Phase structure
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Transcript of Phase structure
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Presented to: Madam Amna Shahid
Presented by:Ammara AhsanAyesha Amjad Najia Majid
Rashda Meraj
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PHRASE STRUCTUREby
Ammara AhsanAyesha Amjad Najia Majid
Rashda Meraj
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INTRODUCTION TO PHRASE STRUCTUREDEFINITIONA phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject or a verb.For example:Eating a peachUnder the teacher’s deskAfter seeing the Taj MahalTo buy a new phone
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General ApproachUniversal Grammar (UG) / Language InstinctDataNative speakers’ intuitions (acceptability judgments)Resulting Theory of
GrammarWords, phrases, categories for words and phrases (e.g. nouns, verbs, noun phrases, verb phrases)(basic concepts any theory of grammar must have in order to capture the data)
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Phrase structure (review)
1) Every word belongs to a lexical category2) Lexical categories forms heads of
phrases3) How phrases are formed is governed by
rules (= ‘phrase structure rules’)
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Phrase structure rulesRules that determine…
what goes into a phrase (‘constituents’)how the constituents are ordered
Constituent: a word or group of words that function as a unit and can make up larger grammatical units The component that determines the properties of the constituent is the head, and the constituent can be referred to as a phrase: e.g. noun phrase“noun phrases have a Det and a N” NP Det N
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The main phrase structure rules
1. S NP VP2. NP {Det N, Pro, PN}3. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)4. PP P NP5. AP A (PP)
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Phrase Structure Rules & tree• NP (Det) N • PP P NP
The boy (NP)
The
NDet
boy
the boy in the yard NP
The
NDet
boy
PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
yard
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Prepositional phrase (PP)
In P from a boy in a bubble P NP
Phrase structure rule for PPs: PP P (NP)
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Phrase structure tree
PP PP
P P NP
in from Det N PP
a boy P NP in Det N
a bubble
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Verb phrase (VP) “Verb phrases have a V, (sometimes) an NP,
and (sometimes) a PP” VP -> V (NP) (PP) sang ate the cake ate the cake hungrily sang a song in the shower fell into the pond slowlyPhrase structure rule for VPs:
VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
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Phrase structure tree
VP VP VP
V V NP V NP PP Adv
sang ate Det N sang Det N P NP badly
the cake a song in Det N
the shower
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Thank You