PhD Proposal (Oleke, J.M.)

PhD PROPOSAL

The impact of classical biological control of coconut mite on income

and food security: A stakeholders and socioeconomic analysis of

coconut production in Africa and Sri Lanka

By

Oleke, Jofrey Masahi

1.0 Introduction

The coconut palm and its fruit are regarded as one of the most important crops of the

tropics (Child 1974). Among its most important uses coconut is a food source, which

provides supplements for body fluids and minerals, and acts as an antihelminthic. The

liquid endosperm is also a media for invitro storage of semen and a growth regulator of

plants (Woodroof 1970). Copra, the dehydrated endosperm of the nut, is a source of oil

for food. Coconut oil is also used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The material that

remains after the oil is pressed from copra is called oilcake and is used as animal feed

(Woodroof 1970). The coconut shell is used directly as fuel, filler and extender in the

synthesis of plastic, to make activated charcoal, household articles, and to produce

various distillation products, such as tar, woodspirit and pitch. Coir, a course fiber from

the husk of the nut, has various domestic and industrial uses. Coconut root is brewed and

used in folk medicine, for example, as a cure for dysentery (Woodroof 1970). The

possibility of utilizing the coconut palm wood on a commercial scale has been recognized

only in the last decade or so, although usage of wood from palm species has been known

by people in the villages since time immemorial. In more recent times, coconut palm

wood has been successfully utilized in a number of coconut growing countries such as the

Philippines, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Fiji, the Tonga Islands and many others (Arancon,

1996). In Kerala state (India) coconut is the major industry. In Africa and Tanzania in

particular, poles and leaves are used for building materials and making furniture.

Coconut trees are grown in tropical countries mainly for the high oil content of the

endosperm (copra), which is widely used in both food and non-food industries. However,

a negative campaign against saturated fats in general, and the tropical oils in particular,

led to most food manufacturers abandoning coconut oil in recent years in favour of

hydrogenated polyunsaturated oils that come from the main cash crops in the US,

particularly soy, and contain trans fatty acids. Studies done on native diets high in

coconut consumption show that these populations are generally in good health, and don't

suffer as much from many of the modern diseases of western nations

(http://www.coconutoil.com/litalee.htm). Large coconut production areas, in particular,

are found along the coastal regions in the wet tropical areas of Asia in the Philippines,

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http://www.coconutoil.com/beatrice_hunter.htm

http://www.coconutoil.com/litalee.htm

Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Africa (see figure 1). In these countries

millions of people make a living from the coconut palm and its many products (Dam,

2002).

Figure 1. Coconut Production in Major Producing Countries

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Indo

nesia

Philipp

ines

Indi

a

Sri-La

nka

Thaila

nd

Mal

aysia

Other

Asia

Moz

ambi

que

Tanza

nia

Other

Afri

ca

Ocean

ia

Latin

Am

erica

Countries

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Pro

du

cti

on

Source: Extracted from Funds for Commodities Report (Coir Processing Technologies), 2002.

Although good varieties of coconuts have been known to exist in the different coconut

growing countries of the world, no serious attempts were made to collect them and study

them in detail at a representative centre with a view to classify them systematically. The

commonly known varieties includes Tall Palm, which is the ordinary or the common tall

variety of palms most extensively grown on a plantation scale in all coconut tracts of the

world. The West Coast Variety otherwise known as the ordinary or common Tall variety

is commonly grown in India. Others include Laccadive Ordinary, Laccadive Small, New

Guinea, Cochin China, and Java grown mainly in India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia (Ikisan,

2009).The East African Tall and the other a dwarf (called Pemba Red Dwarf or simply

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Pemba Dwarf) occur everywhere along the Tanzanian and Kenyan coastal coconut

growing area, probably also in Mozambique, Madagascar and the Philippines (Kullaya, et

al, 2002).

Coconut is a tropical crop that supports the livelihoods of many people. Coconut

contributes significantly to the economy of Sri Lanka and cultivation spans about 402649

ha which accounts for 21% of agricultural lands in the country. It contributes 2% to Sri

Lanka’s GDP, 2. 2.5% to export earnings and 5% to employment. Although these

numbers are modest, coconut is an important food crop in Sri Lanka in that it provides

about 22% of the per capita calorie intake in the diet, being second only to rice paddy, the

staple food of Sri Lankas. Coconut is almost exclusively grown as a rain fed crop in Sri

Lanka. Rainfall and temperature are the important climatic factor influencing the coconut

yield (Peiris, et al 1995), and by extension on the national coconut production, on, upon

which domestic culinary consumption and processing industry depend. In the Philippines,

coconut is mainly a smallholder crop and it occupies 23% of the country's total land

devoted to agricultural use while in Indonesia coconut area represents around 26% of the

entire plantations. In Indonesia, around 95% of the country's coconut area is situated in

the islands of Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku. In

India, coconuts are grown mainly along the coastal belts and some interior tracts and

more than 90% of the area under coconut is concentrated in the Southern States of

Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Kerala accounts for 55% of India's

total coconut area (Dam, 2002). While the coconut industry in Vietnam contributes to the

economic welfare of some 10 million Vietnamese, and provides direct employment to

some one million people, in Malaysia the industry plays an important role in the country's

economy providing livelihood to some 100,000 farm families or almost 10% of the

nation's farming community. In West African coast including Benin, coconut is one of

the major crops that support the livelihoods of many communities. It contributes

significantly to the income of the people depending on it. The coconut producing

countries continue to produce due to the importance of the crop as a social crop. These

countries realize the potential coconut holds in economic development and poverty

alleviation (Bashar, 2002). Along the coastal belt of Tanzania, coconut is one of the

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important crops (Mwinjaka, 1999). It is produced in Dar es Salaam, Coast, Tanga, Lindi,

Mtwara, Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia and inland region of Morogoro and on the shores of

Lake Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria. In Tanzania the population of palms was

estimated at about 25 million. About 95 percent of the coconuts are grown by small-scale

farmers while the rest are under medium and large-scale plantations (Kullaya, 1999).

Coconut is important as; the main source of income for farmers in the coastal belt of

Tanzania where 15 percent of the country’s population live (Mwinjaka, 1999). The palm

products in Tanzania are mainly fresh coconuts, copra and coconut oil. It is estimated that

of the total coconut production 40 percent is marketed as fresh coconuts and 20 percent is

processed into copra and coconut oil (Debus and Zills, 1981). Fresh coconuts are mainly

used as a source of coconut milk (“tui”) that is used for cooking purposes in most of the

households in the coconut growing areas (Magitta, 1989). Copra is processed into

coconut oil which is used for both cooking and industrial purposes – notably in soap

making (Magitta, 1989). In Zanzibar (Tanzania), coconut production constitutes a lager

part of economic activities. It became the second most important foreign exchange earner

in Zanzibar, after cloves, and it held this position for a long time (Kullaya, et al, 2002).

The coconut, like many plants is subject to attack by various pests and diseases. Often,

plants develop some defence mechanisms to local pests and diseases (Peiris, 2005). The

coreid bug, Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown (Heteroptera: Coreidae), the rhinoceros beetle,

Oryctes monoceros Oliv (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae) and the coconut mite, Aceria

guerreronis Keifer have been identified as the major coconut pests of economic

importance. The major disease of coconut is the lethal disease (LD), which is caused by

phytoplasma. The symptoms of LD are very similar to those of Lethal Yellowing-type

disease in the Caribbean area and West Africa. They include premature nut fall, typical

blackening of the inflorescences, bronzing of progressively younger leaves, necrosis and

rot of the spear leaves and decay of the root system, in that order (Mwinjaka, 2009).

Increase in trade, tourism, transport and travel over the past century has dramatically

enhanced the spread of organisms (e.g. Wittenberg & Cock, 2001). As a result, biological

invasions by non-indigenous species constitute a leading threat to natural ecosystems and

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biodiversity (Pimentel, 2002). Bioinvasions involving exotic pests are also an undesirable

element of the globalization of agriculture. Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Coconut mite) is

one of the exotic pests that pose a threat to the coconut industry. Accordingly, substantial

efforts to eradicate or control invasive mite have resulted in high economic costs

(Pimentel, 2000). A number of control measures mostly involving aerial application and

root feeding of chemical pesticides have been recommended, but a solution to eradicate

the mite menace is yet to be evolved. In India and Sri Lanka adoption of phytosanitary

measures in coconut gardens such as cleaning the crown of the palm, keeping the

plantation clean and burning of all immature nuts fallen due to mite infestation, spraying

biopesticides on the bunches and following palm health care practices have been the

traditional ways to control the mites (http://coconutboard.nic.in/protect1.htm).

Intercropping with the multipurpose leguminous tree, Gliricidia sepium

has been recommended by the Coconut Research Institute (CRI) in Sri

Lanka to control the mites and is well practiced by the farmers.

Intercropping of pineapple has also been successful in the western part

of the Jaffna peninsula. Mixed cropping systems, as well as those with

good ground sanitation, showed low mite infestations, except for

mixed coconut gardens with banana, which recorded the highest mite

infestation. Banana uses large amounts of potassium, the lack of which

in coconut may affect its water retention capacity. Mixing banana with

coconut is therefore not advised (CRI, 2008).

