Phil Sek - Burke, Peter - Vico

8/8/2019 Phil Sek - Burke, Peter - Vico

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PEER BURKE VICO

Philosoph, Historiker, Denkereiner neuen Wissenscha

Wagach


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P B

VicoPhilosoph, Historiker, Denker

einer neuen Wissenscha

A dm Eglch voWolgag H

Vlag Kla Wagach Bl


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Za a d Neuen Wissenschad m (N 1, 2 od 3) gzch-, j achdm o a d , zw od d Fagamm. D acholgd Z zch d pchdPaagaph pchd d vo Fao Ncol gch R-

holg. Sow ada, wd d zg vo EchAach (A), (Mch 1924) d Fdad Fllma (F), (Fa-/M. 1981) z. Za a d Aoogaph d m (A) g-zch.

D Ogalaga ch 1985 Oxod Uvy P dm l Vico

d dch Aga: 1987 Vlag Kla Wagach, Aho-a 4, 1000 Bl 30. Umchlaggalg: Ra Gooh Vwdg d Bld Neapel, Blick vom Meervo Gapa Va Wl(Achv K d Gchch Bl). Saz d Dc dch

Pochl & Schlz-Schomg, Echwg. Gz a d Kop Wal-am-Aqa Loyp. Bdg: Dc Wag, Ndlg.

Pd Gmay. All Rch vohal. isbn 3 8031 3536 2


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Ihal

Der Vico-Mythos7

Vicos geistige Entwicklung17

Die Neue Wissenscha41

Recht

42Sprache und Mythos

49Der Lau der Geschichte

67Gttliche Vorsehung78

Quellen und Methoden85

Vico und die Nachwelt107


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Der Vico-Mythos

Gamaa Vco (16681744) ha al D mod hch vchd L agwhlchBgg gwc: Radal w Kovav, Dch w J, Phlooph w ach Ho.

Bg wa Jl Mchl d Fdch vo Savgy,Kal Max d Bdo Coc, Mahw Aold d Ja-m Joyc. O ah ma hm Vol, dalch Epoch Go. D alch Phlooph Co-c (18661952), m mal, Vco d ch da gazzh Jahhd c. Ma ha ach gag, vo d Zgo va Bgd d G-

chchphlooph zw. d Gllchawcha gw-, Ma, d m Id p gg E-wclg w Pagmam, Hom, Exzal-m d Salm vowggomm ha. F dglch Phlooph R. G. Collgwood (18891952) wa Z z w voa, m mla Eha z , whd Iaah Bl m, VcoBhapg, gaz all dch lag vo ma-dm och G, zwa agdoch Kl-ch, a m Fall wowlch z.

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M omm olch Mg d Chaaglch vo. Ma h wohl vo mVco-Myho pch, Damach l D-

g Wg al agomd d Ig d M-vd, d lz Ed d Hld alldgz p doch och og wd. D Aag m Each wlch hd, wd doch Vco L-g da a dm Zammhag g d da l-ll d ozal Ml Ewclg Napl mp 17. Jahhd a ach gla. Ach d m-

ad gg ado, d Vco h, ll da d ch: d ado mlch d hmach-lach res publica, z d oagd Bgod J zhl. Vco gw hch o-gll Kop wa doch dm Ml d d ado

vpch, d ch m olgd Kapl dall.Rchg l, da Vco Poph wa, d m

Valad ch gal. Z Lz a ma h wma h ch glch lch vc l al strava-gante a, al vg, plav Dlma.S Zgo d Mg Po Gao, d goHo (16761748), ch mal, g Napl, d aach d vo d al Vco, wamm ch al Komplm gm wa. Vco w,

wa ma vo hm hl, d ah ch al Fmd m g- Lad (straniero nella sua patria).Vzg Jah ach m od wd d A

Hmaad Napl z Klg. Nochmal v-zg Jah p wd W Fazch d Dch z, d gw llll Kwd Id Mod. Ewa hd Jah ach mod azp h allmhlch ach d Phlooph Ial; h zhl ma Vco do z phloophchado. Zwhd Jah ach m od wd

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Hapw, d Neue Wissenscha, dlch ach Eg-lch z. Zm dhd Gag 1968 ga hm z Eh go aoal Kog. I d

lz Jah wd zw I Vcod d Vcozch a d a gho.D d Zgo, Bgg d

Nachwl (zmd m l d Nachwl) wl ch d vld Wadl l? Wa ah dh ma glch dm Napola d h18. Jahhd d Sch?

Bmm ch mm da glch; loh alo wohl,d Gal d Ggchch zch dch wggchchlch A z lch. D G-chch g m p 18. Jahhd Napl, woch l d aoal alch Bwggm Nag d Rch mh. Dm Rch galVco I odm Ma. E z ch zwa

ch plch Rchom , w a w Zgo Moq daa h, da chd-lch Saa- d Gllchaym owdgwach vchd Rchym h la. Vo d- Pm a l ch agm, da da Rch d Vhl agpa wd m, w ch dGllcha d, wa ja Napl d adwo E-

opa m p 18. Jahhd d Fall wa. E Rhvo Napola, d ch d Agmao z ggmach ha d Mach d Pvlg d apola-ch Adl ch woll, wd Vco d dFazch Rvolo glchma. 1799 ma d- Rom Exl, woa Vco Gda Ma-lad, Pa d ad Sd v. Ma acha ch d Pzp vo 1789 azhg, m a V-co g z Rvolo d Rch I z -d. Vol d va G wa Vco plw-

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ach Fdch Cal vo Savgy (17791861), dovav Gd d Hoch Schl d d-ch Rchwcha, d Rchom m d Bg-

dg alh, da Rch Vol a alchW a Vgagh gwach.D Dchg wa ad Hap Vco. E

dch l d hap, da ga w m Rch vchd Gllcha ach jwl adA d Dchg agm . D Pmv zwaglg Dch, d h d V

chwach, d Phaa dagg a wcl. Vllchvala d To apolach Ill-ll daz, Goh (17491832) m Ahal dSad m Jah 1787 Exmpla vo Vco Neuer Wissen-schaz ch. Goh og da Bch, wa aowg dc w Fd Hd (17441803) od zh Jah zvo d Fd, d Phlooph

Hama (173088). All d ad Vco vwo dah jdall d L d hlch- zwch Id d h g. Da ga mach Bhgp zwch Vco Aagd d Ach, d m Kamp gg d hchdIdal d azch Kla Fld h; w Vcowa davo zg, da d Ag d E-

wclg d Ezl d d Vl d Dchg hvoagd Roll gpl ha.Im gg Dchlad ga d ch G-

ao Vco lagam zhm. Im h 19. Jah-hd m ma, da d o volo wd Dg d A dch Glh w Wol d N-h vowggomm ha. Fdch Ag Wol(17591824) wa m d T hm gwod, da w-d d Ilias och d Odysseevo Hom amm; dh vlmh a mdlch lg d

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p vd Fom dgch wod.Ach Bahold Gog Nh (17761831) vda Rhm m gao damach Ag a d h-

chd Lhmg; hap, d FhgchchRom wg Gchch al vlmh Myho, mlchm Gd Paapha vloggag Ep odBallad, w ach a dm dch d dchMlal l wa. D Aag pg d glch Saama d Ho TomaMacalay (18001859) d Roo pop-

l Altrmischen Heldenlieder. Wol d Nh T- l Glh; ach g Z amma daa, da Vco d 75 Jah h z hlchSchl glag wa, d zwa all m ompa-ach Mhod. E am z Koov m Wold Nh Ogal (d d d Vco W ach d Vlchg h g A -

gl ha), d Golg Vco ch Dchlad hm wd, wo 1822 zg dNeuen Wissenschach, od ach Eglad dFach.

D glch Dch d K Saml aylo Col-dg (17721834) ha alch Exla a Vcohgw. Coldg, d d Eldga l

vl z ag ha, wa vo Vco achdclch Bogd Tma dc. D Alphlolog TomaAold (17951842), d p Ro d Ia Rgywd, l ch vo d Dg d mch G-chch dch Vco d Nh zg. E a dNeue Wissenscha dma chd d cha-g, da ma h gg Wg ahal Ialz d mw Echg d La-gchch ch m. Ach Soh Mahw Aold(182288), wd Vco, z h Volg d

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l Gdch T alg. I V wm may o co od ach Ad c- cam ad a h co p ma d Bzg z

Vco To vom zylch Ala d Gchch al corsod ricorso (vgl. S. 69).I Fach mach all alch Exla

d omach Ho Jl Mchl (17981874) aVco Id amam. Mchl, damal och d-g, chlo ch oo, d Poph, w ha, dch Awahlzg a z ma-

ch. Ihm mpo od, da Vco d Kavvo Vl Gwch ma al d ogago M. I ypch lha Bldpa-ch ch : Vco vda ch m G; d Vco-aml ha mch a. Mchl ch zgch 1827, 1844 olg w zg Fazch. M d 19. Jahhd ga gw

azch K Vco-Mod; m Zch d o-mach Schwm Vol d Zg wa dAglc z Amlao Vco d azch Klgomm.

Ag ad Vco a ach d w -omach Pov, d Gchchchg dSozolog d Bg ha gpg z W-

cha w Phy od Zoolog h woll; whd I a Ewclggz d Gchch hzag, wa hm doch ach Ngg z Splaod magld I am Faamml vo. KalMax, d m d Pov mach gmam ha,a Vco all d mpahl d Neue Wissenscha d chzg Jah m Bpa m dBmg, da Bch hal o mach gal Zg.Zwllo ah Vco Poomax, d gwlch a Paalll zwch d Id d

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d D; vo allm o d, da gllcha-lch Ko d Gchch chdd d algo M.

Whd d oga Rvol gg d Pov-m m p 19. Jahhd ahm d opchIllll da I a Vco w z. Vco hazwch d Na, d w vo a ,d d mchlch Gllcha chd, d w

vo , da w gwma l gcha- ha. D Uchdg gl d, d ch

gg d Vch d Gllchawchal wh-, Mch w Oj z ch. So a z. B.d dch Phlooph Wlhlm Dlhy (18331911) dNeue Wissenscha d g mph d mod- D. Ach Bdo Coc ad Gall a dmW, al d zg Jah la. 1911 l Moogaph da ch h d wch-

g d ch Ahadlg d Neue Wis-senscha. Coc A wd vo R. G. Collgwood -vzglch Eglch z. Collgwood, d o alCoc-Schl zch wd, ag l wdhol, -mad ha h al Vco. Jdall haCollgwood vmlch mh al jd ad daz -gag, da Vco m Gl d aglchch

Wl aach, w ma vo d amach G-lh Bg d Fch mal ah, d d vzgJah Jahhd alo chlch p d Scien-za Nuova Eglch z.

W Dlhy d Coc ch Collgwood -od Vco chdlch Mhod d Eo-chg d Na zw. d Mch. A gaz adGd wa g Dch d D d h 20.Jahhd vo Vco az: l Ach,d Myho o D d myhch Z-

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al owdg gg Ewclg dMchh. So la z. B. d dch Phlooph E Ca- (18741945) Vco cho al Sd, d d L

ach Ca daz, ch L lag m Myh dad ymolch Fom z a. Ach EchAach (18921957), d ch La-wchal d 20. Jahhd, wa go Bw-d d Neuen Wissenscha, d Dchz. Aach ahm vl Ach Vco zKlgchch, vo allm d Aag, da vch-

d Epoch zwaglg ach vchd hchWvollg hch.Jam Joyc (18821941) a d Neue Wissenscha,

al l. E la da W m Ogal d wavo Vco Ach Myho d Maph, Ho-m d Spach, Pycholog d vl ad az-. W ch Vco l, gad mal, wd m-

Phaa gaz ad agg al d L voFd od Jg. Bod h Vco zylchGchchdg, d Finnegans Wake d ch daWopl vco ccl. (Vco cycl h ccl vo, alo l; Joyc doppl Wopggl d Apach Vco cycl, alo Vco K z.A. d. .).

N Phlooph, Lawchal d Dch- ha Vco ach Gllchawchal a- d a-gg. So hl d Naoaloom Joph Schmp(18831950) Vco d g D all Za dm G d Sozalwcha. S dm ZwWlg g d ach A Vcoaac, dmlwl gl Vco dlch al Hapgal d -opch Ggchch. H d da d ma Phlo-oph, La, Pycholog d oga Gogaph, dch w ad ch Max al Vcoa

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zch. Eg Eha gh w gag o w, Vco Vol vo Pychoaaly, Exzal-m, Salm d ad gg Bwgg

d Ggwa z h.Agch d wchlha Wggchch ollma ch davo h, zl Ul allz wlch odallz z hm. Z all Z ch Mchh Vol g ach hm g Bld, d o wdVco ald al Rvolo, ald al Rao p,mal al Roma, mal al Pov, da wd

al Apov d o o. D Myho vom Vol,vo Joha dm , al d adldchKlado ach w vo a Wg.Vco ch achd mh al ad D gaz chdlch Dg a. Zm l lg dadaa, da mm Hapll W dlod mhdg d Amg, d hm z L-

z gchad, a Da a wohl gz ha , zml a d Vlal I d d gg a-do, a d ch z. E wa vl m:Dch d J, Plao d Bacoa. Bdma adm, da g chdd Gda- zz ha ad o da ach G-d Mamo ha d pol , o g ma

chw, wam a hch vchd G o agw ha.D a Wg h w h vo allm a

zw Gd gchg. E d Neue Wissen-scha, w ach ad W, h lw, dzwa al Sc La. Vco w Bld d V-gagh, da o goag d phaach w d Gdch Wllam Bla, d ja ach dwd-g pva Myholog gcha ha. Zw oll wVco l, wl ch a ogll d ov W

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m g h wg gl Polm dAhopolog aadgz ha. Ha Gchch S? I d mchlch Na all glch? W

ch, wlch o- d zgd Uchd g da? W d wam omm z gllchalch V-dg? W dag Fag , dVco Rxo ach h och lva. E gg vgl-chd vo, l ch ch a Ezldzpl lgd wcl chlch Vollga, m mdKl z vh all Mhod, d Bwdg

d ow mglch Nachahmg vd. Hz-ag, da d Kl zwch g- d awcha-lch Az d Eochg d mchlch G-llcha lagam zm Agd wd, ha w vo Vco

vl z l.W d oll vo hm l; da g

a och lag ch da Rch, hm Ma d

Mod z h, d lo z Uz z Wl am. SZ ha hm zwa vllch ch mm gpa, d haach m K ch gpa. Doch gh Vco dalll Ml Napl m aghd 17. Jahhd

T, d ch m olgd Kapl lg wll.


