Phil Ecosys

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The

Philippine

Ecosyste

m



m


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9

Divisions1. Forest

2. Marginal

3. Agricultural

4. Urban5. Freshwater

6. Mangrove7. Seagrass8. Coral

9. Soft-bottom




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Forest Ecosystem

- most diverse of all ecosystems

- presence of various forms of living organisms and cycling

of non-living matter




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Philippine Forest




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Composition of

forest:- trees, shrubs and herbs

- microorganisms

- animals

- soil and abiotic components




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Function of forest:- cycles of minerals and

elements occur abundantly

- habitat to various life forms

- soil stability- source of firewood charcoal,

weaving materials, food, andother products




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Factors that lead to

forest loss:- land classification and

distribution

- development patterns of thecountry

- government policiestowards exploitation-




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Causes of

Deforestation/ ForestDestruction- illegal logging

- forest fires

- natural calamities

- conversion to agriculturallands

- human settlements




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Main Causes:

- urbanization

- increasing populationpressure




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Marginal Ecosystem

- personal - inducedecosystem

- human converted forests,cropland, and coastal areas

into agricultural land forfarming purposes




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Marginal lands




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Agriculturalecosystem

-

serves as the backbone of the Philippine economy

Modernization of agriculrtural system

- use of pesticides and fertilizers

- use of high-yielding varieties




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Agricultural




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HYV technology effects onthe agro-ecological system:

- destruction of soil structure- depletion of micronutrients

and soil nutritional substance- loss of genetic biodiversity-

chemical contamination andpoisoning

- surface erosion




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Agricultural




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Urban System- centers of human settlements

with supportservices

- seat of government,commerce,trade, social services, andentertainment

- 286 urban centers ( 66 cities,160 municipalities)




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UrbanSystems




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Urban System

d l i




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Poverty and PopulationWaste Problem

PollutionLead – affects brain tissues,

impairs learning, causesmental retardationCarbon monoxide & nitrogendioxide – affects heart, brain,

lungs, eyes, may lead todeathSulfur oxides – from industry

Pesticides /

h




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Freshwaterecosystem

- inland bodies of flowingwater (streams, rivers)

- standing water (lakes,reservoirs, ponds)

- human-made water

impoundments




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Freshwater

- part of the hydrosphere butwithin the lithosphere




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T

Pond

I




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Importance :- convenient and cheapestsource of water for domesticand industrial

- serves as “bottle check” inthe water cycle

- provides economic andcheapest waste disposalsystem- resource base for agriculture

and tourism




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Status of Freshwater in

the Philippines- outside Metro manila and in

other parts of LuzViMinda arepolluted in varying degrees

- ex. Angat, Pasig rivers




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Coastal ecosystem

- mangrove, sea grass,coral ecosystems

- located within marinewaters

- distinct in tropical andsubtropical regions




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Issues affecting theCoastal ecosystem

- pollution

- siltation

- depletion anddegradation of resources




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Mangrove

Ecosystem- located in the brackish

waters (salty and muddy)with woody tree species

- forest ecosystem locatedwithin the coastal area




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Mangroves

- provides food and shelter tovarious marine life




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Mangroves

- provides aesthetic,

education, and scientificvalues to humans




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Mangroves

- provides physical barrier to

storms, soil erosion, andpollutants




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Sea grass

- source of food plant-eatinganimals such as sea cow or“Dugong”, sea urchins,

turtles, other fishes

-




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Sea grass

- shading effect; as

sediment trap; reduceswater movement




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Sea grass

- stabilizes the

bottom

S




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T

Sea grass

- attachment for algae




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Coral Reef

Ecosystem- biologically productivenatural communities

- provides area for recreation

and tourism




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T

Corals

- protects coastal villages( shoreline; acts as self-

repairing breakwater




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T

Coral reef situation:

5-6% excellent condition




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T

Soft-bottom

ecosystem

- as open sea beyond lightpenetration from a depth of 50m up to more than

10,000m deep




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T

Soft-bottom

ecosystem

- dependent on floatingplanktons and decomposers




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T

Island Ecosystem

Advantages

- clear boundaries- developed balancebetween size and

species number

- independent ecological

unit

I l d




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T

Islands




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T

Islands

disadvantages




T

disadvantages

- shows a fast species turnover

- exotic species introductionmay/can be disastrous to the

island’s plants and animals

- cannot contain and protect

anything like a wide range of species found in the mainlandin the same area

Phil Ecosys

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