Effective control strategies generally require knowledge of the pest in their introduced

and native ranges (Roderick & Navajas, 2003) as is illustrated by the invasive spread of

the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), which

attacks coconut. For this species, a series of studies have used molecular data to

document the spread of the insect in its home range in sub-Saharan Africa (White &

Elson-Harris, 1992) to reach a nearly global distribution in less than 200 years (Fimiani,

1989). Besides describing the invasion pathways of the species, knowledge of the genetic

structure of fruit fly populations has helped to design control strategies including

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http://coconutboard.nic.in/protect1.htm

quarantine and sterile insect release (Bohonak et al., 2001; Bonizzoni et al., 2001;

Gasperi et al., 2002; Baliraine et al., 2003). Similar knowledge has been used to study

coconut mite and design strategy to control it

The coconut mite, attacks young fruits of the coconut palm, to which it is almost

exclusively confined. The mites are small, with the largest stage around 250 µm in

length, but they often build up extremely large and dense populations, in which case their

feeding causes scarring and distortion of the fruits, and may cause premature fruit drop

(Moore & Howard, 1996). In fact, it is one of the worst arthropod pests of coconut palm

mostly spread by wind, whether grown as a crop tree or as an ornamental, and is the only

eriophyid mite that is a serious pest of coconut palm. It is distributed in many tropical

countries where coconuts grow. It is controversial whether it is native to the Eastern or

Western Hemisphere (UFIFAS, 2009).

1.1 Problem Statement and Justification

Aceria guerreronis has been reported to cause great losses to farmers and the coconut in-

dustry as whole as it kills coconut seedlings by feeding on growing tips (Aquino & Ar-

ruda, 1967). The survey carried out by the CRI in Sri Lanka revealed that the percentages

of mite infested nuts in the Anuradhapura, Pollonnaruwa, Rajangane, Puttalam and Kur-

unegala are 94.4%, 94.5%,90.5%, 81.1% and 69.8% respectively with a mean of 77.9 in

2001. In this study harvested nuts were monitored for one year at monthly intervals and

grouped into ‘mite free (undamaged)’ and ‘mite infested (damaged)’ nuts (Peiris, 2002).

Reductions in copra yield have been variable from 15–40% (Herna´ndez Roque, 1977;

Julia & Mariau, 1979; Muthiah & Bhaskaran, 2000; Nair & Koshy, 2000; Seguni, 2002).

Losses due to extensive premature dropping of fruits have been reported from 60% in

Colombia (Zuluaga & Sa´ nchez, 1971); 70% in Venezuela (Doreste, 1968), and 10–

100% (average 21%) in Tanzania (Seguni, 2002).

For communities whose livelihoods depend on coconut, a mite infestation poses a threat

to their life. Coconut grower is affected if the nuts are small or rejected due to mite

damaged. In some serious cases of mite infestation, all nuts may drop causing losses to

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farmers income. Generally due to damage on coconut caused by mites; farmers usually

harvest small sized nuts. Small sized nuts fetch a lower price or are rejected causing loss

to growers. Peiris (2002) estimated loss of income for coconut growers in Sri Lanka to be

7% and 43% caused by rejected nuts and small sized nuts respectively. The study also

estimated the impacts of mites on the milling industries. It was found that de-husk weight

of a mite free large normal nut and mite infested large normal nut is 0.764 and 0.665 kg

resulting 13% loss while the percentage of loss in de-husk weight of small size normal

nut is 10.6%. In Tanzania, losses of growers income due to coconut mite is estimated to

be about 30-50% (Seguni, 2008). Despite its effects to the income, coconut mite also

poses a threat of food insecurity to the households growing coconut since coconut

contributes significantly to the their livelihoods.

Strategies to control coconut mite involving both biological control and quarantine

require knowledge of the ancestral localities and plant hosts of the mite. However, the

origin of the coconut mite is unknown. Almost simultaneously with its original

description in the 1960s, the mite was reported in Africa beginning with Gulf of Guinea

Islands in 1966, Benin in 1967, and in Tanzania during the 1980s. Several studies on

coconut mites have been conducted in the areas affected by the arthropod. In Brazil,

Benin and Tanzania a study was conducted to assess coconut mite abundance and

damage to coconut – and the associated predator fauna - in (Lawson et al. manuscript

submitted; Negloh et al. manuscript in prep.). In all of these localities, however, coconut

mite infestations were heavy, implying that the effects of these pests were huge.

Similar work had been conducted independently in Sri Lanka (Fernando et al. 2003).

Evaluation of the data collected to date indicates that coconut mite abundance and

damage to coconut are far less in Brazil than in Africa and Sri Lanka, and that the

predator fauna associated with coconut mite in Brazil is richer than what is found

elsewhere. In Tanzania the coconut mite has only recently been recognised as a serious

pest of coconut (Varela, 1992; Meena, 1996). During extensive surveys in Tanzania in

1992 and 1996 (Varela, 1992; Meena, 1996) the coconut mite was observed in all

coconut growing regions of Tanzania affecting all or most coconut varieties, but there

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were site differences in severity of infestation. The southern regions of Mtwara and Lindi

appeared to be more seriously affected and were thought to be due to the unimodal

rainfall pattern (Varela, 1992). However, these findings have not been proved by

subsequent surveys.

In attempt to control coconut mite, predatory mites found beneath the coconut perianth in

Florida and observed to prey on coconut mites include Amblyseius largoensis Muma,

Neoseiulus mumai Denmark, and N. paspalivorus DeLeon. In Puerto Rico, Bdella

distincta Baker and Bablock preyed on coconut mite and on Steneotarsonemus furcatus

(DeLeon) in the same habitat. In both of these localities, however, coconut mite

infestations were heavy, implying that the effects of these predators were insignificant.

The fungus, Hirsutella thomsonii (Fisher), which is widely distributed and known to

attack various species of mites, has been isolated from coconut mites in various countries,

as has H. nodulosa Petch in Cuba. Control of several species of mites with fungus has

been developed and applied, but success has often depended greatly on environmental

conditions. In general, these efforts have been most successful under humid conditions

favouring the development of the fungi (UFIFAS, 2009).

While previous efforts have identified the natural enemy fauna associated with coconut in

northern and northeastern Brazil, very little has been done to explore for natural enemies

of coconut mite in other countries in South and Central America (e.g., Mexico,

Venezuela, and Colombia). These are countries where the coconut mite is present but

there are no reports of serious damage to coconut, making them potential candidate for

foreign exploration. The identification and introduction of potential natural enemies of

coconut mite, and understanding their diversity and the ecological factors that affect

plant-pest-predator, and predator-predator interactions and their effects on coconut mite

control are of tremendous scientific interest. This study therefore becomes a part of a big

program, that will search for and characterize the biology and ecology of natural enemies

of coconut mite in regions in the Americas that have not been explored, and conduct

experimental releases in Africa and Sri Lanka of one known or newly identified natural

enemy and simultaneously determining with molecular tools and cross-breeding

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experiments whether Brazilian populations of predator species associated with coconut

mite are biologically similar to conspecifics found in Africa and Sri Lanka. The searches

will be to understand interspecific interactions among co-occurring natural enemy species

and their impact on coconut mite. Experiments will also help in understanding plant

factors that affect the susceptibility of coconut mite to predation and predator dispersal,

with the aim of designing interventions that could enhance biological control. This study

will include stakeholder surveys while production and marketing data will be used in

socioeconomic analyses to determine the effect of biological control interventions on

peoples’ livelihoods. The stakeholders include producers, consumers, suppliers,

vendors/marketers and policy makers in each target country. The baseline survey will set

the benchmark for assessing the effects of biological control. The program is likely to

contribute substantially to our fundamental understanding of the factors that affect the

success of biological control – of one of the most challenging pests - while simultane-

ously improving livelihoods of people who depend on coconut

The present study is therefore an attempt to conduct stakeholder analysis to determine

their perceptions on the performance of coconut sub-sector and constraints facing the

industry, particularly focusing on the impact of attacks by mites on the coconut yields

and survival. Informal and formal interviews with stakeholders will help understand their

perception on the effects of the mite attacks in their livelihoods. The data on income

distribution will be used to assess the impacts of the biological control on gender equity.

In the baseline survey, fresh coconut value chain analysis will be carried out. The

farmers, merchants and consumers will be surveyed to get their views on the production

and marketing of the coconut. The study will further undertake a benefit/cost analysis of

controlling the mites in order to improve the performance of the sub-sector and its

contribution to poverty reduction. The livelihoods of more than 15 million people in

Benin, Siri Lanka and Tanzania are at stake if the mite is not controlled. Hence seeking

to understand the mite’s fauna and migratory pattern is an important step towards finding

cost effective control mechanism. The study will also determine consumer willingness to

pay for products produced under biological control of coconut mites. The consumer

preference study is important due to increased concern on environmental and health

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issues related to food products. Thus the study will pursue the following specific

objectives;

1.2 Objectives

(i) To assess the perception of the stakeholders (farmers, customers, merchants)

regarding the performance (constraints and opportunities) for coconut value

chain.

(ii) To establish indicators and benchmark for assessing the impacts of biological

control method

(iii) To take inventory of various coconut based cropping systems and characterize

and rank them according to economic performance.

(iv) To compare cost and benefit of biological control of coconut mite to those of

other pest control methods.

(v) To determine the contribution of biological control of coconut mites (other

pests) to food security, gender equity and income.

(vi) To determine consumers’ relative preference for coconut products produced

under biological control of coconut mite and those produced with pesticide.

1.3 Research Questions/ Hypotheses

On the basis of the specific objectives one and three, the following research questions

will have to be answered;

i) What are the constraints and opportunities in the coconut value chain?

ii) What are existing coconut cropping systems?

iii) What are the characteristics of each coconut cropping systems?

On the basis of the specific objectives four, five and six hypotheses will be tested as

follows

(i) The first null hypothesis specifies that biological control of coconut mite is

less profitable than other pest control methods

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-The alternative hypothesis specifies that biological control of coconut mite is

more profitable than pest control methods

(ii) There second null hypothesis specifies that there is no significant contribution

of biological control of coconut mite to food security, gender equity and

income of the coconut producers.

-The alternative hypothesis specifies that the biological control of coconut

mite method has a significant contribution to food security, gender equity and

income.