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Vicos geistige Entwicklung

W w m Vco Ml d ggEwclg a, w glclchwa chhalg Qll zcg d Aooga-

ph, d 1728 ch l. E hadl ch da m d all Aoogaph, d d gg E-wclg zm Spzp h, wa mlwl jagaz alch d ahlgd ch. Ma vch, ach h wd Blg da z h, daVco Z voa wa. Da wa Vco ga ch la d Id gomm, dag Aoogaph z

ch; wa vlmh Aaga, ll vom gw Ga Poca, m lach - Solda m D d Rpl Vdg. D a Vcogag Aag wa l mad Voha-, dm gg Aoogaph hvoagdKp gamml wd oll, m d Uchg-mhod ow d Hd, m d z mpha, z dom. Zl d gaz wa Romd Bldgw, da a vg mpchBa gll wd oll. D gg Va d Poj

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wa vmlch d vzach Uvalglh CaloLodol (16901761), Mch d Ach, d Vco -wd d ga w d g Z ch

chg z Glg am.Vco Aoogaph w ad W ach hchlch d Fa ch mm gaz zvlg. DDallg Jgd l Gdchlc ,w m a Schzgjhg z wa d, ddc ch ch mm m d Aga Vco halB od d g Zgo. Doch

ha d Qll chza Vol: W hVco vo d omm Edc vo dgg Ewclg, d dchl.

Vco am 1668 al Soh Bchhdl Napl zWl. B Ach d 18. Jahhd wa dg,d m 1720 wa davo zg, l Z d Ndgag. E wa alo wohl m wlch

Gal d 17. Jahhd.Al Kd zog ch m Sz Schdlchz, wa da ld d, w l ag, m-lacholch Jg, m m Hag z am Sd

da L d Bchhadlg d olch Ngggg ha. S Lh Rh apola-ch Glch ahm m hm d Ggchch

d voaggag v Jahhd dch, vo dcholach Phlooph z Rho d Baoc. Al-l od m m Lh d Vco da a Lo-g-Lhch vo P Hpa (122676), d Phloo-ph d choch Faza D Sco (12651308)d d Maphy d pach J Facco Sa-z (15481617), d d phloophch ado dMlal Gda d Raac zog ha.Vco ch, achalch w mm, ha ch Jah lag zha gp, m Saz z d.

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Kzm, g ch d chlch-aolch Bldga.

Adm hl , w d Raac lch,

lach-hmach Bldg d l lach Poad V va. Al zh wa, hm Vaz dm Sdm, a dm damal hgzg d

vlvpchd jg Ma Wg voh,mlch Ja, ga: d d Rch, da glchRch d Saa d da aoch Rch d Kch; -d a wghd a mchm Rch. Vco Z-

go Gao, d ach a Napl amm, aolv hlch Bldgwg vo D Sco zm K-chch vo d wchg Alal - Z wd d dd Ho. DLhpla d alo m damalg Napl zmlch ggggw . I Md ch Vco Gdch,zch, w p ag, d allop mo-

d Ma alo m Sl d Baoc , da a m ach, lach Sl. Al Glghdch-, d z Aoahochz od -ag dSad wohlgz lach od alch V - o, wa Vco a L lag gag.

S Jadm a d Uv Napl,Phlooph la jz Fz, d o a dm

Lad Vaolla Salo vach, wo al Halhd Sh Maq ch. D Aoogaphwc d Edc, al ha Vco Id a vllgldg wcl. Ad Qll la a vm-, da al wa Zwazgjhg m Lazl Napl agh. Ialch Illll am da-mal g mh od md zwaglo Cl, Aadmd Salo zamm, wo ma ch Vog all -dlch Tm ah, m hh z d.W ch Vco Aoogaph ach och o h

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al am D z p ach ha doch V d do a Zgo m hlchI. E g oga z, da ch B-

ch ad m m Gpch m Fd -ad . Al hg Ga Aadm d Salowa m dm gg L d Sad dcha va.

Napl wa m p 17. Jahhd wg Po-vz, od Mopol d m wa hal MlloEwoh d g Sd Eopa, l zwaal Lodo d Pa, doch dlch g al plw

Amdam, da od Zm ch Rp-l. I d d Sd hch damal zwa g- gg L al Napl, wo a ach hzgDa ga; d Sad wd allmhlch zm Kampplazvald Wlachag, adoal dN, Ohodox d Hodox, Al d Modlag h m S mad.

Im p 17. Jahhd ga Napl lGpp wlo Illll, vowgd J dMdz, d d Ao d Al mh d mh Fag ll. I d Mdz ho ch Zwl ggHppoa (ca. 460ca. 380 v. Ch.) d Gal (ca. 129199), a vl G gg Aol (384322 v. Ch.),d d m opch Illll m 17. Jah-

hd mm och die Ao chlchh wa, Sllg, d Wddcg m 13. Jah-hd hap ha. D wchg Vch d Phlooph, w ma damal ag, wa Na-pl d Poo Mdz d Mahma ommaoColo (161484), d Az Loado d Capoa (161795)d d agh Rchawal Facco DAda(162598). S g ch d Id vo Gallo,Baco d Dca d d mm wd h Aadm d Ivgao.

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D Mod lh da Sdm d A chwa dwg a, od popag ch-ao-lch ma ag alav Almw-

cha; vllch woll dam vch, w -ag h Ach wa, m m d Vgg vod A mh Ahg z gw, vllch mpo- h mach Id d Al ach wlch. Plaoz. B. d d plaoch ado d alch R-aac , d vch ach, zw-ch Nplaom d Dca Bc z chla-

g. W g zgch azch d gl-ch Illll ha ach d Napolad gchch Phlooph Ep (341270 c. Ch.) d Ahg, d mch Dch Lz (ca. 9555 v. Ch.),aga. Ih Id o Wg z Bg a d y-a d Aol (o Loado d Capoa); alldg

ach pch Gda ch da Lhgdd Aol d d cholach Phlooph d Ml-al Wa, od ach da Chm; chl-lch ha Ep hap, d Upg d Rlgo lg d Ag, d d Wl ch ach m Pla g-cha, od a zllg Vdg vo Ao-m hvoggag. N da a ch d hd

Edc h, ha ch d Gpp Naplm Ahzl ghadl. D Ivgao v-ch achd, pch d aholch Vol-lg Elag z g w ach d vo hwd azch Phlooph P Gad (15921655). Doch ach am, da d Iqo Napl d Sach ad ah.

I d poach Wl zhl damal Rhvo Glch z d Ahg d Phlooph,da ach g wg Bch w Wl vo Ch-

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, d Mahma ch, Spa vo Roch, d Gchch d Royal Socy va, d B voSaly. Ach m aholch Fach va G-

lch d Phlooph alldg ch o vl w Eglad. Gad wa P, d Ma M, hd Kop d wchalch Rvolo, waMch. I Spa d Ial jdoch ad d Kl d Id dlg gg. D Fall Gallo wa1633 vl wod ha d alhd Halgoch v. E Egld, d 1664 ach Napl am

d Vammlg d Ivgao woh, v-zch Klag d Illll d Iqo,d alhd Halg d Glch gg d Phlooph d d Schwg m Bcha

vo Bch a Eglad, Hollad w.. W, d dKch a d Idx vo Bch gz ha, dma m od Ela l d d ga

ch mm. 1685 ch ad Egld Napld d Ivgao, mlch Gl B, Bcho voSaly. E ll , g Napl V-gg vo M, d d al gdwoo Ial, ad hl , da d M- vom Kl chl agh d al Ahadzch wd. B Boachg oll ch

ch Jah daach damach g: 1691 wd Napl v M d Poz gmach, d d Iq-o vowa, gla, d Wl h a Aom, ha cho vo Adam Mch a d Ed gg wa d wd, da d Bl d Upg dMchh volldg A ga d Ch Bg gw. Zw d Aglag wa mdm damal ddzwazgjhg Vco d.

Ma da ch h, da ohodox Mgm Ial d h Nz ghlch wd o,

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d d L Vco oll ma daa d,da vllch mh ohodox Gda hg al wa o zgh (vgl. S. 10203). Ad

m ma w, da d Iqo Napl aadwa, d S zwch adoal d N zdc. Vco Id ahm m Vla d A-adzg Gal a. Zm l wa Sy-h zwch gggz Aag od dVch, Sch w z omm.

Ep d Gad wa alo Napl Mod, w

Vco l ag. E ch ach wlch pchPha dchl z ha, d zwa d Aoogaph vllch a Voch ch wh wd, m G-dch d Fdzwazgjhg a Sp hlaha. Pmm zch d Gehle eines Verzwei-

elten (Aetti di un Disperato), wo d Dch lag, -d ch m Kg m ch l, d Z -

Zal , da m Ugag z.Vl L ha daa d Schl gzog, Vco hadamal gg K l. Im p L lh Ep Gla a d Zall adclch a ch- a, doch da hm Bld d pglch Gll-cha, da d Neuen Wissenschaw, wo M- d Fa w wld m Wald l, hl vl

Dal, d ch cho Lz gom phloophchLhgdch Von der Natur der Dinge d, h zdm Dochlag, d d Mch a Go glal.

Ewa m d Z d Vco a Spoza Teologisch- philosophischen raktatgo ; d holldchJd Bach Spoza (163277) gal damal allgm alEp. Sp am Vco zwa da a h z p-ch, w h wdlg woll, doch d ractatus,d ch adm m dm Dchch d Bl

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aadz, ha hm wahchlch mpoal j gad ha.

W vl Zgo g ch Vco ach

Zlag d Id R Dca (15961650) d Wcha (w w h ag wd) wach d Phlooph. D Aoogaph z-olg h Vco, da d Phy d R Dca allh Sym w h ch gla ha, o da hm da d Vlag wch, K davo zlag (A 128). Vco ch Dca a La gl

z ha, d vmlch ha ach Malach berdie Suche nach der Wahrheit lach zggl. D azch P Ncola Mala-ch (16381715) wa Ahg Dca d zch- d Ahadlg S, Vollga d L-dcha al Hd d Sch ach Wahh; g ach a d Mahma aglh Mhod

a, m d Hd z wd. Vco hl zwap ch mh vl vo d Phlooph Dca, doch gomch Mhod wd wh. Dwchg Schlolgg d Neuen Wissenscha d-dz d ach w d Gom vo Gp-p vo Axom. Ach Aoogaph olg Dca, d d Abhandlung ber die Methode

gg Ewclg dagll ha. Vco wa Dcazwa vo, Lch vlch z ha, m Phlooph m gg Lch ch z la,doch g Aaz, zg z woll, da g-g L o d ch ad vla m (A 182), gaz cach.

1699 wd Vco zm Poo Rho a d U- v Napl a, Am, wlch vzgJah a. U adm wa Pch, alljh-lch d Fd zm Bg d Sdjah z hal.

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D Rd d Jah 1699 1706 d hal; ghda m Zwc d Mhod d Bldg. D Tmwa dch d ado vogg (Bpl: W la

ch Wad d Gl mad va-?), d w d Rd h l, lch m, ha x Hma d Raac vo ch,w da ch d Vw a Nawcha dd Sp gg aqach d phlologchado. Scho Dca ha ch Almw-chal lg gmach, d d S h L da

h, da L m al Rom Ezlh z -dc, d z. B. Cco D oh jd Wchaach w, d Vco chlg 1701 d aad-mch Fd hlch o a:

D hm, Phlolog, dch mad K m-ch Ml d mch Kldg, mchSa d Vl ga al d d g Sad.

Ud woa d o olz? Wa d , a Rom jglch p, d Kch, d Sch, dRd w ach d Hold.

E dag K da a ch o pwd, al h Vco da Sdm d A hapaglh. Im glch Jah, dm Po -

hl, wd Mgld d Accadma Palaa, d -zwch all d Ivgao z dd w-chalch Gllcha Napl gwod wa d ddog Vzg d pach Hch zm Schm-h d Mz ha. Z d Mgld zhl dLawchal Ggoo Calop (16501715)d Schl, d Phlooph Paolo Maa Doa (16621746), d w z d Z Vco ach Plao dCaa; Gpp Valla (16361714), vl-g J, d d Id Dca gg-

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d Iqo vdg d hm goBloh zammgag ha, d Vco ao. Valla d h ach, Gdch Gehle

eines Verzweielten Dc z g.I d Accadma Palaa pl d Almw-cha go Roll. B d Szg h ma Vo-g Tm w d Phlooph d al Ayod d Pol mm mch Ka w Cladod Calgla. Vco l hl Voag Prunk-

este der Rmer, dm a ch m d Ag

d gh, wa m al Rom jd Kch w. B hmha d Gchch Moal, d hap, da g-gwoh Rom l vom Lx aach Pggg wod. Ach ad d Aadm z Dagll Tm wa wg o dd, w dl h vm la, d ma zog g Aalogzwch a d zgch Phlooph

d dm Ndgag Rom d dm d pach Wl-ch, z dm Napl ja och gh, ad.Aag d Jahhd ha ch d zwd-

dgjhg Vco alo m aadmch L ald I wcl, d Vlal d B l d och ch dm Spzalm vall Z dlch Rahm pg. E lh Rho, chg

ch m dm Rch d wa al Phlooph ach m Ewclg d Mahma d Nawchava; m m Fd Doa pach o Md-z d Magm. Al Dch gh wAadm a, d Acada, d d Dch vo d A-wch d Baoc woll. Vco a g Sl a d ppg od vpl, wach a da Pchg d da Vld a, od ach dm Eha. Al Ho l mEay d Ndgag d mch Rch ald

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30/120

vh, da dm a Fl d Eg zg-dlg. Adm ch Vco d Nplao- d Spa (z. B. Iamlch) d d Raac

w Fco, Pco d ad V d hmchado, alo d al Wh, d ma dmgypch W Hm mg zch.

W Vco Plao d Nplao m zh, oma ach ac d oga acd 17. Jahhd, d d go Ho d m-ch Kaz, Col ac (ca. 55125), a

wd, h ac-Komma Paalllzwch d mch Ka d d aol H-ch h g Z zog d ac zahlchpmch Zwchmg da W dMch d d Pol z yma ch. Sach ac Aag g m d vo NccoloMachavll (14691527) Vdg, d al polch

To vo d Na d Mch ach ch vlhl, a ymach ch al ac. F Vco plMachavll hlch w Spoza g Roll, al zg moch.

E Rh vo Vog d Accadma Palaa da mch Rch gal Plao d ac. Vco, phloo-phch gchl al ac, hoch gchl al Plao,

mpg da zwllo Agg Syh dd a Schll, d d Mch ach,w zw. w oll. D Vdg dIdal m dm Ral wa m Gd Vco g g-g Alg.

Baco d Go, mod M, dcVco ml Jah; d wa Poa-, amm a dm Nod d gh h 17.Jahhd.

A d Blc w mdlch, da Vco m

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1707, al och glhd Plao d Caa wa, dm Ezmp Fac Baco (15611626) Volddc. Upglch gl hm d l lach

aa ber die Weisheit der Alten, wo d Myh dA al polch od wchalch Allgo -p wd, d z. B. m d Aom dUvm gh (ymol o mwdg d achch dch Cpdo) od dam, da d F Favo ach (ymol dch Edymo). Spzch Vco d aa al h gch d g-

lh d wah, doch pglch ad h wohl -zgd. Noch gl hm Baco Groe Erneuerungder Wissenschaen, d wohl d lach Fagla (De Augmentis Scientiarum), da Eglch am v-ad ha d. H ad m lc d vchd Wg Aaly h j-wlg dzg Schwachp ow Vochlg z

Rom. Wchg wd h d Z vo allm Ba-co Novum Organum, da z Aphom dRgl hl, d d Eochg d alchWl z olg d.

