PHASMATODEA Stick and leaf insects. Plecoptera Phasmida Orthoptera Zoraptera Blattaria...
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Transcript of PHASMATODEA Stick and leaf insects. Plecoptera Phasmida Orthoptera Zoraptera Blattaria...
![Page 1: PHASMATODEA Stick and leaf insects. Plecoptera Phasmida Orthoptera Zoraptera Blattaria Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea Embiodea Dermaptera Mantodea Isoptera.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649ce05503460f949aa697/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PHASMATODEAStick and leaf insects
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Plecoptera
PhasmidaOrthoptera
Zoraptera
Blattaria
GrylloblattodeaMantophasmatodea
EmbiodeaDermaptera
MantodeaIsoptera
Relationships of the Polyneoptera
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Phasmatodea
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
3,000
Stick insects, leaf insects
Phasma - phantom
- arboreal, worldwide
-no ovipositor- no saltatorial hind legs- elongated prothorax
-some show parthenogenesis-very cryptic-prolonged mating
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Features of Phasmatodea
No ovipositor
Hindlegs notsaltatorial
Elongate pronotum
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Reproduction - mating
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Reproduction - eggs
-mimic seed pods
operculum
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BLATTODEA
Roaches
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Blattodea
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
4,000
Roaches, cockroaches
Blatta - roach
- damp, warm dark areas - tropical forests
-No ovipositor-No saltatorial hind legs
-ootheca used in oviposition
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Distinguishing feature - Ootheca
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Modes of Reproduction
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous
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MANTODEA
Mantids
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Mantodea
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
2.300
Mantids
Mantid - soothsayer
- arboreal
-Predatory adaptations
-ootheca used in oviposition
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Predatory adaptationsLarge eyesFreely moving head
Elongated prothorax
Raptorial forelegs
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Predatory adaptations
Crypsis
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Predatory adaptations
Crypsis
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Mantodea - reproduction
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Mantodea - reproduction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iftdIEAMcmw
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Maxwell 1999 Behaviour 36:
Mantodea - reproduction
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Mantodea - reproduction
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ISOPTERA
(termites)
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Isoptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
3,000
Termites, white ants
Iso - equal, ptera - wings
- fossorial, colonial
-Sociality-Castes
-loss of ovipositor
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Digesting lignocellulose
Lignin
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Termites and symbiotic bacteria and protists
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Termite Castes
Queen
Soldier
Worker
King
Alates
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Termite Life Cycle
Nymphs
Supplemental reproductives
Worker
Soldier
Reproductive nymph Alate(winged reproductive}
Wingless reproductiveKing
Queen
Eggs
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Fig. 2. Live individuals of Glossotermes oculatus, exposed afterdamage to the log housing the colony. S, soldiers; L, larva; otherindividuals are apterous immatures. Total length of an apterousimmature, from mandibles to tip of abdomen, is about 3mm.
Fig. 3. Dorsal view of various castes in Glossotermes oculatus: (A) apterous immature; (B) female apterous neotenic; (C) nymph; and (D)female nymphoid neotenic.
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How are castes determined?
King
Produce male inhibitor Produce female inhibitor
Queen
stimulates
Male nymph Female nymphAbsorbs male inhibitorPasses female inhibitor
Absorbs female inhibitorPasses male inhibitor
To other worker nymphs via mutual feeding
proctodeal feeding
proctodeal feeding
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Termite nests
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Termite nests
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Termite nests Heat Regulation
General orientation of nest
Path of sun
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Termite nests Heat Regulation
Inhabited
Uninhabited
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Termite Damage
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Termite range