(iii) The null hypothesis specifies that consumers prefer coconut products produced

through biological control of coconut mite to those products produced using

pesticides.

-Alternate hypothesis specifies that consumers prefer coconut products

produced using pesticides to those produced through biological control of

coconut mite

2.0. Research Methodology

2.1. Study Areas

The study will cover different geographic regions where the mite is currently reported,

including several of the main coconut production regions in the Asia (Sri Lanka) and

Africa (Tanzania and Benin Republic in West Africa).

2.2. Sampling Strategy

In this study, first, baseline study will carried out in the three selected countries. The sur-

vey will be carried to obtain the baseline information that will be used to assess the im-

pacts of the introduction of biological control of coconut mites in the livelihood of grow-

ing farmers. The importance of coconut production in the areas is the basis for considera-

tion for sampling approach in this survey. Discussions will be held with the research in-

stitutes in the respective countries to purposively obtain the sub-countries and villages

where coconut is important. With the help of local extension staff, a list of wards/sub-

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countries and villages will be developed for all of the villages highly producing coconut.

All the villages will be put together and 15 will randomly be selected. The list of house-

holds will be obtained from village register books and 450 households will comprise a

sample for all three countries. A survey will also include 90 randomly selected coconut

wholesalers and 90 retailers from purposively selected buying points (Local market/Mar-

ket centers). The list of both wholesalers and retailers will be obtained from market cen-

ter authorities. Coconut consumer intercept survey will be carried out in the market cen-

ters. A systematic sampling will be employed to get 150 coconut consumers in the three

countries. Information regarding coconut processor will be obtained from records main-

tained by coconut research institutes in the targeted countries. From a list prepared,

90 coconut processors will be involved in this study.

Secondly, the consumer intercept survey will be carried out in the third

year of the study to determine the consumer willingness to pay for co-

conut products produced under biological control of coconut mite. Fol-

lowing field tests of the survey instrument, consumers will be ap-

proached at direct-sale outlets such as farmers’ markets, roadside pro-

duce stands and malls. A systematic sampling will be employed in

which 210 from randomly selected respondents will constitute a sam-

ple in all the selected countries.

In the third and fourth year of the study, cost and benefit analysis of

the biological control of coconut mite and the impact studies will be

done respectively. The sampling approach described above for base-

line survey will be adopted.

2.3. Data Collection Methods

Informal group interviews and key informant surveys will be organized for producers,

consumers, suppliers, vendors/marketers and policy makers in each target country. Using

structured questionnaires, information collected will include socio-demographic and

economic characteristics of farms and communities involved; coconut production

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technologies and practices available and used by producers; current and potential impact

of coconut on income; and trends in coconut production and income distribution. Other

information will include new crop protection practices and mainly data relative to

biological control and related yield and improved quality (oil, copra, etc) and coconut

cropping system. Fresh coconut value chain analysis will be carried out for producers,

wholesalers, retailers and processors. The study will assess the cost and benefit of the

biological control and other new techniques and return on investment in biological

control through increased production and improved quality of coconut as a result of

biological control of coconut mite. Assessment of consumer preferences will be carried-

out for consumers’ willingness to pay for coconut products produced under biological

control of coconut mite and those produced with chemical pesticide.

2.4. Questionnaire Pre-testing

For a baseline survey, the pre-testing of questionnaires will involve coconut farmers,

coconut wholesalers and retailers, consumers and processors. The pre-testing of

questionnaire will be done by interviewing 20 coconut farmers in Mkuranga, District,

Tanzania while pre-testing of questionnaires for coconut wholesalers and retailers,

consumers and processors will be done by interviewing 10 respondents each. The pre-

testing will be done in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Necessary corrections will be made to

the questionnaires before data collection. The pre-testing of questionnaire for cost-

benefit, consumers’ preference and impacts studies will be planned after the baseline

study is complete in the second third and fourth years of the study.

2.5. Data analysis

Responses from the interview will be coded and summarized using excel. The descriptive

analyses will involve computation of statistical means, standard deviations, graphs and

frequency distribution. Quantitative analyses will be performed using Statistical Package

for Social Sciences (SPSS for Window, 12.5). Cross-tabulations involving Chi-Square

tests will also be employed in testing association between variables. A logit regression

model will be estimated to assess the effects of socio-economic variables on the

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dependent variables. Estimation of parameter in the models (MLE) will be performed

using econometric soft ware LIMDEP (Green, 2002).

2.5.1. Analysis of Coconut Value Chain

Estimates of marketing margins and marketing efficiency will be obtained using the

formula given by Kohls, (1985). According to Kohls (1985), marketing margin equals the

difference between what the consumer pays and the farm gate price per unit of the

coconut produce. Based on this formula and on the assumption that wholesalers buy

directly from the farmers, while the retailers buy directly from the wholesalers, it then

follows that wholesalers’ margin equals wholesalers’ selling price per unit minus

farmers’ selling price per unit. Also, retailers’ margin equals retailers’ selling price per

unit minus wholesalers’ selling price per unit. The net margin accruing to the wholesaler

or the retailer is the difference between the market margin and the marketing costs.

Marketing cost is the sum of transport cost, storage cost, labour cost and other costs.

Marketing efficiency is then calculated using the formula given by Olukosi and Isitor

(1990). The formula is as specified below;

In other words,

To calculate market margin and market efficiency, the average prices of coconut is used

as given by the respondents in the various markets. Marketing Margin analysis can be

represented as

Where;MM = Marketing Margin between market level i and market level i – 1.Pi = Price at market level i Pi -1 = Price at market level i -1 Margin percentage is expressed on the basis of buying price. That is

2.5.2. Gross Margin Analysis

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Gross margin is the difference between total revenue of coconut and the variable cost

attributed to it as shown in equation (5) below.

Where;

GM = Average Gross margin (US$/ha)

TR = Average total Revenue (US$/ha)

TVC = Average Total Variable costs (US$/ha).Thus we can estimate producer share as described in the next section

2.5.3. Producer Share

This the ratio of producer price to consumer price (retail price) depending on the level of

marketing chain. It will be calculated by;

Where:

Ps =Producers’ share

Px =Producers Price

Pr =Retail Price

MM=Market Margin

2.5. 4. Cost and Benefit Analysis

In this study of potential cost and benefit of biological control of coconut mite control,

primary data will be gathered through structured questionnaire while secondary data will

be extracted from project reports. This analysis will focus on valuing crop damage in

terms of quantity and quality resulting from varying levels of pest infestation (yield

responses to insect damage), the efficacy of biological control agents at different levels of

infestation, the resource requirements of the biological control method such as labor and

equipment for application (egg cards, distribution boxes, etc.), the quantity of biological

control agents, and the labor required to determine the need for field monitoring, the

effects in subsequent time periods on infestation, yield and other pest controls needed, the

interactive relationships among biological control agents and factors such as soil fertility,

crop varieties and weather.

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Other data needed will include the prices of product and inputs used in the production of

the crop. Since coconut is in competition with other enterprises on the farm, costs and re-

turns associated with the competitive crops are also needed. The cost-benefit ratios are

based on a brief but comprehensive survey of data sources, but nevertheless are approxi-

mations within ranged values. Because of the permanent nature of biological control, the

net benefits () [i.e., benefit (B) - costs (C)] corrected for the present value of money us-

ing the discount rate (1+)-1 accrue over t years (i = 1... t) will be given as.

Where;

= Summation sign = Interest rate of price of money.

Gross revenue (B) to the coconut production is given as

Where; P= Price of output, Y= Maximum possible yield D =Damage rate per pest N and E are the efficacy of the biological control

In reality, D is a function of N (i.e., D (N (1-E))), but for simplicity we assume that D is

a constant. In fact, the benefit of biological control for the ith year is B i = PDNiE, and in

the extreme may equal PY.

In evaluating the effectiveness of chemical control or biological release of natural ene-

mies, the balance of revenues (B(X)) = the value of the increase in yield attributable to

using X units of the control measure (e.g., pesticide or biological control) minus the out-

of-pocket cost (C(X)) of causing X units of the control measure. Only infrequently are

the social costs (S(X)) associated with the control measure included. For and biological

control, S(X) is usually zero. The benefit function is usually assumed to be concave from

below and the cost per unit of X constant. The net benefit (II) function is thus given as.

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Thus the optimal solution to this function occurs when

It is important to note that the social or external costs of pesticides in terms of pollution,

health and environmental effects are seldom included in the grower's calculations because

there is no economic incentive to do so.

With naturally occurring biological control and economically viable classical biological

control (BC), the costs of other pest control tactics and social costs often become zero,

and the whole of society obtains the maximum benefits, the natural and biological con-

trols supplant other methods of control and are assumed to solve the problem perma-

nently. In such cases biological control should be favored as the equation for profit be-

comes;

2.5.5. Consumers’ Willingness to Pay (WTP)

The purpose of this analysis is to ascertain first consumers’ willingness to pay for se-

lected coconut products and how the demographics may influence willingness to pay for

coconut products produced under biological control of coconut mite. The specific prod-

ucts to be examined will include………………..

Respondents will be presented with label that would appear on or near the products. The

label indicates whether the product has been made of coconut produced under biological

control of coconut mite or pesticides. Then the respondents will be asked a question re-

garding their opinion of willingness to pay for products produced under biological control

of coconut mites. Respondents can answer that they “support biological control and

would pay a higher price for product under biological control”, “support biological con-

trol of coconut mites but not if it requires paying a higher price for derivative product ”,

or “do not support biological control products regardless of whether it costs me any-

17

thing”. Those responding that they would pay more for biological control products will

be then asked a series of questions regarding pricing of specific products. Prior to this se-

ries of questions, the respondents will be presented with a reminder that this is a hypo-

thetical situation and of their ability to pay for the products.