Ma ha gag, Vco Bch v Ao al Allgo gg Ewclg, al Aplch Myho z vh. W dm ach ,

h, da Vco wg ch pav l.Zog Id Ba, o vd chwglch, g doch Sym, zwch dBadl zahlch mchg Bzhg ga.Machmal pojz Vco g Aag L: So hl plw ac Ma-phy. Wa ahm, g ch vwadl daml a. E g Bpl da Fdzm Bg d Sdjah 1708, ber die wissenscha-lichen Methoden unserer Zeit.

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Vco g m m Hw a Die groe Erneue-rung der Wissenschaen d hadl da, hlch am-o w Baco, all K d Wcha a. Im

Wlch gh m d Fag, o d gg E-gcha d A dd d al d d Mod- od mgh. Vco ll Ul, od wUchd a. E wdg od wa d Mah-ma agh d Eg d ch Mho-d (wom d gomch Mhod Dca d Nacholg m) d zch al all K-

d Wcha gmam, a, da a d G d Lwh, alo d Eh, dPol d d Rch, Awdg d . Do d Mhod d Al mm och lg; d Ca-a w vo, d Wl d Mch ch d g-hd Amam z wdm. Vco ha ch aloch wa zm Bacoch Empzm h, od

ch d Bggg m Baco Gdawl vo D-ca gl; d ch Mhod ad jz lch gg. Whd Dca o ha, wwchg la d dlch Id d, hap Vco, d mchlch E la d dlchW ch wa gd, od La.

Wom d Ew z woll, d

ch m g W a, ber die uralteWeisheit der Italer, da 1710 ch. Lach gch- d dm Fd Paolo Maa Doa gwdm, gch da Bch al Fozg ach m Ad Doa go Do. Vco wll al chd- Bag zm Bacoch Idal d Foch d W-cha vad w, doch glch Vold Plao Kratylos; d Dalog d Upg dSpach d Vco al Vch Plao, d alWh d Gch wd z dc.

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Vco m, vl W wa o glh Upg,da wohl ch a dm allgm Gach, oda m L amm. Da d Rm d

Fhz I a Aca d Kga, olg Vco, h d aglch Bg vom ad, lv Vol omm, z. B. vod E (Italer49). Ihm gg dam, agd dEymolog mm lach W d Achd h Phlooph Ial z o. So -zh da Wo atum (Schcal) glchzg aactum

(gcha) d a atus est( pach), m dalg z, d al alch Phlooph ha da Schcalal a ggol, wl gcha Dg WoGo d d Gcha ch gcha gmachwd a. F w daa h, da d alRm da D m Hz adl, whd dMod m dm Gh z d hap.

D o Phlooph h da gg dgomch Mhod d d la d dlch Idd Caa Fld, m a d Sll d cho d Fd vo 1708 Lwh d dmingenium da Wo z d, Do da V-mg, g d vchd Elm z vp-. Vco, d Dch, ha dm Phlooph Vco

d Am gg.D Zgo ag a da Bch cho gaz h-lch w p a d Neue Wissenscha. Damal wdgad d lach Zch L g-, d ber die uralte Weisheit der Italerwd m v-zach Giornale deLetterati poch. Da Ul:am vdlch d z plav. D K Vco, d zw lag B a d Zch ha a Bwhg. E oll ch da lz Mal, da ch mvad hl.

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Vllch l Die uralte Weisheit a dm GdFagm; d vogh Kapl Log, Phyd Eh hl. Sa phloophch Eymolo-

g ozah, ch Vco Bogaph d apol-ach Aoa Aoo Caaa (164293). Vog-chlag ha hm d Schl, N d d-d Ma. Caaa wa z Z d Aad voGa ly gg Ka Lopold I. Bhlha d a-lch pp Uga. W d Bchg dVchwg vo 1701 gh d all lach

gch Bogaph d ado d hma-ch Hoogaph. N Rd, d dm Hld zg-ch wd, d ch w vogch V-azc d G w z. B. Bchg d Bla-gg W dch d m Jah 1683. W dlach Vold, od ac, zhl dSchldg mlch Opao Lgo d

Zo. M m lach La vwd Vcoalldg ach ch Bg w W, Jacha- (Ia) d Spah (Kavall). E am oholch Bg ch a, d Zl wa, Gchch oz ch, w Baco agg ha, alo m d M-ch w z mach. F Vco h da ach, da dod W d Gchchchg da lg, dm

L Vd z vml d l Dg, dgo Folg ha, wa Dalgag od. D- Bogaph apolach Gal h Vcophloophch I h, al ma a d Blc m mch.

Antonio Caraas Leben och a m wGd Vco Ewclg wchg. Whd d Aa d a Famldom hd Bogaph apolach Aoa wa Vco gzwg,ch ach adwg mz; a ch ch

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m d Pol Ldwg XIV., d d Frstenverschw-rung zu Neapel cho mal ha, od achm Uga d dm Oomach Rch. Um Caaa

a d pv Rgm ch d Uga h - chg od z , wa Vco vpch-, w l ag, ch wd m jch Sdazg; vo allm la d Ahadlg Vom Recht desKrieges und des Friedens d go dldch G-lh Hgo d Goo (15831645), ga Go. FGo ch ach g vo Vco Fd,

o Valla d Doa. D L d Drei Bcher vomRecht des Krieges und des Friedens mach a Vco, ddamal M vzg wa, olch Edc, da (ch hal) Komma daz va d Go- glchagg al v Ao Plao,ac d Baco ll. A Go W gl hm voallm, da h val Rchym d gaz

Phlooph d d gaz Phlolog mzog d(A 155), wodch d Zammhag zwch gllcha-lch Pzp d gllchalch Pax oglgd ch-cach Sym d Hmawchagd wd (vgl. S. 95). Ad ml Vco, daGo Sym d Vohg Plaz m. VoGo alo zglch g d , ga Vco da

Kommavoha a d a dm Gda h,l wa? da Sym d Jpdz z ch.Daa wd d zwch 1720 d 1722 d lch Ahadlg, d h dm l Synop-sis des universalen Rechts a .

Nach Vco gd da Rch phloophch gh L a d alch Glchh d Mchow a hm Bd ach Gllg, da aach d da gao wchg a glch Vo-hg. Wa d Vohg agh, olg Vco Go alo

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ch, whd ch a h , w d Aa-g wdpch, d Mch ld Gllchaldglch a Eg. D Ach ypch

Sp w Machavll d Ho. A d Schach d gchchlch Upg d Rch gh Vcozc d Z, al d Mch w wld d Ed , m da choologch Rholgd Ehg vchd Gllchaom z -ch Faml, Golgcha, Aoa, Moa-ch d Dmoa ow d jwl g Rch-

om, lch od pva, g od mld.Al ch z d polch Gchch d Mch-h Bzhg z pychologch Ewclg dMchgchlch vo d vchwach, a pha-ach Kdh z R d Raoal. Spach-gchch, La d Rlgo wd o w d Bdg d gchch Myh, d Upg

d alch Kl ow gaz Rh w T-m, d m d Rchwcha a ch ch mh vlz ha. Womglch wll Vco dam plal mach,da Vdg d Rch vdlch l, wma ch ch glchzg vo Ag h, w adAp Kl ch vd; adclch ag da alldg ch.

D Synopsis des Universalen Rechts wd chd-lch agomm. Eg Zgo adl da Wal la, whd ad vl G daa ad, o z. B.Ja LClc (16571736), d Hag d d-d damalg Zch, d Bibliothque Univer-selle. Vco l wa achd zg vo m B-ag z Rchwcha, m ch 1723 m d vaaLhhl Zvlch a d Uv Napl z -w. E hl w damal lch Povolg,o a ch . Vo d J ch

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z M, och hgzg Voha W z z. So vda w zwllo d J,d Kadda alh, dd W,

d Neue Wissenscha, d 1725 ch, al Vco -dzg wa. Da Bch, dm Vco hg Rhm vda, m Ggaz z d h W chLach, od Ialch gch, al w ch-aadmch Plm gdach.

M d Grundzgen einer neuen Wissenscha ber dieNatur der Vlker, w Vco da W a, chlg

ga gomm Rchg , od w- d v vlmh g Haphm d Uni-versalen Rechts. Scho do g Kapl d chVch N Wcha. Ach a d UraltenWeisheit der Italer ach h g wd a. Vcowgpa I oz ch chllchdoch a zal Polm. Da hm mm och

dam gg, d Pzp d Nach zll, vch dch Koj d Wl d Pmv zo, d m d Mch .E wa mm och a d Sch ach al Wh,gla zwch a ch mh, da d hPhlooph z vda , m Ggl: d lWh wa Volwh (sapienza volgare) d am

ado, Myh d Ral zm Adc. Vcowa mlwl zg davo, da Vol voPlao Baco d Machavll h z Go

vllg aachoch Bachgw zm Op g-all wa. Ih Vollg vom Fhmch -pch hg Id, ch a d h g- pglch. E gal , dch hch A-gg d G vo mod Aag z gd dch d Ka Vh d Na d Mch zdg (N 7780).

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Dmpchd ah Vco ch gzwg, d G-gchch o z ch w d Gchch dIo d d och g z vp al m

Universalen Recht. Vco chd d Zal -ahm d plach Bg Zach (tre settedetempi) mlch da aglch, da hochd da mchlch. Jd d d Zal w-l g Wlachag d m g- Rchym ach ypch Adcw; Vcom, ach dzwazgjhgm Nachd (o ag

l) al Gdpzp d Wcha dcz ha, da d Mch Dch wa, d wh Ral, Symol d Myh zg mh El-dga al Raoal a d h o alaa dach. Dm Ho d Rchphloophwa d Dch d Rhopoo z Hl gomm.

Vco ho ch vo d Neuen Wissenscha a

Wg d ch dam z ch, da Bch wd d Uchg d Gllcha (d Bgwl odVlwl ) hlch l w vo zm dPrincipia Mathematica d go Glh S Iaac Nw-o (16421727) d Wl d Na. Jdall chc Ra a Lvoo Nwo Wdmg-xmpla d W; o d Empg j ch, w-

w ch. E w Exmpla gg a dmlWg a LClc, d Bwdg da UniversaleRecht d ha, doch ach vo S olg Rao. D Ao wa ch, da daPlm vo m Bch Noz ahm. Mchdch, ch a Napl, da ch da W dSad d W gchc ha, d ch md all l- O, m ja m z gg, dm ch Ex-mpla gchc ha, d w ch doch ,g ch chg; zg g olch

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Glgh z , da da Bch gl ha, oda ch m zgg , d Wgchc z ha. I m ad B m -

a, Napl h ma glch dam chm, da da W a Alhg o wd, daDca h mm och hoch m K h.

E l d Ech ag a d Po, al h, B voll d Lo go. CaloLodol ch a Vdg, do agzchM vo dm Bch g; Lodol chlg Vco vo,

oo Nachdc z vala. E zg vo ma mldw Vlag ach Bgg, wVco d B Aoogaph, d, w w g-h ha, a Lodol d Vochlag h a-d , volldg wdg.

I d Lpzg Acta Eruditorum (Glh Ml-g) jdoch Oga, da aoal Vg

go wd d Neue Wissenscha v. Vco hld K a Fhldallg d hlch w cho d gav Bpchg d UraltenWeisheit der Italer z ahlch Ewdg -mg. Da Ghl, mvad d ch aaz wd, h d Aag, Fmd mg Lad z . Sp d Zwazg Jah

d 18. Jahhd ch ch a d Gllcha z-cgzog z ha a Schch al hohhma Zadll (A 200). Eam d mlacho-lch ga achd oga da L a od zmdd L vo Nchg. Em Bpa mAlad ch , Napl da Gl dmEd ah, d d P gchch d lachBch gh agd magld Nachag zc. Adm G a ch a, ha doch d Sch-zg d hlch Bloh 1714 go al

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Fd d G Gpp Valla vogomm.Da Vco d Sad Kl a dm Maa m,d daa h, da m Gd Hz Hma-

wa. S Daz z d gg Ewcl-g Z ahm g z; da ch d wwa, zg d Sll Aoogaph, wo dGd da, da da Glc aglch d Jgd hold ,da d, da ch d Gchmac d Wl hm W- pchd Jah m Jah wadl; p, m Al,ll ma , da ma a Wh ch , d ch

mh gll d dah ch mh z. E wa alozmd mad, Fall hoch Pp-v z ach.

U d Fd, d ach w hl, d hoch G (1732) hvozh, wo Vco dLg vo Colm d all K Dcawdg. S Lhch d Rho a

zw Aag, d d apolach Aoa va wh Glghgdch. 1735 wd dSdchzgjhg zm ozll Gchchchd Hch vo Napl, Chal Boo, a.

S Hapalg l jdoch w Nachd d Neue Wissenscha. E a da W -alg; d lz Fag wd g al d -

zch, vchd Aga ga jdoch d. D wa 1725 hagomm, d 1730 chzw wd d So wghd oga. D -

vd d w d Aga ch 1744 zach dm od d Va. D Aga lz Had Bch l. Em vo dm apola-ch Kl Domco Vaccao Mwg dVa gal voll allgochm Fopzwa Elg gg, d d Ioogaphl d dm L om d volg Id

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d W vml wd. W cho m UniversalenRecht ga Zal; ahlch wa Spal d wchg Eg a d Gchch vo

Vl agh: H, Chald, Syh(d m m Dam), Phz, gyp, Gchd Rm.

Im d Bch gg jz m d Dalgg dPzp, wo Vco 114 Axom all ( a Dg), wlch d Voazg d Schlol-gg d gam W zamma. Da

Zw Bch, Poch Wh, a d ogaHapchll d Wcha, mlch d V-glch vo Kd, Dch d Pmv. Vco w-l d Vglch ch ahlch d chld po-ch Log, poch Pol, poch Choolog,poch Gogaph d o o. Da D Bch, DEdcg d wah Hom, v adal Umd-

Vco. Whd h d homch Dch-g al Qll gl l zch g alFdg al S wa mlwl z dmSchl gomm, d Dchg h lag E-wclg d Bag h ch, d d Po, dw Hom , ha gg. Im VBch, D La d Vl, wcl Vco g

B d Vollg vom corso (La) d d Zald Mchhgchch (d d hm g a-chalch W al glch, hoch d mch-lch zch), jd m g S, Rch, Spach,Hchaym d oga hm gmlch A-pgg d mchlch Na. La Vco d Rh-olg ch vl, d m F Bch g Id wd a d wcl w, d d Aga z agpoch wa, mlch d Vo-llg vom ricorso, d Wdh od dm Wd-

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la h Zal. H wd z. B. da o-pch Mlal al zw Zal d Ho zw.Baa dagll.

