Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi · Republic Act of the Philippines No. 9147, 2001 Wildlife...
Transcript of Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi · Republic Act of the Philippines No. 9147, 2001 Wildlife...
Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi
Compiler: J Kahlil Panopio Contributors: J Kahlil Panopio Suggested citation: Panopio, J. K., 2017. ZSL EDGE of existence Survival Blueprint for the Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi.
1. STATUS REVIEW 1.1 Taxonomy: Chordata>Aves>Accipitriformes>Accipitridae>Pithecophaga>jefferyi
Local names: Haring Ibon (Filipino), Banog, Mamboogook, Malamboogook (Bagobo, Mandaya, Manobo, Tagaka-olo), Garuda, Manaol (Maranao, Maguindanao), Tipule (Subano), Aguila (Tagalog), Manaol (Visayan) English – Philippine Eagle, Great Philippine Eagle, Monkey-eating Eagle Spanish – Aguila Comemonos, Aguila Monera 1.2 Distribution and population status: The Haring Ibon (Pithecophaga jefferyi) is the national bird of the Philippines (Presidential Proclamation No. 615, 1995) and the world's largest raptor globally confined to the forests of four major islands in the country: Luzon, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao (Kennedy, Gonzales, Dickinson, Miranda Jr, & Fisher, 2000). The species is considered Critically Endangered and threatened to extinction due to habitat loss caused by deforestation (BirdLife International, 2001; Collar, Mallari, & Tabaranza, 1999). In Luzon island, the Haring Ibon occurs in the Sierra Madre (Collar et al., 1999) and the Cordillera Mountain Ranges (Abaño & Ibañez, 2013; Rabor, 1971). It is believed that the island holds the largest Haring Ibon population next to, if not more than Mindanao (Bueser et al., 2003; Collar, 1997). However, there has been no adequately studied nest in Luzon according to Ibañez, (2007) and Miranda Jr. et al (2008). This lack of information highlights the importance of studying the species in Sierra Madre and the Cordilleras, which is why studying these populations is a priority concern of the national species action plan for the Haring Ibon (Philippine Eagle Working Group, 1996, 2008) Note: this survival blueprint will primarily focus on populations of Pithecophaga jefferyi in the Central Sierra Madre Mountain Range, Luzon
1.2.1 Global distribution:
Country Population estimate (plus references)
Distribution Population trend (plus references)
Notes
Philippines 82-233 (Bueser et al., 2003)
Luzon, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao
Decreasing based on rates of habitat loss (BirdLife International, 2015)
1.2.2 Local distribution:
Country Region / province Site Level of Protection Population size Reference(s) Notes
Philippines Luzon Cordillera Mountain Range
Local Conservation through municipal legislations i.e. the Lapat system in Apayao
at least 3 pairs (Abaño & Ibañez, 2013)
Northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range
Protected Area Parcels of occupied eagle nesting territories are inside Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park
number of breeding pairs is unknown
(BirdLife International, 2015; Bueser et al., 2003; Collar et al., 1999)
Central Sierra Madre
Protected Area Parcels of occupied eagle nesting territories are inside Aurora Memorial Natural Park. Local Conservation Area in Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
at least 2 pairs Personal observation Based on field surveys from 2014-2017
Southern Sierra Madre Mountain Range
Local Conservation Area in General Nakar, Quezon
at least 1 individual Personal observation Based on field surveys from 2014
Samar and Leyte San Jose de Buan, Taft, Bonga, Jaro, Binahaan River
Parcels of occupied eagle habitats are inside protected areas (i.e. Samar Island Natural Park)
40 pairs (BirdLife International, 2001; Bueser et al., 2003; Miranda Jr et al., 2008)
Mindanao Forests of Mindanao
Parcel of occupied eagle habitats are inside protected areas.