Two pictures of coconut products (to be determined) will then be presented to the respon-

dents. The respondents will be reminded that these are simply examples of coconut prod-

ucts, and they might wish to purchase a product of a different style, color, or type of co-

conut. In the case of each product, two identical pictures will be shown so that the two

products are identical in all attributes except for sources. Dimensions for each product

will also be provided, as will the price for the coconut products produced under pesticide

control. These prices will be based on prices for representative products in the local mar-

ket area. Respondents are then asked how much more they would be willing to pay for a

product that was produced under biological control. Demographic questions will con-

clude the survey.

Willingness-to-pay measurements are grounded in utility theory. Hanemann (1991) out-

lines the theoretical underpinnings as a utility maximization problem subject to a budget

constraint. The consumer chooses the level of the good X that maximizes utility, produc-

ing the traditional Marshallian demand curve X (p, y, q), where p is market price, y is in-

come and q, is the quality of the good, fixed exogenously. The resulting indirect utility

function is V (p, y, q). Identifying a change in a good’s quality from q0 to q1, the mea-

surement of value is

Where WTP is the amount the consumer would be willing to pay for the improved qual-

ity, maintaining constant utility. The estimate is shown more directly using the dual prob-

lem: expenditure minimization constrained by a given utility level (Lusk 2004). The dual

produces the Hicksian demand curve X (p, U, q) and indirect expenditure function M (p,

U, q) so that

Where U is a constant utility level

18

The random utility model (RUM) is used to analyze choices and estimate WTP. When re-

spondents are asked to make a choice of whether or not to pay a given dollar amount, a

positive response is interpreted as their WTP. In order to find the central tendency of

WTP from a sample, the positive responses are fitted to a probability function. This is

modeled as the probability that the utility derived from the good associated with that

choice is greater than the alternative,

Where V is the indirect utility and is the error term.

Estimates of WTP are based on the mid-point of this function, i.e. the point at which the

probability of a positive response is 0.5. The most basic version of this model includes

only the socioeconomic attributes of respondents as variables.

This is the model used in contingent valuation choice analysis. Lancaster (1966) builds

the conceptual framework for conjoint analysis by clarifying that utility is gained from

the characteristics of a good rather than the good itself. Characteristics are objective qual-

ities of a good while attributes, on the other hand, are what the characteristics represent,

and are the real source of an individual’s utility. Lancaster maintained that utility should

be a function of characteristics rather than attributes as the former are measurable, so that,

Where t represents the characteristics of a good X, based on the consumption technology

matrix B (i.e. the amounts of each characteristic which are predetermined in each good).

Louviere, Hensher and Swait (2000) further refine these distinctions, making utility a

function of consumption services. Each characteristic of a good is associated with a con-

sumption service which it provides. Moreover, they suggest that utility maximization is

19

based on expected services of a good because consumers do not have complete informa-

tion. In practice, the model forces a one-to-one correlation between services and charac-

teristics. However, these theoretical distinctions are helpful in conceptualizing character-

istics as signals that communicate value. Conjoint analysis proceeds with a good that is

decomposed according to the Lancastrian model and measures its part-worth values is

shown below.

Where Vij denotes the individual’s indirect utility from choosing product j and ij is an error term.

The part worth utility is represented in the following relationship

Where Vij denotes the individual’s indirect utility from choosing product j; xj is a vector

of product attributes level j’s; pj is price for product j; is a conformable vector of coef-

ficients and is a conformable coefficient to be estimated; and ij is an error term.

This simple additive linear function produces the main effects of our model. These effects

indicate how utility is affected by the level of the attribute when it is isolated from all

other attributes. Higher order effects indicate whether utility is also affected when two at-

tributes are presented in tandem (Louviere, et al 2000). We incorporate combinations of

attributes by interacting product attribute levels, so that,

Where cij is a vector of combination effects from product attribute level i's interacted

with product attribute level j's; and is a conformable vector of coefficients to be esti-

mated.

The final dimension to our model is that of preference variation among the population. In

order to account for different preferences among various sub-populations we incorporate

socioeconomic characteristics through interaction terms with the attribute level variables,

so that,

20

Where Sij is a vector of socioeconomic variables i’s interacted with product attribute level

j’s; and is a conformable vector of coefficients to be estimated. Now that we have the

utility function defined, we can model the choice as the relative differences in utility. The

difference between product A and product B for individual i is,

Where dViAB = the utility difference between product A product B. Thus the model above can be represented.

The signs on parameters indicate the hypothesized relationship. The parameters are esti-

mated with the maximum likelihood procedure for a binary probit model with the Limdep

statistical package.

2.5.6. Household Food Security

Food security indicators such food stock and number of meals eaten daily within a house-

hold will be summarized. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient will then be applied to de-

termine the relationship between coconut production indicators and food security indica-

tors.

Using the food balance sheet model, the total food available to the household for con-

sumption will be estimated as follows:

Total food available for household consumption =Total food produced + Total food

purchased and food donations-Total food sold, wasted and given out as food losses.

That is;

, at time t = a year…………………………………. (25)

Where; Fy is total food available for household consumption

21

Fo is total food output (Produced)Fp is total food purchaseFd is total food donationsFs is total food sold outFt is total depleted food (food wasted)

The household food available for consumption is commonly believed to be dependent of

the household factors of production such as land household food expenditure as well as

household characteristics and socio-economic characteristics, access to market, credit,

land, size, extension services, livestock diversity, education, household size and age. This

relationship will be shown as;

Where; Y represents household food availability for consumptions measured in calories Pf represents household factors of production such as land Hex represents household food expenditure.

Thus the equation for estimation will be as written below;

Where; X1-X5 = socio-economic factors while other variables are as previously defined

2.6. Budget and Source of Funds

The baseline survey is estimated to cost 26477 USD (see appendix 7 for detail). The

budget for cost-benefit, consumer preference and impact studies is estimate to be 26500

USD. A total of 52977 USD will be requested from the University of Amsterdam (the

Netherlands) in collaboration with IITA to finance the study.

22

Reference

Aquino, M.L.N. & Arruda, G.P. (1967) O agente causal da ‘necrose do olho do coqueiro’ em Pernambuco. 33 pp. Recife, IPA.

Birungi, J. & Munstermann, L.E. (2002) Genetic structure of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations based on mitochondrial ND5 sequences: evidence for an independent invasion into Brazil and United States. Genetics 95, 125–132.

Child, R. 1974. Coconuts. 2nd Edition. Longmans, Green and Co., London 335 p. Coconut Industry Board, Jamaica, West Indies. 1973. 13th Report of the Research Department July 1972 - June 973. Report of the Research Department. Coconut Industry Board (Jamaica) 63p.

CIMMYT, 1988. From Agronomic data to farmer recommendation. Mexico D F.Green, W.H. (2002). Limdep Version 8.0: Econometric Modeling Guide. Econometric

Software, Inc, Plainview, New York. Pp201Howard, F.W., and E. Abreu Rodriguez. and Denmark, H.A. 1990. Geographical and

seasonal distribution of the coconut mite, A. guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae), Puerto Rico and Florida, USA. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 74:237-251

Howard, F.W., and E. Abreu-Rodriguez. 1991. Tightness of the perianth of coconuts in relation to infestation by coconut mites. Fl. Entomol. 74:358-361.

Keifer, H.H., E.W. Baker, T. Kono, M. Delfinado, and W.E. Styer. 1982. An illustrated guide to plant abnormalities caused by eriophyid mites in North America. U.S.D.A. Agric. Res. Services. Agriculture Handbook No. 573:5-121.

23

Maddala, G. S., 1983. Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics. Cambridge. University press. New York.

Moore, D. 1986. Bract arrangement in the coconut fruit in relation to attack by the Coconut Mite E. guerreronis Keifer. Trop. Agric. 63:285-288

Moore, D., and L. Alexander. 1987. Aspects of migration and colonization of the coconut palm by the coconut mite, E. guerreronis (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae). Bull. Ent. Res. 77:641-50.

Moore, D., and L. Alexander. 1990. Resistance of coconuts in St. Lucia to attack by the coconut mite E. guerreronis Keifer. Trop. Agric. 67:33-36.

Moore, D., L. Alexander, and R.A. Hall. 1989. The coconut mite, E. guerreronis Keifer in St. Lucia: yield losses and attempt to control it with acaricide, polybutene and Hirsutella fungus. Trop. Pest Manag. 35:83-89.

Moore, D., M.S. Ridout, and L. Alexander. 1991. Nutrition of coconuts in St. Lucia and relationship with attack by coconut mite. A. guerreronis Keifer. Trop. Agric. 68:41-44.

Persley, G.J. 1992. Replanting the tree of life: Towards an international agenda for coconut palm research. Redwood Press Ltd. Melksham 156 p.

Theil H., (1979)., Principles of Econometrics. Centre for Mathematical Studies and Economics. The University of Chicago. John Wiley & Sons New York.

Woodroof, J.G. 1970. Coconuts: Production, processing, products. The AVI Publishing Co.Inc. 241p.

Briones, M.L. & Sill, Jr W.H. (1963) Habitat, gross morphology and geographical distribution of four new species of eriophyid mites from coconuts in the Philippines. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 11, 25–30.

Crooks, J.A. & Soule, M. (1999) Lag times in population explosions of invasive species: causes and implications. pp. 103–125 in Sandlund, O., Schei, P. & Viken, A. (Eds) Invasive species and biodiversity management. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer.

Davies, N., Villablanca, F.X. & Roderick, G.K. (1999) Bioinvasions of the medfly Ceratitis capitata: source estimation using DNA sequences at multiple intron loci. Genetics 153, 351–360.