Zwa wd da gam W ach w vo al Symd Nach zch, doch d ad Tm Vco ch wg al ch d jz dlchhaga. Da Vco d Aag v, dmWadl d S lg Wadl d Id zgd,pch ach vo Gchch d mchlchId. Adm zch al hoch Myho-

log, wl Myh a ag W pwd, d al K d K, wl Rglgg wd, ach d ch a ch aghagchchlch Bch d wah Elm la. D w d Neue Wissenscha -la Tolog, wl dalg, w d Vohg d Uglg w, glch gzgd

G . d a d Ldcha d Mch (d all a hm plch Nz hg) d g-lch Odg (ordini civili) hvog, dch d mchlch Gmcha l . (N2. 133/A77)

Vco a d 1744 ch Aga d Neu-en Wissenschaach ach lach K. D x l ch mham al d h, d

m plch Sl ghal; j mh Vco ch chl zczog, do wd dz, ch pva Spach z d. Ad da Aga ach ldg, achalch dpoch od, m vo Vco Llgadc z

vwd, ha.D Aga lz Had, d d (hd-

w m al zw Neue Wissenscha zch), ollm olgd Kapl ahlch wd.


43/120

Die Neue Wissenschat

D Gdachm d Neuen Wissenschal daBch a a d Nh plaz. Uch wdGchch, Phlooph, Dch, Tolog d Rch,

d w Polm hg Schlldzpl, d damal och ga ch ga, w Sozolog d Sozalaho-polog. E ach dah ch, da Vco chwl, So z od, w d vl dg, d am Aa d Bch voahm, la. WlVco Aodg hg L o chw achvoll-zha , ch aam, d x h ch apl-

w dchzgh, od g Haphm v ad Zahl azwhl d z , mlch Rch,Spach d Myho, d La d Gchch d zlzd Qll d Mhod ow d wchalchSado d Neuen Wissenscha. B all v Tmoll Vco Aag m d Zgod Vol vglch wd. Ad gag wd daW wd lll Kox gll, damch ll l, w Vco ogllD wa d wo ga Ogal ad.

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Recht

Vco zch d Neue Wissenschaal Sym d Na-

ch. D Id d Nach h al d ghmd a Aol zc, d Eh dAag vwa, Gchg ldglch Fagd d adm ogd. F h -ad go Uchd zwch Gchg dS; lz dch a d Ba dZwcmg zadgomm Rgl w z. B.

Ma d Gwch d dmpchd vo O zO vchd. D Gchg dagg hl Aol wa Nalch, Uvdlch d Uval.E hlch Uchdg a ach d al Rm,d Nach m d Schlolgg d ogach V glchz. Vwad Gda -d ch d mlallch Phlooph, od

Toma vo Aq (ca. 122574), d go Lg Syh a aolch Vollg d dmGdag d chlch Adlad m 13. Jahh-d ad.

Im 16. d 17. Jahhd wa d Bg d Na-ch Ggad lagadad lha Da-. Z d Koov am ach d Edcg Am-

a, Wl, d d Eop gzlch md voam d om wd mal d al Fag awa,o d agllg Vlal mchlch S gdOdg zgdlg. N Nahg ga d D-o ach d Ag d Naoalaa. W mlch

jd Saa da Rch ha, dch g Rgl povRch z z, o wa doch wg la, w d B-zhg zwch d Saa z gl wa. Wa Vl-ch Nach? Ha cho ggol, vo oga- Gllcha od Saa ad wa? D-

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ag Fag chg m 17. Jahhd . a. dpach Phlooph Saz (m dm ch Vco, w wgh ha, Jgd a ha) d ach

d d F d Nach, w Vco g a,Go, Sd d Pdo.Go ozp Drei Bcher vom Recht des Krie-

ges und des Friedens (1625) al Ahadlg Vl-ch d am da m Eg d Nachch hm. E d al da vo ch Vod gdm Mchvad ahglg Rch, -

lc chdd Wzg m Rp dRch ad, z da Nach w cho advo hm m dm Vlch glch d hap da- ha, wd l da Glg hal,w Go ch g oll. W Aol hl God Mch a d gllg Lw.

D vlg glch Glh Joh Sld

(15841654) vglch d S d H m d P-zp d Nach; Nach wa h wa dalch V all Mch ahlg. Sd v-a d damal gwhlch Aag, d Mchd Fhz h olag vllg moalch Fhgl, Go Go l.

D dch J Saml Pdo (163294) g a

d ggg aolch Aag zc, woach dMch d Fhz alch Gz olg h, vo d da gdlgd da Gz d Gllggw . I d Gllcha l h d mch-lch Na pchd l. S Sym z gaw da Goch Go voa.

Vco hl ch zw gggz Rchg g-zog. E gla w zw F, Plaod Saz, a vll, wg Gchg. B dmgl oga, da da Nach allz la

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dall, d h wa m Nach chlch dglch Vohg am W. K a Pdopch Hypoh, da d Mch oh Hl

d Mwg Go d Wl gall (N2.397/F63).Ad a Vco o agpg S

Wadl d Aachom, da hm ach d lav-ch Poo d Sp, w a, zag. Md hmmlch Dallg d L d Mchd Fhz, woach vo d Ehg d Gll-

cha m oga Nazad gl h-, o od wg aag.

D Phlooph ha mlch mchlchNa achgdach, d dch Rlgo dRchym zvl wa, d d, d d,Phlooph Echg a; ch achgdachha j mchlch Na, wlch d Rl-

go d Rchym h l, d daPhlooph aa. (N2. 23)

Pdo wa z m Bld d h Mch mNazad glag, dm d Mch ahm, w jz , d ch d Gllcha al ch x vo-gll ha. F Vco h da, d M azz

a zm Aag zczgh. hlch ch A-mg mach p ach Ja-Jacq Roa(171278) d g Vco W ch ga z hach al Joh Loc vowa, Bld d Pmv ch w al Bld d mod Mch pmv Umgg, d Davd Hm (171176),d all agm, d h Mch h -m wld lv Uzad d Vol dGllchavag ga ch h , w Locd Pdo agomm ha.

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Vco l ha vom Nazad d Mch vllg ad Vollg. E m, damal d M-ch ghllo, chclch (bestioni) m gm

Kp d gm G gw. D Vollg glch mach Hch d d glch Phlooph TomaHo (15881679), d m Leviathan d Na-zad hch achalch al Z ch, dda mchlch L am, am, chlch, al dz wa. (D Leviathan ha Vco achd ch g-a, doch Ho h lach Ahadlg ber

den Brger ha gl.) Ho Bhapg, Agd da S ach vgm Eg ha dMch a dm Nazad ha la, moch- Vco jdoch ch mh l. All allm l V-ch, da Polm d W d Nach z l, a Syh gggz Aag ha. Em, da Nach zwa d Id ach wg, ha

a zwaglg vchd Sad dchla d vchd Zal hm wa , w gag,d vchd Fom agomm, da ch d mch-lch Na l m La d Gchch vchdSad wcl ha.

Um z zg, da Uchd zwch d S dGz vchd Vl d Z vllg alch,

ja owdg d, m Vco alo d Uchd da-ll. Bod g a ch m damal Zvlchga mch Rch a, da Sdal w ach vl ad l Eopa mm och gldRch wa; w vl Zgo ha al j-g Ma d. Da mch Rch ha m Mlalpzpll och d Fom, d hm m 6. Jahhd dyzach Ka Ja d M oagg ha, wa a dm 11. Jahhd a dalch d azch Uv vo la-

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g Rh vo Rchglh p, agwdd Ggh agpa wod, machmal -w, machmal h w.

W ach g d hmach J d R-aac, d A ch g a, gg Vcodam, d p Ipaochch azl dda da pglch mch Rch zlg. Eahm oga Roovch d h- mch S. Daz m ch ach m dZwl al a, m h och agma-

ch hal Rchodx, d d A zmdhoch jd Schld awdg gl ha. Dlg zolg gg d Gz a da Jah451 v. Ch. zc, al Dlgao m dm Aagach Gchlad gchc wd hazd, wlchGz hal Jahhd zvo d go RomSolo Ah la ha. Vco alldg agm

m dm h ypch Nachdc, m Universalen Rechtd da wd d Neuen Wissenscha, d Rmh h Rch wg vo ad omm. E

va vlmh d Aag, da d Zwl al Kodzg d S Rom d Lam, d G-gd m Rom, dall. Glchzg hl d Kodx Schazamm d Nach, d zg, wa d

Z, dm O d d damalg Apgg d mch-lch Na agm wa.D Zwl al wa Vco a mm och ch

pglch gg. E woll och w zcgh,d zwa d Z, al wd Gzch och Sdga. Vo d wohlwolld Jpdz Ah dRom, alo Rchvag, d dch d voll -wcl mchlch V mm wa, ga laVco Zal, dm d Mch h Aglg-h dch da Rch a dvdll Gwal gl.

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A d homch Gdch, d Vco al Fdg dNach d Zwl al glchz, gla zg z , da d Gch ad Rch

al da Rch d Gwal a, da Gz Achll, djd Rchag m d Sppz chd. Dam dw Vco zwm, hoch Zal. Noch h,m Zal, wa da Rch glch, d d M-ch gla, da am all h Io vod G ahg (Na. 9224). Sag wddch Ag d glch Ulaz chd.

Davo wdm lag da z. B. vo Ho od Lz -ch Zal d Nazad, al d Mchm Gd och ga Mch wa. S I S d Odg whd d lag Z vo dZwl al h Vco dlch vo d hmachRchglh a, o w ch d Eg dNazad dch d Vwdg hoch Qll

vo d Phlooph chd, d da ldglchpl ha. Ach d Fag ach dm Upgd Fdalch h h d Uchg d Rch-gchch z Syh ggzlch Aag.

Scho d hmach Rchglh d Ra-ac ha gll, da ch da mlallch Eg-mch, od da a d Bdgg d Lh-

d gp Lhch, o w ch Fach,Ial, Eglad d adwo wcl ha, vom la-ch mch Rch dlch chd. Eg Hma-, w z. B. d Fazo Jacq Cja (152290), ha- d Aag v, da d Upg d L-hch, d oga Fdalch, Rom lag dda d Vaall, d d Lhh al Gglg Mld Lad l, ch a d Klm al Rom wcl ha, d h H hlchD l m, whd h Pch wg

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ga d wa. Ad Wchal m, daFdalch Schpg d Gall gw, dwd ad, w z. B. d Fazo Faco Homa

(152490), gh a d p Fa ga gma-ch Baa zc.D Glh d Raac wach m p-

17. Jahhd Napl z m L, wo dMachalg d dog d Adl da Tmaha all wd la. I d Vol d Adlg Dll ah Vco Bw da, da ch h

ado d hoch Zal hal ha, mlchd d Gogch. S Sym o alo Ram Echg, d ma d mod Sozolog g alclal lag zch. Ach d Accadma Palaapl d Fag ach dm Upg d Lh gwRoll, d ad Mgld, Ncolo Caava (16471717), vo Vco G, ha d Lhhl

Fdalch a d Uv Napl . I apola-ch J a ma Cja d Homa hga ( d Neuen Wissenschah Caco dOomao), d ga lha Da d U-pg d Lh. Vco ch d m Fag zl, dm d Aalog zwch Vaalld Kl gl l, d Roma w Cja v-

a, ad a d Gma w Homada olg, da d To d Hlg I-o a gaz ad alh (w ja ach dZwl al, vo d g m, ad oloch Gz azl) d a d aoom, gdg Ewclg o. Z El-g d Paalll zwch d Ewclg m al Romd m mlallch Eopa m , d lg -ach daa, da Mlch d gllchalch Oga-ao Ap d hoch Zal , d

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d Gchch d Mchh mh al mal wd-h. Vco wa V d To d Rchvol-o (m Ggaz z To d Edg zw. D-

o vo Rch). Sm W gh dah odRag jd Idgchch d Rchvolo.Wach I d Bzhg zwch Rch,

Gllcha d Kl zch ach da W Jg, da vl mla Wg alal Vco Bch. 1748 ch ber den Geist der Gesetze

vo Chal-Lo Scoda, Bao d Moq (1689

1755). Al Moq zwazg Jah zvo Ial- mach, ha ma hm mpohl, ch Exmplad ch Neuen Wissenschaz og; l ch a ch achw, da da Bch a,gchwg d la. W Nwo ch ach Moqch gw z ha, da Vco lgg ch l-w m g dc.

Vco K am Dom ow Alavz d To wa aodlch ogll. W ha- h m zw od cha Id dalch vlg D z . Mglchw waach d Z dag Naz d Paalllz Moq d glch daa h. Id a ch vo l, od m gdwa vo E-

zl wlch z Ed gdach wd. Vco d dGda ch gall, ha ach dchga-. S Bg d Ewclg ll - hvoagd Lg da.

Sprache und Mythos

W w gh ha, gg Vco m Nachd d Gchch d Rch m Polm, da dgchch Phlooph d A agwo ha:

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G Nach od h Gz a -? Ach d Rxo Upg d G-chch d Spach whl Vco hlch Aaz-

p. D Fag, o d Spach a d Na pgod a a, alch da zalTma vo Plao Dalog Kratylos. Whd Kaylo g-w alch A zwch d Wodgd d dam gm Dg z w ch, llHmog d T d Bhapg gg, dUpg d W dcha wlllch d h B-

dg h ldglch a gllchalch -. Soa ag, w gwhlch, w ch, w vod d Rch ha, m da d ach d ypch h Rh vo Eymolog, d d W gm d Dg vp, zch z wcl dda Fag z ll.

D vo Plao agwo Fag wg m 16. d

17. Jahhd d G. D Edcg dN Wl d d mm hg Koa m Chad Japa l d Eop dlch al h -w wd, da go Fll vchd Spa-ch ga. Glchzg ach d Foch d Mah-ma g Illll a d Gda, vl-lch mglch, vll Spach z d, d

Mvd agchlo d, da jdm Zch Bdg d jd Bdg zg Z-ch zgod . G d Bldymol a ma al

alldg volldg Bpl olch vl-l Spach a, wo d Bdg alch dch a zcgh. I d Groen Erneue-rung der Wissenschaen a Fac Baco da chl-gg D d Raac zamm d chdzw A d Spach, d alch d d a - hd; z Kago ch d gyp-

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ch Hoglyph, d , ga w Zgo,al ymolch Bld od Emlm d, ow G-, d al aoch Hoglyph zch.

I d Spachwcha d 16. d 17. Jahhdpl d Bl hlch hvoagd Roll w Pla-o. D Glh ga d Hog ch a, gdwdoch och da ayloch Spachgw dchdgz , d Mchh vom Flch d Vlal d Spa-ch z d d pmv Spach, w a, wdzd, d Spach alo, d Adam

d Schpg all d Vgl Nam ggha (Genesis 2:1920). D m m, Adam haHch gpoch, g pp a Chch, d l Mdh va d Aag, ha opch Spach w Holldch od Schwdch g-poch.