200 pairs (Bueser et al., 2003; Miranda Jr, Salvador, & Bueser,
1.3 Protection status: Global Threatened Species Red List Category and Criteria: Critically Endangered A2cd;C2a(ii) ver 3.1 (BirdLife International, 2015) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Appendix I National Red List Status:
Critically Endangered Department Administrative Order 2004-15 Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines Republic Act of the Philippines No. 9147, 2001 Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act Presidential Proclamation No. 615, 1995 An act declaring the Philippine Eagle as the Philippine National Bird Republic Act of the Philippines No. 6147, 1970 An act declaring the Pithecophaga jefferyi commonly known as monkey-eating eagle as a
protected bird in the Philippines, providing for the preservation of the same and authorizing the appropriation of funds for the purpose 1.4 Habitat and resource assessment:
Pithecophaga jefferyi occupies primary dipterocarp forests and forages in secondary growth, primarily along steep terrain and riparian areas. It nests on major branch junctions inside canopies of emergent trees (Collar et al., 1999; Ibañez, 2007) such as Agathis philippensis and Hopea sp. (Abaño & Ibañez, 2013; Abaño, Salvador, & Ibañez, 2016) in the Cordilleras and Agathis alba (Danielsen, Jensen, Miranda Jr, & Caleda, 1992) in the Northern Sierra Madre and Shorea polysperma (personal observation) in Central Sierra Madre. Mindanao
estimates suggest a pair covers an average of 133 km2, which includes 68 km2 of forest (Miranda Jr et al., 2008). Further research is needed to estimate extent of habitat occupancy in the Luzon population. 1.5 Biology and ecology: Food
Research from Mindanao suggests the species is an opportunistic feeder (Kennedy, 1977). Prey species differ from island to island due to differences in abundance, and presence or absence of the species (Collar et al., 1999). Flying lemurs (Cyanocephalus Volans) for
example are the main prey of the species in Mindanao, but flying lemurs are absent in Luzon. Recent observations in Luzon show the species preys on small to medium sized mammals e.g. Macaques (Panopio, Pajaro, Quimpo, Tagtag, & Almeda, 2015), Phloeomys pallidus and Paradoxus hermaphoroditus, snakes, varanids (Abaño, Salvador, & Ibañez,
2016). Breeding
Kennedy (1981) observed the breeding in Luzon starts at mid-December to mid-January. This supports recent observations of Abaño et al., (2016) made from an active nest in Cordillera where breeding started at January after the typhoon season in Luzon. This differs from the Mindanao population where breeding starts from late September to December (Kennedy, 1981).
1.6 Threat analysis:
Threats to the survival of the species are complex and interrelated (Collar et al., 1999; Philippine Eagle Working Group, 2008). Habitat loss and human persecution are the two top most threats to the survival of the species in a national scale (BirdLife International, 2001, 2015; Collar et al., 1999; Philippine Eagle Working Group, 2008). Other factors related to habitat loss that threaten the species are local exploitation, international trade, trophy hunting, lack of law enforcement, civil strife, toxic chemicals and natural problems (Collar et al., 1999). The causes of Haring Ibon habitat loss are commercial logging, agricultural encroachment, timber extraction, mining and slash-and-burn farming, resulting in fragmented and heavily reduced lowland forest habitats. Old growth forest continues to be lost rapidly in the Philippines, such that as little as 9,220 km² may now remain within the Eagle’s range. The population is estimated to be 350-650 birds, based on 1992 forest data and assuming a 25-50 km² home range per pair, 40% occupancy of available habitat and only one fledged young produced per pair annually (Collar et al. 1999; BirdLife International 2001).
1.7 Stakeholder analysis:
Country Stakeholder Interest Current activities Impact (positive, negative or
both)
Intensity of impact (low, medium, high or
critical)
Proposed activities
Philippines (specifically Gabaldon in the province of Nueva Ecija, Island of Luzon)
Haribon Foundation Conservation and Research
Lead partner in Haring Ibon conservation project
+ Medium Facilitate implementation of conservation measures
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
Gabaldon Municipal Government
Management of municipal natural resources
Partners in Haring Ibon Conservation
+ Critical Policy on Haring Ibon conservation
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
Community Environment and Natural Resources Office, Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
Conservation and Management
Partners in Haring Ibon Conservation
+ Critical Collaborate
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
Philippine Army Forest Protection Maintaining peace and order
+ High Enforcement of wildlife laws
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
Philippine National Police
Law Enforcement Maintaining peace and order
+ High Enforcement of wildlife laws
Regional National Commission on Indigenous People
Protection of Indigenous Peoples rights
Facilitating observance of law on IP engagement
+/- Low Collaborate
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
Dupinga Dumagat, Indigenous People
Forest management Partners in Haring Ibon Conservation, Management of Ancestral Domain
+/- High Collaborate
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Research Practitioner + Low Collaborate
Regional Department of Education
Education and awareness raising
Partners in Haring Ibon awareness raising
+ Medium Collaborate
1.8 Context and background information that will affect the success of any conservation action for this species:
Description Threats Opportunities
Socio-cultural effects
Economic implications Forest resources remain as an important source of livelihood in community’s adjacent eagle habitat.
Limiting access to forest resources will strain livelihood options in some communities
Development of alternative livelihood options could steer the local communities away from harvesting forest resources.
Existing conservation measures Aside from the legislation listed above, the establishment of Critical Habitat in Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija is one of the existing conservation measure for the species in the local level Declaration of the Haring Ibon as a critical habitat for the Haring Ibon.
The establishment of the critical habitat adds a legal framework for the conservation of the species at the local level.