Elton, C. (1958) The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. 181 pp. London, Chapman and Hall.

Kohls, R.L (1985): Marketing of Agricultural Products. Macmillan Publishers, New York, pp 83.

Olukosi, J.O and Isitor, S.V (1990): Introduction to Agricultural Market and Price; Principles and Applications. Agitab Publishers, Zaria. Pp 34.

24

Stakeholders’ Survey (farmers, customers, merchants) regarding the Performance (constraints and opportunities) for Coconut Value Chain; Baseline Study in Tanzania, Benin and Sri-Lanka

Appendix 1: Farmer’s questionnaire

PART A: RESPONDENTS DETAILSA1 Name of interviewerA2 Name of respondentA3 Name of head of household A4 Country nameA5 Region/Sub-country nameA6 District nameA7 Village name

GPS READINGWay point numberN/SE/SAttitude (Meters)

(Note to interviewer: A household consist of all people who live under the same roof, eat from the same pot and share expenditures. A person is not considered as a member if she spent more than 3 month away in the past 12months)

PART B: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS B1. Household socio-demographic characteristicsID Name of

household member

Sex1=Male2=Female

Age(In years except months for

Relationship with household head1=Head2=Spouse3=Son/Daughter

Formal schooling1=Attended before2=Attending now

Off school training1=None2=Vocational training3= Short term

Working on the farm1=Full time2=Part

Working off-farm1=Yes 2=No

Major livelihood occupation

26

infants i.e. <1 year)

4=Relative5=Un-related

3=Never attended4=Too young to attend

training on best agriculture practice (non-extension services)

time

010203040506070809101112131415Major occupation: 0=None, 1=Crop production, 2=Livestock keeping, 3=Business, 4=Salaried employment, 5= Wage work, 6=Technician, 7=Artisan/handcraft, 8=Natural resources (wood, charcoal etc), 9=Traditional healing/medicine, 10=Rent income, 11= Others (Specify)

PART C: LAND USE AND TENUREC1: Please provide the information on land use and tenure.Land tenure structure

Size (Acres) Size of land (Acres) under different land usesCoconut Other perennial

crops Annual crops Grazing

landFallow

27

Private (titled) landLand with use right onlyShare cropped landBorrowed landRented

D: PRODUCTIVE ASSETSD1: Please provide information on the following key productive assetsAsset Number

ownedWorking status1=It is/are most of the working properly2=It is one/most of them working moderately, It is/most of them working properly

Total value (Total value if liquidated)

Hand hoeMacheteAxeOx-plough, weeder, riper etcOx-cartWheel barrowOxenDonkeysHorsesSprayerWatering caneIrrigation pumpTractorPick-up, Lorry etcOthers (Specify)

28

E.FARM SIZE AND LABOUR

E1.Please provide the information on the crops cultivated and the farm size in the years 2008SN Crop Area under cultivation (acre) Area under fallow/grazing (acre)

E2. What is the labour input used in the first season in 2008 SN Land preparation Planting Fertilizer/

chemical application

Weeding Harvesting and transporting

Storage (Shelling + storage equipments

Crop Land rent cost

Family labour* cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

29

Family Labour: People (A.E)*Effective days*Effective HoursA.E=Equivalents (1 Adult = A person of 15 and above of years of age; A child of 10-14 years of age will be equated to 0.5 of an adult equivalent)

F: INCOME

F1. Please provide the information on the income from the following crop sources in last three yearsCategory Income in $/Local currency

2006/7 2007/8 2008/9Quantity Price/unit Amount Quantity Price/unit Amount Quantity Price/unit Amount

CoconutOther crops (specify)

30

F2. Please provide the information on the income from the following non-crop sources

Non-crop income sources 2006 2007 2008Quantity Amount

($/local currency)

Quantity Amount ($/local currency)

Quantity Amount ($/local currency)

LivestockBeekeepingFishingCharcoal makingPetty tradeWeaving/potteryBlacksmith (e.g. bicycle repair etc)Labour selling (casual)Formal employment Remittances from relativesCredit (formal and informal)Others (specify)……………………………………………………..

F3. Did you borrow money in the last five years? ……… YES=1 (go to F4) NO=2

F4. If yes from above, please fill the Table below.

31

Source Year borrowed

Amount borrowed

Reasons for borrowing Interest rate

G: COCONUT PRODUCTION TREND1 G1. Please provide the information on the following: principal crops, area, production and productivity for last three seasons

S/N

Principal Crops

2006/7 2007/8 2008/9

1.Area (in ha)

Production (in tones) (1ton=1000kg)


Area (in ha)


Productivity

(kg/ha)

Area (in ha)


Productivity

(kg/ha)

2. Coconut

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

G2: Has the production of coconut in your farm 1=Increased1 Data on coconut production trends to be supplemented with secondary data from reports

32

2=Remained the same3=Decreased

G3: Please report the coconut production for your farm as follows:

Item 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Acreage har-vestedYield (Copra/…)

G4: Please indicate the reasons for the answer in G2 above.1=……………………………………………………………

2=……………………………………………………………

3=……………………………………………………………

4=……………………………………………………………

5=…………………………………………………………..

33

H: MITES EXTENT AND SEVERITY, AND CROP PROTECTION PRACTICES

H1. What are the most important coconut production and post-harvest constraints?Production constraints A constraint?

1=Yes2=No

If yes, what is the level of severity 1=Highly sever2=Severe3=Less severe

If yes what is the level of severity compared to other constraints ( Comparative ranking, 1st being most severe)

If yes to coconut mite, which year did it start to be a major constraint in your farm

Coconut miteLethal disease

H2. Do you consider coconut mite a problem in you farm? 1=Yes, 2=NoH2. If yes, do you think coconut mite cause any loses in your farm? 1= Yes, 2=No

H3. Please report the losses due coconut mite in the in the last five years Year Size of nuts* Average nuts per palm Average production200420052006

34

200720082009*Code for size: 1=Large, 2=Medium, 3=Small

H4. What are the extent of and severity and coconut mite problem in your farm? Plot (SN) Acreage Proportion of land infected by coconut mite (%) Perceived level of severity (impact on coconut

production)Codes; 1=more severe, 2=severe, 3=less severe, 4=not yet a problem

Now Five years ago Control measures used

1st season 2008 (most recent)

Five years ago

Codes for coconut control: 1=Biological control, 2=Pesticides, 3=Using resistant varieties, 4=Others (Specify)………..

H6. Which of the following coconut mite control technologies are you aware of and what is your current use status? If you are currently using coconut mite control method what is the associated yield of coconut?Technology ID

Coconut mite control

Aware of the technology?1=Yes2=No

If aware, current use status1=Currently using2=Abandoned3=Never adopted4=No coconut mite on

When did you know the existence of this technology?

Since when did you start to use it for the first time?(Year)

If you are aware from whom did you receive information?*

35

the farm

Codes for source of information: 1=Farmers in the village; 2=Mass media (Radio, New papers etc), 3=Extension workers, 4=Local NGO, Research institutes, 5=Farmers’ Community Based Organization (CBOs), 6=others (Specify)

H7. If you aware of any coconut mite control technology but have not adopted any, what are the most important reasons for non-adoption? (Multiple answers possible)S/N Reasons for no-adoption Reason status Ranking (1st being the most

important)1234567

H8. If you aware of any coconut mite control technology in H4 how would you rank various coconut mite control technologies you have been introduced to?Technology ID

Coconut mite control technology

Ranked based on

Yield enhancing Technical Labor demand reason 4

36

1=Most yield enhancing2=Moderately yield enhancing3=Last yield enhancing

simplicity(Simplicity to most complex)1=Simplest2=Simpler3=Complex

(Least demanding to the most demanding)1=Least demanding 2=Moderately demanding3=Most demanding

1234567

I.FOOD SECURITY I1. What is the household’s main source of income? 1= Animal & animal product sales 2= Crop sales (go to J2)3= Trade 4= Casual labour 5= Salaried/wage employment 6= Remittances/gifts 7= Others, specify

J2.What is the main crops that contribute to the main source of income? Select up to four responses from the right hand column and rank them in order of first, second, third choice.1--------------first choice a. Maize2---------------second choice b. Coconut3---------------third choice c. Paddy4---------------fourth choice d. Cassava e. Fruits f. Others (Specify)

37

I3. What portion of income is contributed by coconut?I4. How do you distribute the income from coconut? Please rank them in order of importance.1--------------first choice a. Food2---------------second choice b. Education3---------------third choice c. Health4---------------fourth choice d. Shelter (e.g. house construction etc,) e. Others (Specify)

I5. About coconut and food security1 Do you buy food items after selling coconut? 1=Yes, 2=No2 To what extent does coconut contribute to the food security in your household? 1= Not all, 2=Very Little, 3=Some what,

4=Very muchI6. These next questions are about the food eaten in your household in the last 12 months and whether you were able to afford the food you need1 In the last 12 months, since last {DISPLAY CURRENT MONTH}, did {you/you or

other adults in your household} ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there wasn't enough money for food?

1=YES, 2= NO , 3=REFUSED, 4=DON’T KNOW

2 How often did this happen? 1=almost every month2=some months but not every month, or in only 1 or 2 months?3=REFUSED4=DON'T KNOW

3 In the last 12 months, did you ever eat less than you felt you should because there wasn't enough money to buy food?

1=YES 2= NO 3=REFUSED4=DON’T KNOW

4 [In the last 12 months], were you ever hungry but didn't eat because you couldn't afford enough food?