Vco wa cho d Uralten Weisheit der Italervo

Plao Kratylos az. D Neue Wissenscha zg,da zwch ach d Do m d a-lch Spach am dm vo Baco, m v Ao-, daz gl Bag z K gomm ha-. D Hapom d Kommao chd d z z d Zal Bzhg. ImZal d G wa Ral da Kommao-

ml d Mch, mm lg Hadlg odglch Zmoll, wo G od B-dg zam; all Vl d d HadMach. W z. B. d al Gch jmad dchWahl z Mach am, o wd hm d Mach dadchag, da ma hm d Had a d Kop lg; h vlh Mach wd dch Hada- g (N2.1027). D Mch d Fhz -d ch ach hlg Schzch, alo Hogly-ph. Vco vw a ch a d hm gyp-

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ch Hoglyph, od ach a d Bldchd Mxa d d chch Idogamm. D Spachom hl dm S alch, da owohl

Hoglyph al ach Ral alch Bz-hg z d Id ad, d dch zch wdoll. Im Zal d Ho dagg d dMch ch ovoll ymolch Bldpa-ch (ma m ch al d haldch Spach hlch

voll, d Vco al Blg d Wdh d ho-ch Zal m Mlal ah). Im d Zal

chllch, dm d Mch, wd d vchdAlpha d.Vco m, ach d gpoch Spach ha

hlch Ewclgpoz vom Nalch zm Ko- voll dchla. Zch ha Lamalgg wdm Bpl alch Bz-hg zwch dm Zch d dm Bzch. D

Phlolog, o , ha all m z vlgm Gla agomm, da d Vlgpach wll-lch Bdg h; whd (d La) doch,wg h alch Upg, alch Bdgha m. (N2.444/A190) I m dch zhmdAao gzch Poz wcl chda d gpoch Spach A, Pooma,

V w. Ach goal d ozal Uchd d Volpach l Vco Elg. So w dVl dch d Vchdh d Klma vchdWa omm ha, woa d Vchdhh S hvoggag : o d daa wdm

vchd Spach ad. (N2. 445/A 191)I d Dallg Vco d ch vl Gda

wd, d m 16. d 17. Jahhd d glhDo Spach agach wa. D T,woach d pachlch Vlal ch allmhlch w-

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l ha, d m Ggaz z To d plzlch Ka-aoph m ma z Bal h, d ch ach m Eay d glch Lh Toma Hay (1582

1645), d Vco a ad Sll z. Ach ha malg vo Vco Paalll zwch d Bldpachgyp, Cha d Mxco gll. Ugwhlch d Z wa ldglch, da Vco ch m Rahm Spachho ga w Rchho o -ghd m d Fhgchch d Mchh chg.D Fag ach H d h Ewclg d

Spach oll da d zw Hl d 18. Jahh- h vl g Roll pl, al ch z. B. Ro-a d Hd m dm Tma a.

Noch ogll wa jdoch Vco Aadzgm d o Na pmv Spach d h Aa-log z Spach d Dch ad Zal. ImWochaz gz, d Spach d Mch

m o ha m Adc gw T, d m Sym a gaz zal Sll h. F h lagd Hapchll Neuen Wissenscha d a-ach, da d Vl Dch wa. Dchg l al Poa, d m hoch Zal h d M-ch hoch V gpoch. Da al mchRch d Zwl al Gdch, da -

mch Schl m Sgag awdg l m.E da ch vchwg wd, da ach d Tch wa. E vo Vco l Fd, d J- Domco Alo (16491717), ha daa am-am gmach, da d Gz d Vol Ial Vom va wa, d d Vollg, d Ho Dch gw d d Dch ham gag a d Baa d Zvlao -chdd Roll gpl, wa d Raac G-mplaz. Vco To alo ch gwhlch, wl

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o vl V pch, od wl hm m Ma-ph d o D gh.

D Aadzg m om D ach

d Schll m Vco g Adc z vwd Myhho, a d z m go l Rhm gd.

Scho d A a d vchd Ipa-o d Myh. D Hom d vl adDch l Gzhlg woll vl chwlch hm, wl d o plo Dallg d

Goh . Scho m ch vochlch Jah-hd hl mach Kommao d Myh Allgo alch Vogg, wo da z. B. d GoApollo da F ad d Podo da Wa.Im v Jahhd v. Ch. d Ehm voMa d Myh ch al Allgo, od al -ll hoch Bch, d zl Mch, d

ch dch od Lg hvoga ha, m G-dch d Nachwl glch Zg aahm, A-ag, d ma hm z Eh h Ehmm. D gchch d mch So l allgoch Dg d Myh d o h mo-alch Lh. E vwad Bachgw mg-lch m Mlal d Kommao, d hd-

ch Ezhlg chlch Bdg azp. Id Raac vp d Va d aAhadlg d Myh, Naal Co (ca. 152082),d d ggg Dg, mlch d alch, dhoch d d moalch. Baco, d ch a Coz, ga m WDie Weisheit der Alten, w wo gh ha (S. 29), g polch d a-lch Dg Rh gchch Myh. Slalchmch Vollg l ch d Myh w-dd. W v wa d Glh d A-

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ag, d Myh W achlch vo dm g-m Vol vog wod; jz a h, dGhmpach z dod.

D chdd Naaz d Bchgg md Myh am m 17. Jahhd, al ma m vgl-chd Uchg ga. E ga mlwl mAdlad g Glh, d vchd oalchSpach o g a, da d zahlch hlch- d Schpg-, S- d Ggmy-h vchd Fhl d Mlmam

Gch, H, gyp, Sy, Phz d ad m. Do vo zg Qll a wad allgm lch Elg. Im 17. Jahhd m- ma, d Spdl d jdch gw, dw adwo hlch Myh aach, hadl chm ch w al omp jdch Ogal, Aahm, d glglch ach m d T ma

wd, d Wahh m dm Im owdgwzlch voagh.So hap z. B. d azch poach G-

lch Saml Bocha (15991667), aodlch g-ld Ma, d Gchch Noah ha al Pooyp Rh a d ad Myh zm Vold gd;Bocha Schl P-Dal H (16501721), d p-

aholch Bcho wd, ah d Uyp dMyho d Molgd. Kompaach gg H,d ach d Myh Kaada, P d Japa -g w, w Lh ha. Da W d aopch Wl ahm damal g z d -gl w ach d Spachho d Va-a d Ehmm.

Vco a Bocha, H d alch ach BacoA d Myh, ah ch zm Wdpch g-z d wcl To. Ach whl

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d Uchg vo mitologia d avole (Fal) vglchd Aaz d o, da jd Vol Hl ha, Jp w. od doch pch-

d Gal. Vco wa jdoch wd Ehm och All-go w Baco, zmd ch m lch S dBg Allgo. Vo d To, Jp, Hl dad G d Ho pglch lhagMch gw, hl ch, moch a ach chgla, da ch ldglch m lach Fg ha-dl, ml d Phlooph ch vchll Fom

z hch, polch od awchalch Fa-g g ha. D Ach, hadl ch dMyh m phloophch Ghmpach, hl o w d Vollg d Nachho vomNazad Aachom. I d Toha ma lchlchw d Mch d Fhz mo-d Raoal zgch.

S g Ach wa wd mal Syhggzlch Aag. E woll d Hld d My-holog al poch Gal (caratteri poetici) a-ga w. M dm gwllg Bg g Wopl, da caratteri owohl Mch al ach daKommaoml Bcha zch a ch- Vco T plal z mach, G d Ho

dc aa Id o Fom a. Myhh la Vco a volmlch lg dd ch, w Baco d ad gm ha, vo Ph-looph gcha. Im Ggaz z d Ehmach ach ch al vmml Dallgpolch Eg, od al wah Sgchch-, ch al lo Maph, od al Bpl d poch Log d Mch, Bpl pmv, o d ahopomoph Dw.Da d o Dw d Fhz -

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all ga d ach d S d Pmv ad glch,ach all poa G d Ho d A a, dd Rm Jp d Hl ga ha. D om-

plz doch Hypoh Bocha od Hhl Vco dah g.S Dallg d Ehg d Jpmyho, d

Jam Joyc o aodlch mpo, wa olgd:

Hd Jah ach d S Mopoam dzwhd ach d S d g Wl () d o lag Z wa g, dam d Wl ach d

wlw chwmmg ggd goc wa,m h D od d Ma d L zchc, da do Blz ch zd o (g-chah , da) d Hmml chllch zc d dh vo chcgdm Blz d Do () Egwg Gga () ho daa chocd z vo d gh Wg, d Uach

ch a, d Ag d lc d Hmml.Da olchm Fall d Na d Mchg m ch g (), da d mchlch G d-ag Wg g Na zch, d Nad Gga a d vo Mch wa, d a -gh Kp h d hld d l-ld ch ggg h hg Ldcha d-

, o dch d Hmml al go -l Kp, d dmzolg Jp a (),d h dch da Schld d Blz d da Ka-ch d Do wa ml woll. (N 3.77/F 49 )

W ach a ad Sll d Neuen Wissenschapma h Alag a Lz, mlch a -hm Sll, wo d d Ehg d Rlgo -ch. Vco Poa h g womglch och po-ch al d V d Lz.

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hlch w Jp wd Hl d Neuen Wissen-scha al Vpg aa Id dagll:E vch dm Dc aml Nowdg

go a. (E lam Wdpch zm UniversalenRecht, wo Vco Hl al poch Gal dagllha, d d Ag d H-Kl-Sym vacha-lch.) Zwllo ha cho vo Hl vchdEzl alch a vollach ow am Vcod Ehm gg doch d Ezl wadch Vchmlzg d Amlao zm Pooyp d

da z m l d Myho gwod. So alo llch Vco d Ala o D vo; ch:(So wd) all Echg d Gz d dmoa-ch Rpl () ach d Dw pochChaa, w gyp a M (Hm) -mg, Ah a Solo zcgh. (N2. 416/A177 ) Vco d alo ch G w Jp d

Halg w Hl, od ach Mch w Solo,Hm mgo, Roml, d lgd GdRom d d Dch Hom al vo Mch dpoch Gal, a d d Mch ach gla: fngunt simul creduntque ( d d gla z-glch), w ac adm Zammhag gagha. (Vco Za Llgao g a dm

Zammhag zw. z g Zw-.) Fh d d Raac z m L wach- pa hmch ado z m gw- Gad vpch, gg Vco d Neuen Wissenschaa Daz, dm Hm l zm Myho l.

Allm Ach ach l Vco d vldBag z d lag Do m d Bdg dMyh oh d Hl zgch Glh, wma vo zw mglch Aahm ah. S FdGa Vczo Gava (16641718) ha 1696 Dis-

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kurs ber die klassischen Mythen ch la, dm al ldgwod Phlooph zch. 1708 v-lch Gava a Nag d

Ahadlg dm ach Vco lgd l VomUrgrund der Poesie (Della Ragion Poetica). Ihallch hGava a Baco d d Raacado h alm Fd. So hap plw, Homha d Ilias d ojach Kg zhl, m allS d Gch d Mch dall z .Gava ah a Hom da Uval, whd Vco L-

g d E ad, da Ilias d Odyssee z-d lgd d. Vco a ach Ja LClc(vgl. S. 34), d Die Kunst der Kritik ch, w- ma Myh al hoch Qll ach ; To ha a ch da gg m Vco po-ch Gal z .

E ga alldg zgch Ao, d Vol-

lg d Vco vwad wa. Vco d h Wa all d ga ha, d chEglch zw. Fazch. Edwad Sllg (163599),Bcho vo Woc, ha plw d To v-, Hm mgo wg hochGal gw, od Allgo od ga Hoglyph; d Gda, d Vco poch G-

al vwad ch, wcl Sllg alldgch w. Wllam Wao (16981779), Bcho voGloc, ah d Ral, Myh d HoglyphBpl hzlch o D, al d Spa-ch och z ch d d mchlch G och zdzpl wa, m aa Gdagg wl-g z . D Sll d ch m 1741 v-lch Bch, d d L da ma, da z Bggg d d Ao am, d a-chd ch mal voad gh ha. Vom

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Ursprung der Fabeln, 1724 vlch, a lagvoh gch Eay d azch PhloophBad d Foll (16571757), omm Vco l-

gg och h. Foll gg ga w Vco ompa-ach vo d dc z. B. d Myh d am-ach Ida Alg a gchch Myholog.Ud ga w Vco wa Aaz d Elgd Myh m Gd ahopomoph. D M-ch wa aodlch al, ch , d dahwa h G all al. Ach Foll z

d Lzll, wo Do d Blz d Mch dazg, ch m Hmml Go vozll, d F-pl ach. Agch da allg Paallll ch Vco am al vllg zgm .

Tmach gh ach d Edcg, a dVco od olz wa, d Bch d o D-, mlch lla Eg d W d

homch Gdch. Dm D Bch d Neuen Wis-senschaga Vco d h ch D Edcgd wah Hom; w m z d hHomdg vo Ag h, m l z -, o Vco dm lgll Apch gch wd.

Scho d Z d al Gch ha ma dawdlo Vhal d homch G ; d

allgoch Dg d Ilias d d Odyssee hzm l a dm Uhag o vl Wdlog.So p ma z. B. d R d Ody al All-go d L d mchlch Sl. Im zw

vochlch Jahhd l d gchch LaAach ad Dg: Hom, m , wh dhal wdlo, wl ch d S d G-ch h gwadl h. I allgoch D-g d homch Dchg gl ch p dKchv ch wg al d Hma d Ra-

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ac. Im 17. Jahhd jdoch d Wcha azw w Polm Hom.

E gg da m Sgmld. Mach

K ad da Vhal d homch Hld a-dal, d w ga w d G allz-mchlch d ahm ch ghol d go, wo doch F oll. Ad Glh hgg mach- ch d Aag d Aach z g, ah dIlias d d Odyssee g Azchg h S- d zch d W al wvoll Qll z

gchch Gchch. E chlgg Bch, HomerischeAltertmervo dm Holld Evad Fh, ch 1677.Da zw damal m Polm, da ch m Ho-

m vad, a d lg d Dchg, alod Vdg, d ch d Wga vo G-ao z Gao vmlch g ha. Glhw d azch A DAgac (160476), d Hol-

ld Pzo (16511715) d d go glch Al-phlolog Rchad Bly (16621742) va d A-ag, Hom ha Dchg ch h gg-wg Fom hla, od ldglch z Ld

va, d p z d Ep, d w , zamm-ga wd. DAgac gg oga o w, ch dFag z ll, o Hom jmal gg ha.

Whd Vco d Uchg vo Fh d mg-lchw d vo Pzo a, l hm d To- Bly d DAgac wahchlch a,da a Eglch zw. Fazch vlch wodwa. Da hm D Bch d Neuen Wissenschaachllch d Edcg d wah Hom gwd-m l ch jdoch w Wwclg d vo-lo T vo Bly d DAgac.

Vco wd Hom, d d Dcha, gzlo, od ha Sl.