Administrative/political set-up Poverty alleviation remains the number one priority for local governments near eagle habitats
There is law enforcement and natural resource conservation is not a priority of the local government. The species has a large territorial requirement, which means habitat management spans across several administrative and political boundaries, complicating efforts at protection.
Building a network of local communities for the conservation of the species is a potential strategy for managing eagle populations in the Central Sierra Madre Mountain Range. The extent of the forest habitat requirement of the species necessitates synergy among adjacent municipalities within eagle territories.
Local expertise and interest There are limited number of wildlife biologists in the Philippines in general. Among the existing wildlife biology practitioners, interest in raptor conservation is limited to a handful of individuals.
Providing scholarships for members of local communities adjacent Haring Ibon Habitat to take up a Bachelor’s Degree in Biology is an opportunity to build on local expertise.
Cultural attitudes The species is the National Bird of the Philippines
This status promotes national pride in the conservation of the species.
Appeal of species The species is one of, if not the most, charismatic of all endemic species in the Philippines.
The iconic look of the species makes it a great candidate for biodiversity conservation at the local up to the national level.
Resources Please give brief description of the extent to which ecotourism/engagement with corporate sector already exists – is there any?
Engaging with the corporate sector is an opportunity for local governments to raise funds for their biodiversity conservation plan. Ecotourism also has a huge potential in supporting local conservation of forest resources.
2. ACTION PROGRAMME
Vision (30-50 years)
A bountiful, sustainable and ecologically balanced habitat of the Philippine eagle managed by participative, self-determined, empowered and environmentally-conscious community.
Goal(s) (5-10 years)
To develop and restore the Philippine eagle habitat through continuous protection and conservation of Mt. Mingan by key stakeholders
Objectives Prioritisation (low, medium, high or critical)
1. Conduct research to establish baseline and monitor PE population in Mt. Mingan.
Critical
2. Ensure protection of PE habitat and enforcement of forest and wildlife laws and ordinances.
High
3. Restore degraded and fragmented Mt. Mingan using indigenous species.
Medium
4. Develop biodiversity friendly livelihoods for forest dependent communities.
Low
5. Generate resources to support Critical Habitat management. High
6. Participate in enforcement and regulation of laws, and involve the community in supervising the Critical Habitat of Philippine Eagle.
Medium
Table 2.1. Critical Habitat Management Plan for Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija (details can be seen in Gabaldon Critical Habitat Management Plan,
2016-2020 accomplished through multi-stakeholder consultations and workshops)
Activities Country / region
Priority (low, medium, high or critical)
Associated Cost (PHP)
Time scale
Responsible stakeholders
Indicators Opportunities and threats
Activity type
1. Conduct research to establish baseline and monitor PE population in Mt. Mingan.
1.1 Critical Habitat (CH) delineation and demarcation
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Critical 355,000 2016-2017
Government Agencies
Ground validated, zones, sub-zones and CH boundaries, Approved CH Ordinance, DENR endorsement of CH through Department Administrative Order
Improving knowledge
1.2 Establish research agenda for PE
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Critical 1,000,000 2016-2020
Government Agencies, Researchers, NGOs
Number of trained Wildlife Enforcement Officers, Philippine Eagle Monitoring Reports, Inclusion of PE conservation to NEUST research agenda, number of monitoring equipment (binoculars, spotting scopes, GPS receivers)
Improving knowledge
Activities Country / region
Priority (low, medium, high or critical)
Associated Cost (PHP)
