where purchased by Spain to England. (Magallanes, Elcano and Reina de Castilla)Feb. 16, 1848- Gov-Gen. Narciso Claveria attacked Samals at Balanguigui. “Count of Manila”Governor-General Antonio de Urbiztondo campaigned in Sulu archipelago.

• December 24, 1850 – Urbiztondo defeated Moro’s in Tonquil.

• February 28, 1851- he attacked and captured Jolo.

• 1876 – Governor- General Jose Malcampo prepared a mighty aramada of 21 steam warship, 11 transport and 10,000 combat troops.

• February 21, 1876 – Admiral Malcampo reached Jolo.

• February 29, 1876- they began to attacked the Moro City.

• March 1 1876- Sultan Jamalil A’lam sued for peace and transferred his Capital to Maimbung.

• Malcampo was awarded by the Spanish crown the title of “Count of Jolo”.

End of Moro WarsGovernor General Emilio Torrero (1886)led the invasion of Cotabato.Governor General Valeriano Weyler (1891) invaded Lanao and Cotabato.Datu Amai Pakpak- defender of MarawiDatu Ali Jimbangan- Sultan of CotabatoGovernor-General Ramon Blanco (1895)December 10, 1898- Peace Treaty under Governor Buille

Twilight of Spanish Rule

The Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes

Ventura de los Reyes a creole born in Vigan.Achievements:1. He signed the Spanish Constitution of 18122. Succeeded in having the Galleon Trade abolishedJune 18, 1837- Philippine Representation was

abolished

Advisory Body of the Governador General

1. Board of Authorities- it serve as cabinet and was created under R.D. of Apr. 16, 1850.

It was composed of the Governador General as the president.Members:1. Archbishop of Manila2. General (2nd in command)3. Admiral of Navy4. Director General of the civil administration5. Treasurer6. President of Royal Audiencia7. Attorney general

2. The Council of Administration- it serve as the council of state. It was composed of the Governador General as the president.Members:1. Archbishop of Manila2. General (2nd in command)3. Admiral of Navy4. Director General of the civil administration5. Treasurer6. President of Royal Audiencia

7. Director general of the civil registration8. Father superior of the religious order9. President of the Manila Chambers of Commerse10. President of Economic Society of Friends of the Country.11.6 delegates.Function:

It advise the Governor General on the annual budgets of the local government, the budget of the local government and on important matters affecting the welfare of the colony

Changes in Judicial System

1584- Royal audiencia was created in 1861 the Composition of the Royal Audiencia was changed.The Governor General was removed and replaced by chief justice and 8 associate justices (oidores)

• 1893- 2 Territorial Audiencia was created1. Territorial Audiencia of Vigan2. Territorial Audiencia of CebuTAX REFORM in the year 1884.

1. abolition of tribute and replaced by cedula tax

2. reduction of days annual force labor (polo) .

Reforms of Provincial Government• On Sept. 23 1844 Queen Isabela II

promulgated a royal decree which ordered that the qualified lawyers shall be appointed as alcalde mayores.

Classification of Alcaldia1. Entrada (3 years in service)2. Ascenso3. TerminoOctober 3, 1844- Queen Isabel ordered the abolition of the Indulto de commercio.

R.D of Oct. 5 1847- Municipal Election Law, changed the method of electing the town official

“Town officials will be elected annually by an electoral board by an outgoing gobernadorcillo

and 12 senior cabeza de barangay.”

Guardia Civil- Symbol of Spanish rule in the Philippines (February 12, 1852)

Frailocracia(rule of friars)

Frailocracy

• Union of the church and the state.• Friars dominates the government and

controlled the colony’s education system and owned the best haciendas in the country.

Grievances of Filipinos

1. Little participation of Filipinos in their Government

2. Human rights were denied to them3. Corrupt Spanish official4. Abuses and immoralities of the friars5. Racial descrimination6. Spanish maladministration of Justice7. Persecution of Filipino patriots.