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Glchzg mpad , w cho mach vo hm, dmagld Wd d homch Hld al plch, voallm d Ilias, w plw Achll d Aga-

mmo a d ad Hd -, wa hzag am d Bd m Lplz ad ag wd (782/A314). Vco ch P-lch d Bwdw dch da Agm adZ, ad S H z g; Hom Kd Z gw. So da Vhal

vo Achll d Agammo, o mwdg p

Gao ach voomm mg, Wlch voll-omm agm, hoch (zw. aach)Zal. I d Ilias d d Odyssee m ma zwgo Schazamm d Gch d l Gch-lad (902/A 340). Daa g ch, da Po- d och phloophch Allgo, d pKommao h hla, ch achg ha

. F Vco wa d homch Gdch w dgchch Myh Pod pmv D. DBdg d mdlch lg d dEp wa ch dcha w. Hom ha Gdch chlch hla; vlmh ha waddRhapsoden (Ldg) ald d, ald j l - Gg a d gchch M d F vo-

gag (849/A 333/34)-Vco ll ach , da d Odysseev S- ch wa al d Ilias. E Boachg,d h olg l, dah ch d d Dchgdch mh Zal d vo mh Hd a-ga d z Ed gh wod z (804/A 321). D Vmg, zwch Ila d Ody Hd vo Jah lg, ach h daz, Sad-p z d: Ha h mm Hom al hoch Plch gch, o m jz

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m dm A DAgac, Hom Myho, Id od hoch Chaa d Gch. F hga Hom mh, d ch a d Mg d

Vol haho; vlmh ah h d Fll dgchch Vl vlo d agho zglch(873/A338).

Vco Hom-Hypoh w vl zgd al dKoj DAgac d Bly, wl l mad To wa, a d ach Spachgchch,Myhgchch d Gchch mchlch Id

w Vco g ag h Al ha. Lz W-dg zch d g Lg Vco. Hda ma ag voagz, ma wll, g-w gfch Aachom Ka z hm ,da Vco da o D zw. d Mal dPmv zw. d G d Wld dc ha. DEdcg chdd Tma d Neuen Wis-

senscha. Wd Vco Vol och Z-go d ch wa wlch Vglcha. Docha ma, w ach ad go Edcg,ll, da ch m Symag zw. V-dlchg h Ech hadl. So ha z. B.cho m 16. Jahhd Rh vo Ao hap-, d Dch d Ho d Phlooph

gw, oh d Aag alldg chg z -gd, d m 17. Jahhd ha da I Idgchch ado. D damal ggg B-g Gchch d Phlooph wa a o w ga,da ach d oga Phlooph d Baa mg wa d chlgg Dallg Plao d Aol ach d Bahma d d Ddaghadl wd. Vco Fd Valla (vgl. S. 25 .)ha olch Phloophgchch va, d Vco l- z d Neuen Wissenschag d chlg-

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g W d 17. Jahhd. Alldg a dIdgchch w al Vol, w ach al dGchch d Wcha, d w Vco wohla

Baco vogchw ha. Vco Vollg vo Id wao w ga, da d Gchch d pach V-, d Gchch d m mchlch Hadl -a wdd Voazg, d Gchch d Wah-hmg d ach d Gchch d commo (senso comune) zh o. Lz d al Ul oh all Rxo, allgm mpd

vo gaz Gpp, m gaz Vol, ga-z Nao od dm gam Mchgchlch (142/A79).

Vco wa ch d zg, d ch Id dmw S . Joh Loc z. B. ha gm,da Kd, Wld d Aalpha zm aa D- hap ch hg . Foll (vgl. S. 60) ha

ch m dm pmv ahopomoph D oaadgz, al da Elg d U-pg d Myh ah. Moq (vgl. S. 49), dI ch machm m d Vco dc, - ch w Vco da Phom d mlallchGol d l dch adogdDw (la manire de penser de nos pres). Alldg

zog m Ggaz z Vco a d Boachg vallgmd Schl. Ach d glch LaToma Wao (172890) Geschichte derenglischen Dichtung Bpl d mlallch D-w. Ewa z glch Z, alo d M d 18. Jah-hd, ach Dchlad d Bg Denkungsarta, d zwa a gaz hlch Gd.

Im mhodch Aaz am Vco Wcha Uchg od ah, d ach a z gl-ch Z ch, mlch d Sitten der amerikanischen

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Wilden verglichen mit den Sitten der Frhzeit (1724) voJa-Fao Laa (16811746), m azch J-, d al Moa Kaada gw ha d d

S d Gch d Algoq-Ida, d Hod d Io a g Achag a. E vad Aag, d Wld ch wa ch wma Eopa damal allgm aahm , od mGgl llg, phaaga d omm.Laa zg ach d hlch d Myh, lg- zgg d S d opch A

d d Ida a; o d plw dzgch Ida Ama ga w d alGch d Do al d Smm Go. E ch, alh d Ida d Homch Zvlao

vla. H Vco Laa Bch gl, o w chlch az gw, oh alldg d adolldoch Hypoh z olg, woach d am-

ach Ida a Gchlad amm.Vco Dallg d Gchch d Mal wma h o ag all E w-m; g ch g Mh, ch gaz ymach az-mal, w d Mch gdach ha m,

d Goh d Fom, d h Gda ggo- ha d d odlch W, d v-

p ha m (N. 42). E ah Aalog zw-ch d Mal vo Kd d d vo Ewach d Kdh d Wl, w ag, Mal,d ch d m al d d Ewach d d dmod Mch zglch wa. E wa dDw hchlch aa Vollg -wcl, d Mch wa hg, d Fomd Egcha vo d Sj z aah (816/A 326) d ha ach Zahlg: D daZahlym wa, d zwa wg xm A-

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aogad, da lz, wa d Vl g.(642). Ad wd d Mgl d h D- wgmach dch d Rchm a Vollga.

Mapho d Poao. E hadl ch m poch Dw (maniera poetica di pensare), d cha gaz alch W Myh adc. K-zchd da wa Fchm, Amm d Eh-ozm, Bg, d Vco alch ch z,da och ga ch x; doch wa ch Vcod d Egcha d achach D vllg

w. Ehozm a d Amag dVl. Vo Amm wd w h pch, wVco ch: W d Mch d alch E-hgach d Dg ch . o ch d Dg g d plch Na z (180/A 89). Fchm Vco, w ch, dMch ha chclch Ag vo d G, d

l gcha ha (916); ach d Wdg a Vco hmlch M, d mch DchLz.

Nch vg oll w dm Zammhag,da Vco Gchch d Id, zw. d Dw-, ach Gchch d Ghl zog. So hl z. B. da mpam d d Jhzo d homch

Hld o zdg w d ha SpachHom.Vo Vco wa hchd Mg, da d mch-

lch Na all Vl d z all Z glch .Vach gag ha d go gchch d m-ch Ho d Aag o v w dpolch To d Raac vo allm Macha-

vll d Vco Zgo l. Awchd M-g d ch vo allm Aol, d d Aag

va, mach Mch Slav vo Na a,

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70/120

Zal d G wa gaz ach da Zal, al dMch m, all Go zw. vo m Gogcha od ga (922). Da hoch Zal wa

hoch m zwdg-och S; Vcod al Zal, dm Mach Rch wa. Ww o (S. 62) gh ha, ch d hom-ch Hld al ch mpdlch d gwalg Hal-wchg. I Rom ha, o ch , whd d ho-ch Zal d Adl da Vol m amgloGaam hadl. D Bg hoch d a-

ach ch Vco al Syoym vwd z ha;vllch woll dam L chocag d E- vml, da d Blg gaz Z-al, w hap zlg, Klg .

Am pov ch Vco d Zal z w-, da d Mch, d V d d Zvlao.Doch ach h d wa z mgl d ll ,

da z. B. d zhmd Aaohg dZal P z ch : mlch d Nd-gag d Dchch, d Imagav d d Ghl da Eha.

Vco wa alo gaz ch ypch V d A-lg, d h Epoch ch w al Zd Dlh d d Iaoalm wa. E ha

a ach ch, w p d Roma, d pmvMch dal. E z ch glchma a dDalgg d Wchal, d d Baa v-ach, w a d Agm d, d h dad- Rm gg d Vozg ga, d ch dAag z va. Da wa g Po-o a ch vllg lavch, w d g alg-chch Sp, d w Vco h wohl w dAag v ha, agch vchd S moalch Ul ohh mglch. Vco ahm

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Sadp , d ma al m-lavch -zch . E hl mm g S vll (Hochz, Bg d God); ad-

d Mglch, d d Zal d d ad z ll, da jdm d gd chlch S alch vqc . B dBlg zl Ap ha a a Wgdoch ch vzch woll d pach vo dBl mm Zvlao, ad wo-mglch m Blc a g Z vo vchlag-

Gg , wlch d Mch d Baad Rxo z chclch B gmach ha, al voh d Baa d S gw wa- (1106/F 87). Wa ga dam ag woll, lla.

Vco d Zal ld m doppl S Zy-l: E ll owdg Aolg da, d

ch vchd Wll wdd, zw olgdm Ala(corso) A Wdh (ricorso). Z dFag, o da Zal d G jmal wdh, - Vco ch ch; m all Bmmh a hap, da hoch zw. aach Zal Eopaach dm Ndgag d mch Rch wdgh.E ga, w ch, Rch z d Lh, z

hoglyphch Sch ( d da a d Hald)d zm Gol (Vco vglch d mlallchGol m Pa d mch Fhz). Dgag vom Mlal z Nz d d Roll, dGld, Schplv, Dcp w. da gpl ha-, Vco alldg m Ggaz z ad Ao- d 17. Jahhd, da ach m glBaco, ch.

D Vollg vom zylch Ala d Gchch d gchch d mch A d hchd

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Mg wa ach z Vco Z ch N. E -hm lach Bpl Poly (ca. 203ca. 120

v. Ch.), d gchch Cho d Ag Rom;

m, a d Moach olg gaz alch d Ao-a d a d wdm d Dmoa, d dNdgag d Dmoa h da wd z Moa-ch. Im Mlal wd d zylch Gchchld

vo d la Gchchaag d Jd- dChm agl, dzolg d Gchch Vollzg,Bwgg a Zl h . Whd d Raac

cho d Bg v zylch D ad dGchchaag ad d ch, w ach d olgd Jahhd, ggg.Noch m 18. Jahhd ah d Gld h g,agl Zal wg al Z vlFoch d al Agpha m Zyl, d zgg Z d Ndgag olg wd.

Vco Zyl pach a jd Hch dm Z-g. S Modll hl jdoch zw ogll Zg, m-lch d Bog d vchd Dw, d z

vchd Z m Zyl doma wa ow dgwhlch dall Dallg d Vdg-mcham.

Nach lachm Modll m Ao d

A, d Raac od d 18. Jahhd g Zyl m allgm m d Schldg d-lch Zad, d zv z Wohlad d Kl,a ach z Lx d Vwchlchg h, dGllcha vo m, gch d m-lch g wd, wlch h da agd hSg zwaglg d Rh ach dl Vd-g dchl w h Op. D Voag d j-g Vco d pha F d Rm, wo dT va, Rom dch aach Lx g wo-

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d, pch dm Modll. Dm Vco gg jdochch m moalch Ndgag. W w gh ha,wa vo m-lavch Wa a d Bg

Ndgag o g w dglo, o da a h v-zch o. Ihm gg m d Uchg go Um-wg vo W d dg vo Dw.

Ach go Vdg d Gchch lVco gaz ad al Zgo d Vol. Da ch vwdlch, d Vco a Tma, dlgdg Ggad, w al d lh

d damal hchd doch To a ch- a. W w gh ha (vgl. S. 46), gla ch,da d Rm h Gzodx, d Zwl al,

vo d Ah omm ha. Ach d damalggg Aag, hlch zwch d Myh

vchd Vl zg, da d Myh a gmam Qll w d Bl amm, l ch.

Nach Vco hadl ch m poa Paalllwc-lg, d daz h, da jd Vol z m Jp,m Hl w. am. Ach Vdg d Spa-ch ah hlch: whd ma ch h vo allm d Elhg vo W ha, o Vcod A d W, d d Spach mmVol S wdpgl. E vallgm

T d a m hm Axom w olgzamm: Glchag Id, d gaz Vlh, wlch ch voad w, m gmam Wahhgd ha (144). E zalRoll pl dm Zammhag h da Ag-m, ahch Gllcha a, d jd Vol lg Ral, Hochzzmod Bzgal.

E d chd Mmal vo Vco D-, da d Ewclg Gllcha od

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Kl o vl o al Vdg, d voa w wd. Vco ha vllch adWahl, al a olch Ewclg z gla, d ja

wa Zwgd ha d ch dah w d NeuenWissenscha Fom Sym ch la,whd d Ewg K od d Vg

vo E dm Zall wo d dah ch olch ymaa . D Vco Dw ch-dd Internalismus glchzg h ogllZg. Zwa ha cho d Raac g hma-

ch J gm, Vdg d Rch lch dch Ewclg al Rao a ch v-dd Bd p d Rchymha, ga w Mch, Kdh, Jgd, R dGal. E Vco jdoch wad d Dg aad Vdg a d vallgm dadch,d zwa z Z, al d Dom hchd

Mg wa; ach h alo chwamm gg dSom.W ach Vco Vollg z d ch-

dd Ewclg gomm? E ha daz vl z ag, alldg d Bmg o v-, da ch chw Zammhag gla. E wchg Ogaaopzp wa h d

ga Paalll zwch dm L zl- d dm d Mchh h d Zal. E hm gwod Axom la: Z mp-d d Mch, oh wahzhm; da m a m ach d wg Sl; zlz m lam G (218/A 97). A ad Sll jdochh zch: D Odg d Id m och- ach d Odg d Ggd, d glch a-chld: D d Ewclg d mchlchDg: wa d Wld, da d H, da d

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D, da d Sd d zlz d Aadm (23839/A 100), Aolg vo Sad, d l-ch Rh , G, Hld, Mch ch pch.

D chdd Fag l jdoch: Wa mm -glch d Odg d Ggd?Nch dg d Szw, w g

azch d choch D aahm, d Fo-hg Gda vo Go d Fzg Jah- d 18. Jahhd d Mg va, d -gag vo d Jagd z Vhzch, da zm Aca d

chllch zm Hadl ha achad v S dGllcha hvogach. Vco ch ch wchalch Vdg wa d Hapchw-ch Sym od Vdg mD d Mch wa go S .E gla a d owdg Hamo mchlch I-o, m ad Wo, a owdg V-

dg zwch mm Fom d Kl d -mm Fom d Gllcha; hlch Aa-g am p dm Bg Zg zm Adc.

Solch Vdg zwch Kl d Gllchah ch wa a gdm Pla. Vco ll chal Ogaaopzp d achg Folg vo zw.,w glglch chlch mdlch ag, H-

og d Zwc. Bod lagvoll vd d- Pzp gg Ed d Neuen Wissenscha:

W ach d Mch l d Wl d Naogmach ha. o d Wl doch oh Zwla m G hvoggag, d vo d odZwc, d ch d Mch gz ha, o a-wch, machmal h gggz d mmh lg . D G ha j chZwc d Mch hh Zwc da

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gmach d al Ml gach, m da mch-lch Gchlch a d Ed z hal. (1108/F 89)

Ach d T vo d d Gchch d Mch-h o chdd wchg achg Folgp Vco chaachw al Syh gg-zlch Aag:

D all d mach, wa G; d d Mchmach m Vad. E wa ch da Fam; dd Mch mach a Wahl. E wa ch

d Zall; d mm d wg, w da Glchmach, h d glch Dg. (d.)