1=YES 2= NO 3=REFUSED

38

4=DON’T KNOW

I7. Food consumption and dietary DiversityTwenty four recall for food consumption in the households: The interviewer should establish whether the previous day and night was usual or normal for the household. If unusual-feast, funeral or most members absent, then another day should selected. Food groups consumed: What food groups did members of the households consumed in the past 24 hours (from this time yesterday to now)? Include any snacks consumed

Did a member of your household consume food from any of these food groups in the last 24 hours?1=Yes2=No

Codes*:1=Own production2=Purchase3=Gift from friends4=Food aid5=Bartered6=Borrowed7=Gathered/wild8=Others (Specified)9=N/A

Type of food What is the main source of the dominant food item consumed (use the above codes)?

1. Cereal and cereal products (e.g. maize, rice and bread)?2. Milk and milk products (e.g. goat/camel/fermented milk, milk powder)?3. Sugar and honey?4. Oil/ fats (cooking fat or oil, butter, ghee, margarine)?5. Meat, poultry (Goat/camel meat, beef, chicken or their products)?6. Pulses/legumes, nuts (e.g. beans, lentils, green grams, cowpeas; peanut)?

39

7. Roots and tubers (e.g. potatoes, arrowroot)?8. Vegetables (e.g. green or leafy vegetables, tomatoes, carrots, onions)?9. Fruits (e.g. water melons, mangoes, grapes, bananas, lemon)?

10. Eggs?11. Fish and sea foods (e.g. fried/boiled/roasted fish, lobsters)?12. Miscellaneous (e.g. spices, chocolates, sweets, beverages, etc)?

I8. In general what is the main source of staple food in the household? (*Use codes in I5 above) _________________I9. Total number of food groups consumed in the household: ____________________I10. How many meals2 has the household had in the last 24 hours (from this time yesterday to now)? 1= One 2=Two 3= Three

J. GENDER RELATIONSJ1. Who in the household makes decision to sell and give away coconut/coconut products?Products Man Women Joint Children Others (Specify)CoconutCoconut waterRoofing/Thatching materials Coconut huskOthers (Specify)

J2. Who in the household makes decision to use benefit of coconut in kind or money?Products Man Women Joint Children Others (Specify)

2 A meal refers to food served and eaten at one time (excluding snacks) and includes one of the three commonly known: - breakfast, lunch and supper/dinner

40

CoconutCoconut waterRoofing/Thatching materials Coconut huskOthers (Specify)

K. COCONUT UTILIZATIONK1. Do you grow coconut for the following use? Code 1=Yes, 2=No1. Coconut water

2. Roofing (Coconut fronds)

3. Coconut oil

4. Fuel wood

5. Palm wine

6. Others (Specify)

K2. Rank the following coconut use according to the importance of growing coconut

1--------------first choice a. Part of diet 2---------------second choice b. coconut 3---------------third choice c. Roofing4---------------fourth choice d. Oil processing f. Others (Specify)

41

Please estimate the quantity of coconut you have allocated to the different uses on a monthly basis;Utilization Model During the season Off-seasonSell neighbors Consume at homeSend to commodity marketSend to auctionRemain unsoldGiven as giftOthers (Specify) L.COCNUT PROCESSING

1 Do you process coconut to any form? 1=Yes (go to...)2=No (go to...)

2 What is/are the product(s) you produce from raw coconut? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 What are the methods/equipments you use in processing coconut? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 What are the facilities you use in storing coconut products? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 What are the reasons for not processing the crop produce? Rank

1=Expensive, 2=Time consuming, 3=Lack of technology, 4=No market for products, 5=Other

42

------------------------------------------------------------------

problems ( Specify)--------

6 What are the constraints in processing coconut?

Rank------------------------------------------------------------------

1=Marketing, 2=Capital/credit availability, 3=Equipment & installations, 4=Product quality training, 5=Product price stabilization, 6=Lack of policies, 7= Others ( Specify)

M. COCONUT MARKETING

M1.These next questions are the marketing of coconut the last 12 months 1 When did you record your highest / lowest

sales?Limit Month/Season Quantity Price

Highest ---------------------- ---------------------- -------------------

Lowest ---------------------- ---------------------- -------------------2 How often do you sell your produce? 1=Daily

2=Weekly3=Monthly

3 How much, at average, do you sell per trans-action? -----------------------------------------($/local currency)

M2. In the last three years how much did you sell?

43

2006 2007 20081 Amount produced

(Bags/nuts)Amount sold -Price /nuts or Shs/bags

Amount produced (Bags/nuts)

Amount sold -Price /nuts or Shs/bags

Amount produced (Bags/nuts)

Amount sold -Price /nuts or Shs/bags

---------------------- ------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- ------------------2 Where do you sell your produce? 1=Village, 2=Neighbouring village, 3=Nearby township,

4=Distant township, 5=Regional market, 6=Others (Spe-cify)---------------

3 To whom do you sell your produce? 1=Local consumers, 2=Small traders/broker (bicycle), 3=Large trader (vehicle), 4=Others (Specify)------------

4 Who sets the price for the coconut fresh nuts when selling? 1=Farmers2=Wholesalers3=Retailers4=Bargaining5=Others (Specify)

5 Why do you prefer to sell your produce to any of the above? 1=Reasonable prices, 2=Immediate payments, 3= Market-ing convenience, 4=Other (Specify)

6 What marketing activities did you incur and at what costs? Item Cost

Gunny bagsTwineTransportationStorageLeviesHarvestingOthers (Specify)

7 Do you have any communal marketing arrangements? 1 = YES

44

2 = NO8 What are the benefits of that association /organization?

----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------9 What are your major marketing constraints (rank them)

Rank------------------------------------------------------------------

1=Low producer price, 2= Higher transport cost, 3= poor road to the market, 4=Poor market to information, 5=Lack of reliable transport cost, 6=Others (Specify)

10 What are the opportunities you think are associated with coconut marketing?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

45

Stakeholders’ Survey (farmers, customers, merchants) regarding the Performance (constraints and opportunities) for Coconut Value Chain; Baseline Study in

Tanzania, Benin and Sri-Lanka

Appendix 2: Questionnaire for Fresh Coconut Wholesalers

Questionnaire No…………..… Date…………..……..……..

A: RESPONDENTS DETAILSA1 Name of interviewerA2 Name of respondentA3 Name of head of household A4 Country nameA5 Region/Sub-country nameA6 District nameA7 Village/Market place name


B: BACKGROUND INFORMATION:B1. Age (years)……………………………………………….B2. Sex: 1 = Male 2 = FemaleB4. Marital status (indicate by putting tick)

1=Single 2=Married 3=Widowed 4=Divorced 5=Separated

B5. Education level (indicate by putting tick)1=None 2=Primary 3=Ordinary

secondary4=Advancedsecondary

5=Diploma 6=Degree

B6. What is duration in this business (years)………………………………..……………B7.What was your opening capital (USD/local currency)…………… B8. What was the source of opening capital?

1=Own capital, 2=Loan,3=Friends/relatives, 4= Others (Specify)

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C. INFORMATION ON MARKETING CHANNELS AND STRUCTUREC1. Where do you get coconut for sale?

1= from farmers 3= Open auction sale. 5= Secret bidding 2= from collectors. 4=Contract sale, 6=Others (Specify)………….

C2. Why do you prefer this source(s)?1=Cheaper buying prices2=Proximity to the market3=Homeland4=Any other reason (specify) ……………………………………………….

C3. What are the terms of payment to the above sources?1=Cash terms only 3=Both of the above terms2=Credit terms 4=Other (Specify)…………………………

C5. What is the average amount of fresh coconuts do you buy on weekly basis? .................................................

C6. Do you have any information pertaining to selling prices in other markets? 1= YES 2 = NO

C7. If Yes, how far from those markets?1=Rural markets 2=Urban markets

C8. How do you obtain such pieces of information?1=Through agents2=Through own investigation / visits3=Any other sources (specify) …………………………………………….....

C9. How do you take advantage of such pieces of information? ...........................................................................................

C10. What is your opinion on new entrants in this market?1=No objection2=Would prefer restriction3=Any other opinion (specify)…………………………………………

C11. Do you have any plans to quit he market in he near future?1= YES 2= NO

C12. Give reasons for your answer please…………………………………………………

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D. INFORMATION ON PRICING D1. Please provide the average quantity of coconut brought per month and the buying price at the supply source(s) during and off-seasonsSN Source During the season Off-seasons

Quantity* Price (USD/Local cur-rency**)

Quantity Price (USD/Local currency

1 Farmers2 Others retailers3 Wholesalers4 Any other sources

(Specify)*Local unit of measure be adjusted to kilograms** Local currency be adjusted to USD

D2. What kind of marketing costs do you incur?SN Activity Cost (USD/Local Currency)

AssemblyGradingPackagingGunny bagsTwineTransport (Lorry, bicycle etc)LoadingOffloadingMealsLevy/TaxesWastage (proportion.............)Miscellaneous marketing services

D3. To whom do you sell the produce?1. Consumers 2. Other traders3. Any other customer (specify)…………………………………..

D4. What is the average unit selling price? (USD/local currency) ......................Per …...........................

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D5. Do you charge different prices to different buyers? Give reasons.............................

E. INFORMATION ON MARKETING EFFICIENCYE1. Is the supply from the source (s) uniform over the years?

1=YES 2= NOE2. If NO, kindly finish information on the following

SN Source During the season Off-seasons



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E3. What do you think are the causes of these changes in supply?

E4. Who set price for coconut?1. Farmer 3. Wholesales2. Retailers 4. Any other (specify) …………………………..

E5. What criteria used in setting price 1. Costs incurred 3. Supply and demand 2. Through auction 4. Others (Specify) ………………………

E6. What is your opinion on the existing pricing mechanism? ................................

E7. What factors do you consider when buying or selling coconuts?1. Price on which you are going to sell 3. Quantity of the fresh nuts2. Accessibility of the market 4. Others specify………….