Time scale
Responsible stakeholders
Indicators Opportunities and threats
Activity type
1.3 Establish Management information System
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Critical 300,000 2016-2017
Government Agencies, Researchers, NGOs
GIS-based repository of monitoring reports
Collaboration with GIS experts
Improving knowledge
2. Ensure protection of PE habitat and enforcement of forest and wildlife laws and ordinances.
2.1 Creation of Multi- Sectoral Forest Protection Committee
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium NA 2016-2017
Government Agencies, Local Stakeholders
Executive order on Forest Protection Committee members
Species management
2.2 Deputation of Bantay Gubat (BG)/WEO, including Army
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
High NA 2016-2017
Government Agencies
Number of trained bantay gubat
Species management
2.3 Formulate forest protection and law enforcement plan by the Bantay Gubat/WEO
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium NA 2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Stakeholders
Forest monitoring reports
Species management
2.4 Capacity development program for BG/WEOs
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 200,000 2016-2017
Government Agencies, Researchers, NGOs
Number of trained bantay gubat
Species management
2.5 Establish checkpoints and reporting procedure
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Critical 50,000/ checkpoint
2016-2017
Government Agencies
Number of established checkpoint
Species management
Activities Country / region
Priority (low, medium, high or critical)
Associated Cost (PHP)
Time scale
Responsible stakeholders
Indicators Opportunities and threats
Activity type
2.6 Establish patrol base in the forest
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 1,000,000 2016-2017
Government Agencies
Number of established patrol base
Species management
2.7 Establish a Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) plan to popularize the Philippine Eagle
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 100,000 2016-2017
Government Agencies, Local Local Communities, NGOs
CEPA plan Education and awareness
3. Restore degraded and fragmented Mt. Mingan using indigenous species
3. 1 Native tree nurseries established in every barangay and at the LGU level
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Low 100,000/barangay
2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Communities
Number of barangays with native tree nurseries
Habitat restoration
3.2 Establish native tree seedling nursery in schools by intensifying Gulayan sa Paaralan (Vegetable Farming in Schools)
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Low 100,000 2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Communities
Number of schools with native tree seedling nurseries
Habitat restoration
3.3 Tree planting in established CH restoration site (8,200 hectares) – as per target, approximately 15 hectares planted in 5 years in a 2X4 planting distance
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 200,000/site 2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Communities
Number of hectares planted
Habitat restoration
Activities Country / region
Priority (low, medium, high or critical)
Associated Cost (PHP)
Time scale
Responsible stakeholders
Indicators Opportunities and threats
Activity type
3.4 Conduct district camp focusing on forest restoration
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Low NA 2016-2020
Government Agencies
Number of district camps conducted
Habitat restoration
3.5 Continuous tree monitoring and maintenance/growing in the restoration site
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 100,000/site 2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Communities
Survival rate of planted trees
Habitat management
3.6 Assess the increase in forest cover
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 100,000 2016-2020
Government Agencies
Change in forest cover
Improving knowledge
4. Develop biodiversity friendly livelihoods for forest dependent communities.
4.1 Implementation of sustainable livelihood
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 400,000 2016-2020
Government Agencies
Number of trained individuals alternative livelihood options
Poverty alleviation
4.2 Establishment of 10 has of production lots per barangay for the 10 barangays
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Low 200,000/barangay
2016-2020
Government Agencies
Area of production forest plots per barangay
Poverty alleviation
4.3 Community Based Eco tourism plan
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 2,000,000 2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Communities
Number of tourists visiting Gabaldon
Poverty alleviation
4.4 Management of Multiple Use Zone
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
High 200,000/year 2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Communities
Management plans for multiple use zones
Habitat management
4.5 Declaration of Local Conservation per Barangay
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium NA 2016-2020
Government Agencies,
Barangay ordinances declaring local conservation areas
Law and policy
5. Generate resources to support CH management.
Activities Country / region
Priority (low, medium, high or critical)
Associated Cost (PHP)
Time scale
Responsible stakeholders
Indicators Opportunities and threats
Activity type
5.1 Allocate funds from Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA)
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Critical NA 2016-2020
Government Agencies,
Amount of funds CHMP implementation
Financial resource generation
5.2 Develop and submit proposals to funding agencies
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
High NA 2016-2020
Local Communities, NGOs
Number of proposals submitted
Financial resource generation
5.3 Involve stakeholders in fund raising campaigns
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
High NA 2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Communities, NGOs
Number of stakeholders engaged in fund raising campaigns
Financial resource generation
5.4 Create a municipal resolution for the annual fund raising during Philippine eagle week
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 500,000 2016-2020
Government Agencies
Municipal resolution of PE fund raising
Financial resource generation
5.5 Tap the business sector and other development partners (e.g. national and local officials, NGOs, POs, business establishments) to raise funds and support PE conservation activities (e.g. solicitations, sponsorships)
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
High NA 2016-2020
Government Agencies
Number of businesses engage in eagle conservation action
Financial resource generation
6. Participate in enforcement and regulation of law, and involve the community in supervising the Critical Habitat of Philippine Eagle.
Activities Country / region
Priority (low, medium, high or critical)
Associated Cost (PHP)
Time scale
Responsible stakeholders
Indicators Opportunities and threats
Activity type
6.1 CEPA Campaign at the local community level
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Medium 200,000/ year
2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Communities
Number of individuals
Collaboration with the Department of Education
Education and awareness
6.2 Incentives from 4Ps, scholarships, pre-marriage
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Low NA 2016-2020
Government Agencies, Local Communities
Number of individuals enrolled in scholarships
Collaboration with Department of Social Welfare and Development
Poverty alleviation
6.3 Passing of resolutions and ordinances to empower communities
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Low NA 2016-2020
Government Agencies
Approved Ordinance
Law and policy
References
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Philippines. Abaño, T. R. C., Salvador, D. J. I., & Ibañez, J. C. (2016). First notes on the nest and
behavior of a Philippine eagle pair and their juvenile in Luzon, Philippines. In The 25th Philippine Biodiversity Symposium (p. 34). Calapan City, Philippines.
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