A ad Sll ch Vco, d Gzgg hamm Gllcha z S, Rchm d W-h vhol, d zwa a d Ba vo Wldh, Gd Ehgz, d d La, d ch d gaz

Mchh d (132) m ad Wo, pvaLa, lch Nz, w m Ul d Bie-nenabel d holldch Az Bad Madvll(16701733) h. Vco d da a Eglch gchW am ga ha, ach w Bhgpz m Sym a d. W d choch Nao-aloom Adam Smh (172390) dach Madvll a

d cha Had d Ma. Vco dach a adoll cha Had, d d glchVohg. D ll ch alldg ch gaz m h-mmlch S vo, d hm zwg ch wad Mch h Wll a, od w dch d dch lagg gllchalch Ewclgpo-z, ch a dch zl Eg od Mch.Vco dz Ezl a Symol l d Ezl,d al hoch Gal gl l. So pch z. B.la Vco d Sqz Achll-Scpo-Ca--No

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mgglch Vdg d Na d Vl: go, da g, da gg, da , chllchldlch (242). I dm S l No po-

ch Chaa.W Vco m dm Gla a d Vohg m a-doll S hl, l ch am dg mm.E wg ch a d Gz zwch hologch dla Gchchdg, d Sado chmm ga azmach. Dah loh ch vllch,ahad mm Bpl d gd Po-

z ga z ach, dm ch la Vco d -achg Folg al d z go hochVdg h. Ahlch d m Dal ha-dl Vco Rom; d chlgg Sll d dagaz Bch v, wa zwa glglch Wdpchm Dal m ch g, d Koqz d Hap-wclgl a ch chg.

Vco gg vo allm m d Fllg, da d m-ch Gchch dch lag d machmal gwalgKo zwch zw gllchalch Gpp, Pa-z d Plj, gpg wa. E ah d ho-ch Kmp Sodall d d Gchch owdhd Ko zwch d Hchd dBhch, dm d Plj d Rgg-

om d woll, wo ja ach mm d, d d, whd d Adl d hd Rg-gom hal wll (609). Upglch, alo mhoch Zal, wa d Paz d zg H-ch, d d Gmw lc da Lchd Wl aoach Fom (582). DmMachhal dlch wa ach, w d Gz Ghmpach va wd, d ad ld. Gg d Plj, d Lad dm Fdalym z Vgg ll, ahm d

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Paz ch halad, gg d gaam (272), pva d c glglch ach h pva Gg.

Allmhlch vd ch d Lag, adm wld Paz zw Io ch zw. d- Echg zl. Zch d Census, -lch Sym, da d Ba d Fh d Volwd oll, d zw da Am d Vol. I-dm d Fo a, d gcha wo-d wa, mlch d Schz d alch Fh d

Plj, wd d Vol ach d ach daz g-ach, d Plj ach d gaz Pal d g-lch Fh z ch (111). Ad agdc, dPlj ag zch Fh vo (mlch vowlllch Eg) d da Fh z (m-lch z polch Bgg). Had Had m doll Vdg gg Vdg d

Bw, wo Vco Uach d Folg ch ag.D Plj ah lzlch d Paz ch mh h-ochm Lch d glag z d zgg, vod glch mchlch Na z w d Adlg.Folglch woll ach d glch Odg dSd (1101/F84). Da Zal d Mchwa agoch. D Gz wd jz d Lad-

pach z d g dadch d Koolld Plj, d om zm Sov wd. D Ao-a wa z Dmoa mgwadl. Gg Ed dNeuen Wissenscha a Vco d Vogag zamm:D hchd Adld woll d Hh d Plj mach, d ga da d Hcha d Gz, d d Volh amach(1108/F89).

Wa d Adl glch d Hcha d Gzglag l, l Vco Dallg dl. A -

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g Sll d ch a, da d chdd Faoda d Achg d Adlg vo d Gz wa, hmal pazch Hcham, da jz a

h Hadlgh gg d Plj ch-. W w gh ha (vgl. S. 45 .), woll Vco d-lch mach, da da Rch Pod d Gchch .H jdoch w da Ggl oach: E -o, da da Rch d Galg d Gchch chdd Roll gpl ha.

E Dallg d mch Gchch, d d Ko-

zw Kla d Mlp ll, m alch maxch lg. D hlch all Ag, ach w Vco ch d wchalch Ba dKlao ch . Doch h ch zm Vd da Vhl d dD, w ma ag, Vco ha Max azp.Nzlch d lgg, da Max Fll ad-

oll Vollg gllchalch Ko w-wcl d pz ha, vo d mach vo dRm l amm (d ja ach d Bg pl- jch, polach d Kla gpg ha), ada d Raac, vo allm vo Machavll. D ha Abhandlungen ber Livius d Aag v-, Rom vda owohl Fh al ach

Mach d Aadzg zwch Paz dPlj. Vco a d Agm h ga, dga ch, da ad Mg wa, go Mh, zwdlg. E hap, da mch Rch ha cha d vo Machavll ga Gd olch Gd Da ch, od wl d dgd Vag all Agg ahm, P-zp z l (1003). H, w ach a adSll d Neuen Wissenscha, wa Vco m Ao,d dg wdlg woll, od vpch.

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Achd ach d Sml vllg azp-al Mg, m g oml z.

Gttliche Vorsehung

Vo Machavll chd ch Vco ach da, da mm wd vo glch Vohg pch. W ll ch glch Eg d Gchch vo? W wgh ? Wo h d Uchd zwch hlgd poa Gchch? Wl lch z awo ,

chg w zch m d lz Fag. VcoEllg z hlg Gchch, wom d G-chch d Jd m, w m Al am -zhl wd, ch gaz la. A d Blc chzwa all ch dg, d d Neuen Wissenschagh aglch m d Uglg (le genti). Dl d Eaga l ch ja ach olgdma

z: D Pzp Wcha vod Na d Vl, d z Edcg d Pzp Sym d Nach d Uglgh.

Vco chd g zwch hlg d poaGchch. Zch mal hl d hlg Gchch l: D lch Gchch l al d l

l Poagchch (165/A 86). D w- hl d Azchg d Jd zvlgal d ad Vl; m Al am ha hEg dm Aag d Wl ga wah(54). Ach d Poz d Vdg d B-ch ad, d d Hd ha daz d gwh-lch Hl d Vohg; d H ha a-odlch Hl vo l d wah Go (313/A119).Ko: D hch Rlgo wd vom wah Goggd a da Vo d Wagg, a wlch ch

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all hdch Vl aa (167/A86). B dJd ga ach polyhch Sadm. AZwl h Vco d Elg d gam h

Mchgchlch zw A: d Gga d dMch vo alch Gal; d Hd, d a-d Jd (172/A87). Vco vglch Schldgd wld Mch a d Wadcha dch d Wl-d d Ed wd dmach a d Fhgchchd Uglg z, o da d Jd dm Zyl dd Zal d G, d Ho d d Mch a-

chd zog w.W Vco hap, d Gchch d Jd dl hap, o zh dam Sllg ald wchg Da. S d Raac ha gGlh hap, d l Kl d Ed d gyp-ch. S va d Aag, d al Gch h- h G vo d gyp omm, o w

vl jdch S doh amm. S m oga,d gypch W Hm mg (vgl. S. 58) ch d Gdwahh d Chm cho mla gw, owohl lag vo Ch gl ha.D Glh z h T vo allm a d H-m l zgch x, d ma m 16. Jahh-d g d, ow a da Zg Maho,

gypch P, d m 3. Jahhd gl d Gchchdallg va ha, d hap-, d gypch Zvlao lc a mh al 36 000Jah zc.

Im 17. Jahhd z ch Eopa g dApch d Ch a d l d l Kl. So ch z. B. d jch Moa MaoMa (161461), d d Kla d chch Ho-ogaph d ha, da d chch Ka Hcha m Jah 2952 v. Ch., alo 600 Jah vo

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d S, ag ha m. Ach m d Fag,o d S d gaz Wl a ha, pa chdamal lha Koov. E Wchal, Iaac

d La Py (15941676), m ch , d Sha lav l l d Ed o; hap ach, ha cho vo Adam Mch gg-, m ad Wo, Adam zwa d Uah dJd, jdoch ch d d gaz Mchh, d dBl wg vll, od ldglch d -gz Gchch Vol. A Mch vo Adam z

gla, wa a aholch, poach d jd-ch Sch vllg ohodox; doch ch d Aa-g g Ahg gd z ha. Ach g voVco Fd wa 1691 . a. d H zchgwod (vgl. S. 22).

D adoal mp d Mg Bach d Bog d hap z. B., da d og-

a al Wh d gyp wg al ,da Maho chclch ha, al vo 36 000Jah gypch Gchch pach, d da d Hmmg zgch Bch Wlch hchlch Z ad , d gyp alo jd-ch d chlch Gdag omm hd ch wa mgh. Ach vo d T, d

chch Ka h ga Voz gl, wolld adoal ch w; mach dzd Ka m lch Gal w Noah, w achcho Bocha d H lach d ad Myhlch Vold gd ha.

K gg al S Iaac Nwo gag ch d-m S. Nachdclch hap , d Gchch dJd ch w zc al d d gyp od Ch-; gg Ed L wdm Nwo ch mgo Eg dm Sdm choologch Fag d

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mh ch Hazhg aoomch E- m d Sychog d choologch Sym

vchd Vl. S Verbesserte Chronologie der

alten Knigreiche ch 1728, ch lag ach mod. I Glh ha ma Jah gw,da Nwo a dm Poj a, d da,da Vco, al Nwo Exmpla Neuen Wissen-schachc (vgl. S. 36), dm Choologoch ohldg woll w dm Naphlooph.

Vco wa mlch m Nwo Gg d T vom

hoh Al d gypch d chch Kl. O dgyp d Jd ha od mgh, wahm da lav glchglg, d hl, w w g-h ha (S. 46 .), ch vom Dom. Ihm gg dam, plal z mach, da d hlg Gchchd l l Gchch dall.

Da ha ha , w cho gag, a d

g vo hlg d poa Gchch. So l z. B. d lch Bch vom ma z Bal zwa d Gchch d Jd gl, l jdoch d E-wclg vchd Spach d glg Vl- a gaz ad W (vgl. S. 52). E m ja,d Mchh h a zw Ra, mlch d vod R aammd Uglg d d Jd.

Dam g ghlch Nh zm Sadp LaPy, d hap ha, Adam ldglch Uah l d Mchh. Glchzg a ga Vco dmPap, wa d Pap , d hl ch w a holo-gch Da ha. Doch g d NeuenWissenscha Paag, d Vco d o oglg g-zog l z vwch ch. Whd - ag, m Al am d Gchch d Jd d Schpg ga vzch, l add Spal H Zal m d S

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g. Ach w moach m mchm Rchd d Bl m Hom vglch, ch hlg dpoa x a E z ll. Ma ag ch, o

Vco ghm o w gg, d Bl Myh-ammlg z hal. Da Spoza o gdach ha, w z ga.

Ach Aag, da aodlch HlGo d Ch a dm Zyl d d Zal ha, vg ch ch m d Mg, da Mlal Wdh d hoch Zal. Sz ma

voa, da d Pzp d Neuen Wissenscha dgaz mchlch Gchch gl oll, o l ch djdch Gchch gao w d d Uglg mS gwhlch zw. plch Vohg

vh. H Vco h Bhapg, ll glch Tolog a d wdlg d Epd ad Ah, c alo m Gd am mh

al d Fllg, da h dm Chao d chaEg Odg h. Wd mal Syh gggz Aag, d Lzch,da d Ewclg d Mchh d Na d -chdd Roll pl, d d Boch, da Vo-hg .

Zammad ma ag, da ch Vco

Ach Rch, Spach, Myho, d La d G-chch d d Roll d Vohg Mhod mm adoll Blcwl vd. Hvozh od, da Vco d d wchg vgl-chd Mhod ymach dchhl. SymachVglch ha zwa ch d, doch dz d gg da ach w al wgVol w d Fazo Ja Bod (ca. 153096), dW Gchch, Rch d Pol Vco h ga, od Bocha, H d ad, d ch m My-

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hvglch chg d d Dom o alh w d d gypolog zw. gypo-ma d 17. Jahhd. Eghd Vglch zw-

ch d al Gch d d zgch Ida- Ama ha Foll d Laa a-gll; Vco, d d A ochlch ch a,gg d Neuen Wissenschaa och m g w.Da zg wlch Mw d vglchd Aa-ly, da m d Neuen Wissenscha ahm a,Moq ber den Geist der Gesetze, ch

zwazg Jah p.


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Quellen und Methoden

Zmd dm hg L ll d Neuen Wis-senscha a, da da o chd ompaachaglg W lz Ed a a adldch

Qll a. Da Maal amm m wlch adm al Gchlad d Rom, vo allm a Rom.Slvdlch a Vco ach ad Kl, dw Vallgmg achalch mach woll,d ch g xoch Bpl. So d V-allgmg a ch jdoch ch L d A gd z ha. F d Gchch A

d Ama ch Vco m Ggaz z vl Zgo alchw lg. Wh-d ma dcha hap a, ha da Dd Wld dc, ga ch m zgch Schl-dg d Wld o g w ga ch a; da vl ch l a Hom ow ac Bchg d a-ach gmach Smm. Vchlch a olchBch a xoch Rgo a, d, w z wgla, aoll a zvlg Maal ach-: Da d Mch vo Rd, d h Bch

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dch alch Bch g Aaz vchawoll (334/A 127).

E mag vo I , ch z vggwg, wl-

ch aopch Wlgo Vco Blcld la-g; l volldg L wd ch allz vlPlaz Apch hm. Da Aa ggRoll pl, ach am, d d Eop wdamal wg d Gchch d Ko.Vco l w dl: , da d hop ch A Bldch d, zw, da d Ka-

Sdaa aglch vo Go och wa ghha ( Aag, d alch hl), d d,da ma Ga gla, d Sl Ua - hlo d Ed.

E hlch Gla hchlch d Uall Vco d Uwoh Mxo, P, Vg-a d Nglad ; d hlch zg d

go Bdg d Bg d mchlch G-g (337/A 129). W o dagll, wa Vco dAag, Bg, Hochz d God vll Bch. (Uvll m , wl chg wa, d chg m , wl -

vll wa Vco ha d Zlchl achdch m.) D mach Bch v Aa-

g, d Bwoh Bal d d All Ah-, lh o w d Ka a priori a. Ew ach, da Glh m d Hd Ama ga amm a Eopa od aA? doch d doch Fag hch. D Bldch d Mxa hgg azh d g Wg. W m d Rgh, d d Fhz d Ed wad, al Bpl d Paago, vo d ma damal Eo-pa gla, h ha Wch. Um da Zal

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d G z vachalch, vw a d am-ach Ida, d all, wa h gg Fhgd Bg g, G ah. (375/A 152).