E8. What are your major marketing problems / challenges facing your business?……………………………………………………….………………….…………………………………………………………….…………….………………………………………………………….……………….

E9. What should be done to improve marketing of coconut?…………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………..

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…………………………………………………………………………..E10. What are the challenges facing the fresh coconut trade?

................................................................................................................. ………………………………………………………………….……….

…………………………………………………………………………..

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Appendix 3: Questionnaire for fresh coconut retailers


A: RESPONDENTS DETAILSA1 Name of interviewerA2 Name of respondentA3 Name of head of household A4 Country nameA5 Region/Sub-country nameA6 District nameA7 Village/Market place name


B: BACKGROUND INFORMATION:B1. Age (years)……………………………………………….B2. Sex: 1 = Male 2 = FemaleB4. Marital status (indicate by putting tick)




5=Diploma 6=Degree

B6. What is duration in this business (years)………………………………..……………B7.What was your opening capital (USD/local currency)…………… B8. What was the source of opening capital?


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C. INFORMATION ON MARKETING CHANNELS AND STRUCTUREC1. Where do you get coconut for sale?

1= from farmers 3= Open auction sale. 5= Secret bidding 2= from collectors. 4=Contract sale, 6=Others (Specify)………….

C2. Why do you prefer this source(s)?1=Cheaper buying prices2=Proximity to the market3=Homeland4=Any other reason (specify) ……………………………………………….

C3. What are the terms of payment to the above sources?1=Cash terms only 3=Both of the above terms2=Credit terms 4=Other (Specify)…………………………

C5. What is the average amount of fresh coconuts do you buy on weekly basis? .................................................

C6. Do you have any information pertaining to selling prices in other markets? 1= YES 2 = NO

C7. If Yes, how far from those markets?1=Rural markets 2=Urban markets

C8. How do you obtain such pieces of information?1=Through agents2=Through own investigation / visits3=Any other sources (specify) …………………………………………….....

C9. How do you take advantage of such pieces of information? ...........................................................................................

C10. What is your opinion on new entrants in this market?1=No objection2=Would prefer restriction3=Any other opinion (specify)…………………………………………

C11. Do you have any plans to quit he market in he near future?1= YES 2= NO

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C12. Give reasons for your answer please…………………………………………………

D. INFORMATION ON PRICING D1. Please provide the average quantity of coconut brought per month and the buying price at the supply source(s) during and off-seasonsSN Source During the season Off-seasons



1 Farmers2 Others retailers3 Wholesalers4 Any other sources

(Specify)*Local unit of measure be adjusted to kilograms** Local currency be adjusted to USD

D2. What kind of marketing costs do you incur?SN Activity Cost (USD/Local Currency)

AssemblyGradingPackagingGunny bagsTwineTransport (Lorry, bicycle etc)LoadingOffloadingMealsLevy/TaxesWastage (proportion.............)Miscellaneous marketing services

D3. To whom do you sell the produce?4. Consumers 5. Other traders6. Any other customer (specify)…………………………………..

D4. What is the average unit selling price? (USD/local currency) ......................Per …...........................

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D5. Do you charge different prices to different buyers? Give reasons.............................

E. INFORMATION ON MARKETING EFFICIENCYE1. Is the supply from the source (s) uniform over the years?

1=YES 2= NOE2. If NO, kindly finish information on the following

SN Source During the season Off-seasons



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E3. What do you think are the causes of these changes in supply?

E4. Who set price for coconut?1. Farmer 3. Wholesales2. Retailers 4. Any other (specify) …………………………..

E5. What criteria used in setting price 1. Costs incurred 3. Supply and demand 2. Through auction 4. Others (Specify) ………………………

E6. What is your opinion on the existing pricing mechanism? ................................

E7. What factors do you consider when buying or selling coconuts?3. Price on which you are going to sell 3. Quantity of the fresh nuts4. Accessibility of the market 4. Others specify………….

E8. What are your major marketing problems / challenges facing your business?……………………………………………………….………………….…………………………………………………………….…………….………………………………………………………….……………….

E9. What should be done to improve marketing of coconut?…………………………………………………………………………..

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…………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………..

E10. What are the challenges facing the fresh coconut trade? .................................................................................................................

………………………………………………………………….……….…………………………………………………………………………..

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Appendix 4. Questionnaire for Fresh Coconut Consumers


A: RESPONDENTS DETAILSA1 Name of interviewerA2 Name of respondent and PositionA3 Country nameA4 Region/Sub-country nameA5 District nameA6 Name of market center

B. BACKGROUND INFORMATIONB1. Age of respondent ………………………………………………..B2. Sex: 1 = Male 2 = FemaleB3. Marital status;


B4. Level of education (indicate by putting tick)

1=None 2=Primary 3=Ordinarysecondary

4=Advancedsecondary

5=Diploma 6=Degree

B5. Main occupation…………..…………….………...

C. COCONUT CONSUMPTION

C1. Why do you prefer coconut to other sources of cooking oil?1=Cheaper2=More delicious3=Both (1) and (2)

4=Any other reason ……………………………………………….

C2. What particular size of nuts do you usually prefer to buy?1=Small, 2=Medium, 3=Large.

C3. Why do you prefer the size in (explain) ………………………………..………...………………………………………………………………………….……..

C4. How many coconuts do you buy per week? Average……………….…….………

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B5. How much money do you spend on the nuts in above? Average (USD/Local cur-rency………………………………………………………………..................

C6. How frequently do you buy in this market?1=Daily, 2=Weekly, 3=Monthly…………….

C7. Besides this market, Do you get supplies from other sources? 1 = YES 2 = NO

C8. If YES what are they?1=Rural markets 2=Outside sellers3=Peddlers/hawkers4=Others (specify) ……………………………………………

C9. How do you determine the buying prices? 1=Fixed buy the retailer 2=Bargaining with the retailers3=Other (specify) ……………………………………….........

C10. What is the mode of payment? 1=Cash2=Credit3=Any other terms (specify) ………………………………….

C11. How do you view the price determination mechanism?1=Fair 2=Unfair3=Any other opinion …………………………………………..

C12. What are the major marketing problems with regard to coconuts in this market (Rank them starting with the main problem)

1=Inadequate supplies2=Price fluctuations3=Low quality nuts small immature4=Rigid pricing methods / no bargaining5=Any other problems……………………………………………...…..

…………………………………………………………………...….……..….…………………………………………………………………….……..…

C13. What do you think should be done to rectify the situation above?1. …………………………………………………………….

…………………2. ……………………………………………….…..………..…………

3. ………………………………………………………………….

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……………4. …………………………………………………………………….

…………5. ……………………………………………………………………….

………6.

C13. What are the challenges facing the fresh coconut trade?

1…………………………………………………………….…………2……………………………………………….…..………..…………3………………………………………………………………….……4…………………………………………………………………….....5. …………………………………………………

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Appendix 5: Questionnaire for Fresh Coconut Processor


A: RESPONDENTS DETAILSA1 Name of interviewerA2 Name of respondent and PositionA3 Country nameA4 Region/Sub-country nameA5 District nameA6 Name of the enterpriseFull postal addressEmailMobileFax

B: BACKGROUND INFORMATION:B1. Age (years)……………………………………………….B2. Sex: 1 = Male 2 = Female



5=Diploma 6=Degree

B4. Type of business……………………………………………………………………..B5. How long has your business been operating?…………..……………B6.What was your opening capital (USD/local currency)…………… B7. What was the source of opening capital?


B8. What is your product range? Mention please1. ------------------------------------------------------------2. ------------------------------------------------------------3. ------------------------------------------------------------4. ------------------------------------------------------------

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5. ------------------------------------------------------------6. -----------------------------------------------------------

B9. Which of your products is most important to you? (Rank them in term of sales)

B10. Do you experience fluctuations in demand for your products during the year? 1=Yes, 2=No

B11. Are there seasonal high or lows? (Obtain information on months)

B12. What is the cause of the seasonality? (try to get a reason eg many experience peak de-mand associated with important religious festivals such as Ramadaan and Christmas):

B13. Do you experience unpredictable changes in demand for your products? (If yes) What are the causes?

B14. What has been your annual output over recent years? (Tonnage or value, whichever is most appropriate, for a large factory tonnage is best, for a small processor an estimate of value would be more appropriate):

B15. For the industry as whole, is demand for your main products static/increasing or de-creasing: (this question should help us to estimate market potential)

B16. What are your markets (local / export / both, if both then what are the proportions for each market eg local 60% export 40%):

B17. How does government economic policy affect your business? (For instance interest rates, inflation, tax, import duties, privatisation, infrastructural investment)

C. PROCESSING FACILITIES

1 What are the methods/equipments you use in processing coconut?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 What are the facilities you use in storing coconut products?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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--------------3 What are the constraints in processing coconut?