B d lch Kl, d h -, w Bchd, d zwa hapchlch aBch jch Moa. Sl Sam wd malwh, Japa ach mh al mal a, d Chawa hm od wchg, ach w d T vom go- Al d Kl ch azp.

d Ka vo Japa h , wg hch

cha d oh phaach Rlgo chclchG, d gaz lad d m dohd Wa, -wah och vl vom hoch W. W m ho-ch Zal d mch Paz Japa dAdlg ch daa gla, da gm Vol ha d-l mchlch Na w . (1091/A 417)

Achzh d 1112 Az, d d Hag d

Neue Wissenscha gl ha, chg ch mCha. I d vglchd Zal hl da Lad all-dg vllch ha Vco gaz ach Schwg d Dag d chch Dya. D Ido-gamm az h al w Fom d Bld-ch, d ch d Ggwa hal ha. Rch-lch a Vollg vo d chch Spach

v dagg Bhapg, d Ch h120000 Hoglyph, jdoch ldglch 300 gpochW. Al hm all, da Cha w m al G-chlad d Dach da Zch d Saagwal ,m a: Wlch alch mmg d po-ch D zwch Vl, d zlch d lch ow g d! (423/A 179).

d lamch Wl d Mogl, da P-ch Rch d l da Oomach Rch, m dmdamal ja och z ch wa ha Vco lav wg z

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ag. D ahlch Fhl hgg - h d Chald z. B. wh zwazgmal, dPhz dgmal d d al gyp 95 Mal, owohl

ach h d Bhapg, hadl ch m hal Bch, pch ggh.A d gypch Kl Vco vo allm

zw dd phlologch Wahh, d chwg wda al d Pyamd ad.

Vo d ch Hodo; da mlch d gyp- d gam voaggag Z d Wl a d

Zal dz ha, da d G, zwda d Ho d d da d Mch. D a-d (Wahh) , da whd d gaz Zd Spach gpoch wd, mlch hoglyphch m hlg Schzch, zw ymolch m hoch Zch d d Bpach m Zch, a d da Vol ch gg

ha. (52)

Al d gypch Hoglyph m h 19. Jahh-d dlch z wd, a ma, da chch m hoch Emlm hadl, w Vco d Vol m Hmam agomm ha, odm Idogamm. I d ozalgchchlch Blg

dagg lag Vco ga ch o alch; ach h och -chd d gypolog ja zwch hach ddmoch Sch.

Ach K d Gchch Eopa wa l-ha. oz coo-To chch od da Mlal. Zwa ha ch choal Schl agg m mlallch Phlooph -chg m, doch ch d Sympah dKl d Epoch ch dg gg z ha. d chlch S d Fdalym w , w

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w gh ha (S. 47), gaz Mg. F da R-alpha ch gao w adSchym, d d d A adav-

ch Glh d Go Schwd d ad-wo. E a da Rho d Mlal, d -lch Kodx, hl a ch vl vo d gd dSpzdg, a wlch d Zwmp d wd-gh aach Z h gam Moal gd- d d ach d olz Gz, d hochmg Pch- d d achchg Dllodg d d

Romaz g ahd R mm. (667)D Dchg d oado wa hm ch a,d wa go Bwd Da, d al o-ach Hom zch. Ehal ach zEay Vco, dm d Gttliche Komdie al Bplha Dchg ; mod Hagha dm Eay d d l D Edcg d

wah Da gg.Doch ach Da-Bwdg hd Vco chdaa, da gam Mlal al Zal d Baa zzch, wo plw zwch dm 7. ddm 14. Jahhd l Uchd mach. Da m o alch, al m h 18. Jahhd Fach, Ial, Eglad d Dchlad d W-

cha d ga, da Mlal, od daSpmlal z hal, a d gaz Epoch alaach d aglch az. E hd V- d Aag, d glh Bloha LdovcoMao (16721750), ad m Vco dchalchmBwchl. D d M ha gmam I-, z. B. hchlch d Bdg d mlallchGol. I d Neuen Wissenschad ch jdoch zg Hw a Mao 1738 1742 ch- gdlgd Dallg d Altertmer des italieni-

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schen Mittelalters. Vco wa damal och m d a-g Hapw chg, ch a daL agg z ha. Wo mlallch

Mal hlam Vd ggach,da all Io.Vco I gal vo allm d gchch A vo

Hom Plao d, och, dm a Rom, g-a gag dm a Ial, d d Kl d E- d d d gchchpchd Ewoh d S-d, a dm ja l amm, h -

all. Imm wd ma d Neuen Wissenschaa mch Gchch, d Hw d zahllo: D my-hch Z d Roml wd 42 Ach wh,d Zwl al 71 d Cco 39. Imm wd a-ch ach d mch Ka a, d cho ac oamglo aaly ha. D Bhapg alola, da Vco d So Ewclgchma d

Mchh pglch m al Rom ad d da ad Gllcha wddc zw. w odw a ad Gllcha g.

D Alhg d Mlal d da go Ia al plha mpd A zg, daVco m Gd Hz Raac-Hmawa, w ach hg pov Vw a ad

Hma vo Paca Lp g. Slv-dlch wa p Hma, d lz d- Schlag, vo Dcach Id cho gzch,ach w alh d z wdlg ch. E wach d wchalch Rvolo d 17. Jahhdw d da doch Ma, d da la-ch Bldg m Ial d Raac o z Hagw w w m Rom Cco d glhFd Vao (11627 v. Ch.), d mm wd z-. Rom vo ha z vh, wd hm da-

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dch lch, da Kla, od dlach, o g a.

S K ad Kl amm dmgg

a lav wg Qll. da al gyp z. B.om ch g wg a Ao wHodo d g wg wchalch Wd 17. Jahhd. hlch dg wa d Qll,a d ch Bld d Mlal p: Had-

voll zgch Uchg d Ogalx. Blz hl ld da Rolandslied; ma w g, o

Vco o ha gd h w Hom d Da. M m homch Gdch vglch adclch d Gchch d Ezcho vo Pa, -p, voll vo all Sag d Ho vo Fach, dch Palad a, vo d p o vl Romazd Gdch ll d. (159/A 83)

Elg Wll a Vco m Fl g

wg Bch vo Rd d Moa d 16.d 17. Jahhd w dm d pach JJo d Acoa (15401600) Mxo d P od dmd alch J Mao Ma (164061) Cha.

All allm a Qlldm ch odlchdc. E ch Glh wa Vco wd ach d

Ma g Z och gm a d U- valglh d 17. Jahhd w Bocha d H.A vllch h Ho gpch, d gagha, l w o vl gl h w ad, h ach ch mh gw al . A alch W v-moch Vco m Allgm da Bod z d daa achld Hypoh z wcl, d chal cha w oll. S Lg m o -alch, w ma d, w h d Qal dMaal chwa, a dm Sym ch

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Boachg, d , d w m wcha-gpg Zal l, a hlam W daa -, w wchg hoch Imagao .

Bdam ch , wa Vco la, od ach, w la. S ch d Zwch-d-Zl-L g Lg; ach da ch a da, wa d Ao ag wll, od ach a wllg Oag (w Alado Mazo,d go alch Romac, m Eay Vcoag) Kl d Gllcha Z.

Am Bpl Hom l ch d T od glg. Vo Vco ha d Ho Hom al ho-ch Qll hagzog d Dallg d oja-ch Kg, d od zvlg , wlch g-omm. Vco hgg la Hom L al Qll Gchch d S d zgg d ad Fll vo Iomao d gchch Gll-

cha m hoch Zal: w ma mp, Fmh-l d Vammlg ahl w. Dal, d dhal o zvlg d, wl d Dch lgd a w g. D homch Gdchzg adm dm hoch Zal agm- Dw, d ch d Dch l ga ch w o, d hld Bwh ja gad

h zchd Mmal. N ch wa Vcoal a d Gda gomm, Hom al Qll d Gchch d S d Wvollg dal Gch hazzh; d Eh gh Fh(vgl. S. 61). E Vco a h d Mhod d Zwch-d-Zl-L a hch oglg, wd ymach E. Mod Ho, d ch mdm Gchlad Hom a, d vllch chmm Vco Mg (o ch ja ach -ad ch g), doch d d aach A-

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ch, da Vco A Ml d hochMhod d. Oh d Mhod, d Alphlo-log w Wol m 19. Jahhd wwcl (vgl.

S. 10), g Sozal- d Klgchch hgPgg. E chdd Fag och o. Vlch Vco, al d Fagm z m Sym zamm-z, a ch w al a ago Phaa?Ha Mhod?

I m gw S d gaz Neue Wissenscha zg mm D d Mhod,

Pzp, w ja ach m l d W h. DFag, wa Vco Mhod glch wa, a ga cho lch z awo. Ma oll vllch d d-

v d d ov Ap Mhod gach; g w m d dv. Vco gl

vdlchw ch al Sp, d wa Gwohh, d Sp zw. Pyho, w ma

damal o ag, azg, w hap, ma ch m Schh w d d W halch dah d Ul. Wa a hoch Wagh, wa Vco alldg pch al d m.

Im 17. Jahhd ll ma d glh Wl Rh dah wghd azp Ach d Vgagh Fag. So ho ch z. B.

Zwl a d Echh vo Hm mgzgch x d mach d Kchvzgch aa ow a d Ahz g-w W d A. Im h 18. Jahhd ll- g Wchal d dah allgm azp- Dallg d h Gchch Rom Fag:Wa Lv (59 v. Ch.17 . Ch.), d chllch mhJahhd ach d Eg gch ha, w-lch zvlg Qll? Eg Illll, voallm d m Exl ld azch Poa P

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Bayl (16471706), mld gll Zwl a d Mg-lch hoch W a.

Vco gg zwa ch o w w Bayl d ach z d

Ao z ch , d z, m z wd-lg, whd glchzg mh vo h ahm,al wahha woll , a doch h vl w aldjg Wchal d 17. Jahhd, d zl x od zl Fa Fag ll. Som z. B., da zm zw Pch Kg (218201 v. Ch.) all hch gw , wa vo d al

hdch Vl l (118). Vco, d ch aVallgmg vad, pach vo allm vo zwA d hoch Im: d Amag d Nao- (la boria delle nazioni) d d d Glh (la boriade dotti).

ypologch la ch d Im m zw Wa, d Vco zwa och ch vwd, d m

D a ch md gw d, mlch h-ozch d aachoch.

d Amag d Nao ha Dodo Sclgag: da jd gchch od aach Vol A-pch daa ho, al vo all ad d B-qmlch d mchlch L gd z

ha d d lg Gchch A-ag d Wl azwah.D Gdaz z m m Hach d El-

d Chald, Syh, gyp, Ch, al h d Hma d a Wl ggd

Z d Amag d Nao gll ch d dGlh, d woll, da da, wa w, o al w d Wl. D Gdaz z all M-g d Glh d cha Wh dAl. (12528/A 7576)

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Ach d Mg vo Go d ad d U-pg d Gllcha (vgl. S. 45) d dam aga.

Wa a l glch, da d Im d V-

gagh vom ch wa? Wlch ov Ap- ha Vco Mhod? Im Rcg a WdgBaco m Vowo z Uchg d W-h d Al zch Vco da Zal d G aldl, da d Hld al alha d da d M-ch al hoch. Lz ll m Gd Po-lm da, da m allgm Azchg gg ga.

Z Lg d Polm d alha Zal -wcl Vco hm Myhaaly, d da-lg (vgl. S. 54), da ch a d Myh d Gchch dS d d Gllcha al la, ch a wd Ehm gm ha d Gchch d E-g. Ud w h m dm dl Zal?W w d all Z gd

wa w? Vco Lgvochlag d ch d hm Paag d Neuen Wissenscha, dmvllch hm Ach hap.

Doch d Nach voll Scha, d A-g da Alm mg, ch da w-g, mal lchd Lch j Wahh, d ma W Zwl zh a: da d gllcha-

lch Wl gaz gw vo Mch gmach wod d da dhal h Pzp d Modao g mchlch G ada m. (331/F 30)

D Pa ha d Aadzg m Wd Gad vo Vco Ogal, m Zl d Bdgd Neuen Wissenscha zal Roll gpl. DaVerum-actum-Prinzip, w ma gmh , -da d Elg.

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M dm Pzp ll Vco Dca a d Kop,d m Diskurs ber die Methode hap ha, da S-dm d Gchch Zvchwdg, da w d

Vgagh m Ggaz z Mahma d a-lch Wl ch Ga d Gch w -. Vco hap ga da Ggl, da mlch dPzp d mchlch Gllcha Bg wagllchalch Wl ch d al d Pzp,d d alch Wl mm, da d gllchalchWl vo Mch gcha .

Zwch Na d E d-, wa w gmam l gcha ha, ad- (woz Rch d polch Io gao ggh w Kw) ha d A, dRaac d m 17. Jahhd mach Ao -chd, o ach Ho, d mal gag ha, da wd Gllcha l cha, l ch gllchalch

D ach achw. Vco ha d ado mg Wahchlch zmd lw ga.D Uchd lg da, da d Uchdg Vol lg Aglgh wa, whd Vco D a zal Sll h. D oz Pa ho dadch hvo, da h gaz ad Aag d Vo d Gdzg l A-

lg d Neuen Wissenscha ll. E dah ch-dd wchg, ch la z mach, wa d Uchdg h d, d w gla, d Schllz Gchch d m Dl lgd Z, d w hal Vogchch zch, lg d Modao g mchlch G.

B gam Hh a ma ll, da Vco d Eg d Zal hg m Aa-log a, d zwa m d Aalog zwch Nad Ewclg d Ezl d Na d Ewc-

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lg d Gllcha al Gaz. H v a B-pl:

D ha Aga d Dch , d mp-

dglo Ggd Empdg d Ldchaz lh; d Egcha d Kd, lloDg d Had z hm d pld m h zpch, al w ld Po.

D phlologch-phloophch Gdaz w,da d Mch d dlch Wl vo Na ha- Dch wa. (18687/A 90)

B d Kd da Gdch g, olg-lch d Phaa lha zm ma, d dPhaa ch ad al w od zam-mga Gdch. D Gdaz d Uachd Schlaga d poch Bld, d d hdlch Wl ld. (21112/A 96)

D Spach m m lg La goha; d oglch d Kd jz olchFll al Adcmglch go w-d, g , oz d Bldam h Spcho-ga, m lg La. (231/A 99)

Zlz om d Schp d Spach d V:w oach, da d Kd Noma d Pal a-

dc, a d V vchwg F B-hapg pch ach mdzch Boachg:U l av Ma, d m chwGhchlag Noma vo ch g, d V jdoch

vllg vg ha. (455/A 195)

Vo Adam Smh h , ha ch hoch odhypohch Gchch , m a d Wda hld Faw da Vhal d hMch dadch wzmach, da lg, a

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wlch W wahchlch voggag d,d zwa aghd vo d Gdzg h Wd d Umd. Vco Vallgmg

d Bch, d w h Ewclggchch, ld d Ba hypohch G-chch d Zal d G. D glch Gdzhal hm d Fomlg Myhdg,a d Gdlag da hoch Zal o-.

E wchg mod Uchg ch Vco al

Gg d, wa w h Sozalwcha ,al D, d ch Vd

Phil Sek - Burke, Peter - Vico

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