Rank------------------------------------------------------------------

1=Marketing, 2=Capital/credit availability, 3=Equipment & installations, 4=Product quality training, 5=Product price stabilization, 6=Lack of policies, 7= Others ( Specify)

4. What do you think are the opportunities for processing coconut? (Explain)

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Appendix 6: Coconut Based Cropping Systems

A: RESPONDENTS DETAILSA1 Name of interviewerA2 Name of respondentA3 Name of head of household A4 Country nameA5 Region/Sub-country nameA6 District nameA7 Village name


B: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS B1. Household socio-demographic characteristicsID Name of

household member

Sex1=Male2=Female

Age(In years except months for infants i.e. <1 year)

Relationship with household head1=Head2=Spouse3=Son/Daughter4=Relative5=Un-related

Formal schooling1=Attended before2=Attending now3=Never attended4=Too young to attend

Off school training1=None2=Vocational training3= Short term training on best agriculture practice (non-extension services)

Working on the farm1=Full time2=Part time

Working off-farm1=Yes 2=No

Major livelihood occupation

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010203040506070809101112Major occupation: 0=None, 1=Crop production, 2=Livestock keeping, 3=Business, 4=Salaried employment, 5= Wage work, 6=Technician, 7=Artisan/handcraft, 8=Natural resources (wood, charcoal etc), 9=Traditional healing/medicine, 10=Rent income, 11= Others (Specify)

C: LAND USE AND TENUREC1: Please provide the information on land use and tenure.Land tenure structure

Size (Acres) Size of land (Acres) under different land usesCoconut Other perennial

crops Annual crops Grazing

landFallow

Private (titled) landLand with use right onlyShare cropped landBorrowed landRented

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D.FARM SIZE AND LABOURD1.Please provide the information on the crops cultivated and the farm size in the year 2008SN Crop Area under cultivation (acre) Area under fallow/grazing (acre)

D2. What is the labour input used in the first season in 2008 SN Land preparation Planting Fertilizer/

chemical application

Weeding Harvesting and transporting

Storage (Shelling + storage equipments

Crop Land rent cost

Family labour* cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

Hired labour cost

Family labour cost

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Family Labour: People (A.E)*Effective days*Effective HoursA.E=Equivalents (1 Adult = A person of 15 and above of years of age; A child of 10-14 years of age will be equated to 0.5 of an adult equivalent)

E: COCONUT CROPPING SYSTEM(S) E1: What are the common crop mixture do you practice?1= Intercropping in coconut gardens3 2= Mixed cropping in coconut gardens4

3= Coconut based multistoried cropping system5

4= High-density multispecies cropping systems6

E2: Please list the crop mixture for the coconut based cropping system and corresponding yields for last two seasons mentioned in D1 aboveSN Crop Name Units Yield in 2007 Yield in 2008

Season 1 Season 2 Season 1 Season 21 Coconut234

3 Growing annuals/biennials in the interspaces of coconut4 Growing of perennial crops in association with matured coconut palm, like cocoa, clove, nutmeg, coffee, pepper, mulberry, jack, breadfruit, mango, sapota, papaya and timber yielding trees5 Three or more crops having different morphological characteristics in the interspaces of coconut so as to intercept solar radiation at different levels and exploit different soil zones6 A large number of crop species with very high plant density, including annuals, biennials and perennials

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56789101112

E3: Please rank the reasons for crop mixtures in your farm mentioned in D1 above, from 1 to 13, with one being the most important and 13 being the least importantSN Reasons Rank1 Household food security2 Soil conservation3 Crop compatibility4 Reduced cultural practices5 Crop insurance6 Taste and preference7 Cultural reasons8 Harvesting at different times9 Nutrient enhancement10 Adapted agroforestry practices11 Measures against crop failure12 Incorporation of women crops13 Ecological reasons

F.COCONUT ESTABLISHMENTF1. What planting materials do you use? 1=Seed nuts, 2=Seedlings

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F3. Where do you get coconut planting materials? 1=Own farm (Nurseries), 2=Fellow farmers, 3= Others (Specify)

F4. Please provide information on the coconut varieties in your farm Variety ID

Variety name Acreage Number of coconut palms Average nuts/palm/year

G. COCONUT UTILIZATIONG1. Do you grow coconut for the following use? Code 1=Yes, 2=No1. Coconut water

2. Roofing (Coconut fronds)

3. Coconut oil

4. Fuel wood

5. Palm wine

6. Others (Specify)

G2. Rank the following coconut use according to the importance of growing coconut

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1--------------first choice a. Part of diet 2---------------second choice b. coconut 3---------------third choice c. Roofing4---------------fourth choice d. Oil processing f. Others (Specify)

G3. Rank the following coconut production constraints according to their importance.

1--------------first choice a. Pests 2---------------second choice b. Theft 3---------------third choice c. Vermin4---------------fourth choice d. Disease 5---------------five choice f. Others (Specify)

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Appendix 7. Consumer study (Willingliness-to- pay)

A: RESPONDENTS DETAILSA1 Name of interviewerA2 Name of respondentA3 Name of head of household A4 Country nameA5 Region/Sub-country nameA6 District nameA7 Village name

B; SECTION AB-1 Have you ever purchased coconut products that were labeled grown free from pesticides?1. YES2. NO3. DON’T KNOW

B-2 Do you plan to purchase any coconut products during the next year?1=YES, 2 =NO, 3=DON’T KNOW, 4=REFUSED

[IF ANSWERED ‘NO’ or ‘DON’T KNOW’ TO QUESTIONS A-1 AND A-2, SKIP TO QUESTION A-4.]

B-3 Are the coconut products your purchased or plan to purchase for…1=Commercial Purposes2=Use in your home/residence3=Both8=DON’T KNOW9=REFUSED

B-4 Have you ever purchased products that were labeled as manufactured from pesticide free coconut?1=YES, 2 =NO, 8 =DON’T KNOW, 9=REFUSED

B; WILLINGNESS TO PAY

Please examine this label that might appear on or nearby coconut products (label).

B1. Please circle the response that most closely reflects your opinions about coconut products produce under biological control of coconut mites.

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a. I support biological control of coconut mite and would pay a higher price for products if they were produced under biological control.b. I support biological control of coconut mite but not if it requires paying a higher price for coconut products produced under biological control of coconut mite.c. I do not support coconut products produced under biological control regardless of whether it costs me anything

B2 Please look at the picture and of the following coconut products. Please indicate in the space provided, how much more you would pay for the product that is manufactured from coconut produced under biological control of coconut mite.Product1= Price X1,……. (For BC)Product2= Price X2,…….. (for BC)

B3. What are the reasons why you may buy coconut produced under biological control of coconut mite? Please rank them. --------------first choice a. Health benefit2---------------second choice b. locally grown coconuts 3---------------third choice c. environmentally friendly method 4---------------fourth choice d. Pesticide free5---------------five choice f. Labelled pesticide free6---------------sixth choice g. At least 95% organic ingredient

B4. There are many reasons why a person might support coconut products produced under biological control of coconut mite, but not if it requires paying a higher price.Why do you feel this way?

1=can NOT afford to pay higher prices2= do not believe it costs any more to make a coconut product3=believe the manufacturers should not charge higher prices even if it costs more to make coconut products4=other8 =DON’T KNOW, 9=REFUSED

C. About yourself and your household

We would like to conclude our survey by asking you a few questions about yourself and your household. Remember, all responses will be held confidential.

C-1 Gender1=Male2=Female

C-2 Marital status1=Never married2=Now married3=Now married but legally separated

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4=Unmarried partner5=Divorced6=Widowed

B-3 What is your age? ___________________________________

C-4 What is the highest grade of school you completed? ________1=No formal schooling2=Grade school (1-8)3=Some high school4=High school graduate5=Some college6=College graduate7=Post graduate8=DON’T KNOW9=REFUSED

C-5 Have you ever purchased labeled NON-COCONUT products (pesticide free produce)?[1=YES, 2=NO, 8=DON’T KNOW, 9=REFUSED]

C-6 How often do you read labels on products when purchasing them for the first time?[1=Never, 2=Almost Never, 3=Sometimes, 4=Often, 5=Always, 8=DON’TKNOW,9=REFUSED]

C-7 Are you the primary food shopper in your household? (Make 50% or more of all purchase)

1=Yes2=No

C-9 What is your household size?

C-10. I am going to read a list of income categories for household income from all sources before taxes for the year 2008. Please stop me when I get to yours.1 = $4,999 or less2 = $5,000 - $9,9993 = $10,000 - $14,9994 = $15,000 - $19,9995 = $20,000 - $24,9996 = $25,000 - $34,9997 = $35,000 - $49,9998 = $50,000 - $74,9999 = $75,000 - $99,999

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10 = $100,000 - $149,99911 = $150,000 or more12 = Don't know13 = RefusedYou may also provide your actual income ----------------------------------------------

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Appendix 7; Draft budget for survey of 780 respondents/ households

Activity Item Number Amount of time (Days)

Cost per unit (in USD)

Total cost(in USD)

Questionnaire pre-testing

Interviewers 3 2 40 240

Car Fuel7 1 1 200 200

Driver 1 2 40 80

Survey Interviewers 15 20 40 12000 Field assistant (Extension Staff)

3 15 20 900

Car Fuel 3 - 900 2700Drivers 3 15 40 1800 Air ticket Dar es Salaam –Zanzibar

1 - 150 150

Air ticket Tanzania-Benin

1 - 1299 1299

Air ticket Benin-Sri-Lanka-Tanzania

1 - 1101 1101

Accommodation and subsistence (Benin and Sri-Lanka)

1 60 40 2400

Data entry Data entry operators

4 15 20 1200

Total 24070

Contingency (10%)

2407

Grand Total 26477Note: Hyphen (-) indicates that the item is not applicable

7 If IITA vehicles are used, we will have to outsource vehicles

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Appendix 8. Timetable of the PhD programme

Programme year and quarter

LocationYear 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Activity/output 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4Proposal developmentSet objective of the research * TanzaniaPrepare draft questionnaire * TanzaniaProposal presentation * SUAPilot test * * TanzaniaPost pilot meeting * Tanzania

Sampling *All countries

Staffing and training * All

Interviewer training *All countries

Field work * * * *All countries

Analysis and documentationsWrite preliminary report of baseline survey *

Tanzania

Final report and documentation *

Tanzania

Consumer study survey * * * * *All countries

Impact and cost-benefit studies * * * *Data analysis and thesis preparation * * *

SUA

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Thesis defense * * SUAScientific Publications * IITA/UvA

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PhD Proposal (Oleke, J.M.)

Documents

Transcript of PhD Proposal (Oleke, J.M.)